Chapter 4 Chapter 2 The Meaning of China’s Famous Mountains and Great Rivers

People's understanding and utilization of famous mountains and rivers has gone through a long historical period from the early awe and worship to the current aesthetic and scientific education.The Chinese have accumulated rich experience in the aesthetic process of natural landscapes, forming the unique aesthetic feelings of the Chinese nation.Beauty and aesthetics are both subjective consciousness and vary from person to person.People of different ages, classes, nationalities, and cultural literacy are often not the same.But on the whole, there are basically the same aesthetic feeling. For example, people who have traveled to Guilin in ancient and modern China and abroad all praise "Guilin's landscape is the best in the world".It can be seen that there is a commonality in understanding the natural beauty of mountains and rivers.As for the Chinese nation with a history of 5,000 years of civilization, there is even more consensus on the natural beauty of famous mountains and rivers, and a traditional view of the natural beauty of mountains and rivers has been formed.

The natural beauty of mountains and rivers includes: the beauty of images, colors, lines, dynamics, statics, smells, hearing, etc. of natural landscapes.Among them, the beauty of image is the foundation of the natural beauty of famous mountains and rivers. The beauty of image refers to the beauty of the overall shape and space form of the natural landscape of famous mountains and great rivers.From ancient and modern poets, painters, travelers, tourists, etc.'s evaluation of the natural beauty of my country's traditional famous mountains and rivers, as well as on the basis of modern geoscience investigations, the natural beauty of mountains and rivers can be summarized as: majestic, strange, dangerous, beautiful, secluded, mysterious, and vast and other image features.These image features are the overall characteristics formed by the landscape, vegetation, hydrology, climate and other elements of the famous mountains and rivers in different geological and geographical environments, that is, the macroscopic situation of each famous mountain or great river.

What kind of natural landscape is called "male"?It mainly refers to the tall image of the mountain shape.High refers to the relative height, such as "Mount Tai is the hero of the world", because Mount Tai is located on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, and its relative height is large.It towers over the Qilu Hills with majestic momentum, and it looks extraordinarily tall and majestic.The huge volume of the mountain, the steep slope, and the straight lines are also the elements that constitute the majestic image.Another example is a mountain with a height of 100 meters and a slope of 50°, and another mountain with a height of 1,000 meters and a slope of only 20°. Due to the large slope and large viewing angle, the visual effect of the former is more majestic than the latter.

What kind of landscape is called "odd"? The "odd" view refers to the extraordinary landscape shape of mountains and rivers, which is very unexpected and unusual.Known as "Mount Huangshan is a wonder in the world", the wonder lies in the unpredictable changes in the composition elements such as mountains, rocks, pines, sea of ​​clouds, and water springs, and it is "unlike other mountains".There are 72 peaks above 1,000 meters high and low, with endless changes; Huangshan strange stones-unique shapes and various poses; Huangshan strange pines-twisted roots, or hanging knots In dangerous rocks, or breaking out of cliffs, green and tall; Huangshan Yunhai-misty and changeable, quiet like a snow sea, moving like raging waves; Huangshan Water Springs-not only lakes, streams, pools, waterfalls, but also hot springs After years of gushing, it never dries up or overflows, providing excellent conditions for tourists to bathe and relieve fatigue.The ingenious combination of stone, pine, cloud and water constitutes endless wonders.

What landscape is called "dangerous"?The slope is particularly large, the ridges are high and narrow, the cliffs are deep and the valleys are high, forming a precipitous landscape.As the saying goes, "Huashan has a road since ancient times", which means that the mountain of Huashan is steep.A bird's-eye view of Huashan Mountain is like a pillar of heaven, uprooted from the mountains, with steep walls, like an axe, with a slope of 80°-90°, and the height difference between the peak and the bottom of the valley is over a thousand meters.Its main peak is more than 2,000 meters above sea level. Visitors to the top must climb iron cables and go through dangerous paths such as "Thousand-foot Building", "Baichi Gorge", "Moer Cliff", and "Shangtian Ladder" to reach the peak and enjoy its infinite scenery. .Precipitation not only gives tourists a sense of beauty, but also arouses people's curiosity of exploration and determination to conquer dangerous peaks.The process of adventure is the process of tempering the will.Therefore, dangerous peaks are often the most attractive scenic spots among famous mountains, and every famous mountain has its own dangerous peaks.

What landscape is called "show"?Beautiful mountains and rivers must meet three conditions. First, the mountains are plump, with gentle undulations, unique, and soft and graceful outlines; second, they have an excellent ecological environment, high vegetation coverage, few exposed rocks and soil, green colors, and vitality. The third is the gurgling of flowing water and the gurgling of clear springs.The so-called beautiful mountains and green waters show the compositional relationship between them.Southern my country has abundant rainfall, lush vegetation, and beautiful landscapes, such as the majestic Emei, the delicate and beautiful West Lake, the beautiful Fuchun River, the wonderful beauty of Guilin, Yandang, and Danxia, ​​etc.

What landscape is called "quiet"?The secluded scene is often based on high mountains and deep valleys, intermountain basins, or aoao (aoao) at the foot of the mountain, supplemented by towering trees to form a semi-enclosed space.Youjing has a narrow field of view, less light, clean air, depth of field and many layers.There are twists and turns, but there are no obvious disadvantages.Secluded and deep, secluded and quiet are closely related.The so-called winding path leads to seclusion, which means that the secluded scene contains deep and quiet factors.This kind of landscape is common in small basins surrounded by mountains on three or four sides, with one or two exits, especially when the exit faces south.The export facing south is in line with my country's monsoon climate, that is, the northwest wind is blocked in winter, and the southeast wind is welcomed in summer.These treasures are often the ideal places to build temples and academies among famous mountains and rivers, such as Taihuai Town in Wutai Mountain, Fuhu Temple in Emei Mountain, Guoqing Temple in Tiantai Mountain, Bailudong Academy in Lushan Mountain, etc.

What kind of landscape is "O"?Ao is a more closed landscape than a quiet scene.It is surrounded by cliffs, and the passages are like rock gaps, winding out, as deep as the bottom of a well; or cave landscapes.Wulingyuan's strange peaks stand out from the ground, and the deep valleys are like abysses. Touring along the Jinbian River and its branch valleys is like exploring the abyss. Everywhere is surrounded by hundreds of meters high cliffs, pen-standing peaks, and lush vegetation. It is not at noon, and the sky is not visible. Day, it can be called the Olympic area of ​​the world.For another example, the Lingfeng Guanyin Cave in Yandang Mountain, the Tea Cave in Wuyi Mountain, and many limestone caves all give people a sense of mystery.

What landscape is "open"?The landscape is mainly distributed in areas with a wide field of vision.Kuang is divided into flat and high.Flat and open landscape, common in wide water, or endless plains.For example, "the solitary sail is far away, the shadow of the blue sky is gone, and only the sky of the Yangtze River can be seen", which is the open view of the mighty river. "Dongting water is vast for eight hundred miles" and "Dianchi Lake runs for five hundred miles" are all flat landscapes.Gaokuang is obtained by climbing a high mountain, such as climbing the top of Mount Tai, and there is a landscape of "seeing all the small mountains at a glance".The scenery is refreshing, mind-boggling and thought-provoking.

The ancients made many comments on the landscape images of famous mountains and great rivers, such as Mount Tai, which is majestic in the world, Mount Huang, which is strange in the world, Mount Hua, which is dangerous in the world, Emei, which is beautiful in the world, and Qingcheng, which is quiet in the world.These all refer to the overall characteristics of the famous mountains.In fact, every famous mountain and great river, in its overall image, also contains basic image characteristics such as majestic, strange, dangerous, beautiful, secluded, mysterious, and broad.Such as Mount Tai, the magnificence also includes dangerous, beautiful, strange, secluded, mysterious, wide and other scenic spots.

The image characteristics of natural landscapes are all formed in the long process of geological evolution, landform development, and ecological evolution.It forms a colorful and beautiful space complex according to the rhythm and rhythm of nature.These basic image features are not isolated, but are organically connected and changed with each other, just like musical notes can form endless movements. Nature has not only shaped for us the peaks of Lingyun as high as thousands of feet, the exquisite stones as small as a square inch, the turbulent rivers and seas, and the clear springs and streams with trickling streams, showing their colorful image beauty, but also providing us with colorful and beautiful scenery. Beautiful colors.Natural landscape colors can be divided into mountain colors, stone colors, sky colors, water colors and plant colors. Mountain color refers to the mixed color and mixed color of the mountain. The near mountain is green and the far mountain is blue, and the farther and farther it is, the layers are distinct and reach the sky.Stone color is a relatively stable color, deep and dignified, and it is very rich when you look closely.For example, Mount Wuyi in Bishui Danshan is a landscape made of red sandstone, Lunan Stone Forest made of blue limestone, Caishi Creek in Taohuayu of Mount Tai made of colorful metamorphic rocks, Niuxin Pavilion of Niuxin Pavilion in Emei Mountain made of black basalt, etc. Wait.If you walk along the river beach and savor the rounded pebbles transported by the flowing water, you will find all kinds of colors. Water is originally colorless and transparent, but in different geographical environments, due to the different minerals and cleanliness, it produces rich colors.Due to its large sand content, the Yellow River has become a unique yellow giant current in the world. It is a spectacle to roll golden waves under the sun.The white waves of the Jinsha River and the blue waves of the Fuchun River all impress people with their different colors.The water in Jiuzhaigou is beautiful in the world, not only because the water in Jiuzhaigou has infinite changes and combinations in the form of lakes, streams, pools, waterfalls, etc., but also in the beauty of clean water in Jiuzhaigou. When it moves, the waves are like flying snow and jade, and when it is still, it is like gemstones. What's even more strange is that due to the different minerals contained, it is colorful and crystal clear in the transparency.As for the boundless blue sea and the turbulent sea waves, it makes people think even more. The sky is always beautiful with blue sky and white clouds.However, it is not only the sky that wins in famous mountains. For example, watching the sun rise in the east at the Riguan Peak on Mount Tai, with a myriad of rays of light;Wang Bo, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote a famous sentence in "The Preface to the Pavilion of the King of Teng" that "the sunset and the lone bird fly together, and the autumn water is the same color as the sky", which refers to the beauty of the sky and water. The color of vegetation is the color of life, the most emotional and the most colorful.Among them, green is the keynote, accompanied by colorful flowers.Many famous mountains and rivers in my country have their own special flowers, such as camellia in Cangshan, Yunnan, alpine rhododendron in Emei, Panzhihua (kapok) in Zuojiang, Guangxi, etc.They constitute a large and gorgeous macro landscape.The vegetation changes with the alternation of the four seasons, which is the so-called four seasons vegetation scenery of spring emerald summer emerald green autumn golden winter silver. Changes in the weather, cloudy, sunny, rainy and snowy all endow nature with different tones, causing the aesthetics to have different emotional responses.The immaculate, snow-covered snow scene has always been the object of praise by poets and painters, and it is also a rare sight for travelers.When Xu Xiake first climbed Huangshan, he encountered the beautiful scenery of "the stone steps are flattened by snow, and the view is like jade".The snow-capped mountains and icy peaks of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in my country stand tall in the blue sky, forming a mythical realm and deeply attracting Chinese and foreign explorers.Now, Gongga Mountain in Sichuan, Tianchi Lake in Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, and Yulong Snow Mountain in Yunnan have all become national scenic spots, attracting Chinese and foreign tourists. Light clouds and mist often apply a layer of blending colors to the mountains, making the colors of the mountains soft, elegant and harmonious.The morning mist and dawn smoke are like tulle, covering some complicated rocks and branches and leaves, adding to the overall sense of the peaks and mountains, making the overlapping peaks and mountains distinct and more profound.For example, the landscape of limestone peaks and forests in Guilin is better seen from a distance than from a close view, and the backlight is worse than the front light. If it is surrounded by light clouds and mist, it will be the most beautiful.The south of our country has high humidity and much rain and fog. In the rainy, foggy or morning light, sunset and mist, there are beautiful scenery and unique charm. Movement and stillness are relative, such as "looking at the mountains from a boat is like walking a horse, and suddenly [shushu] passes hundreds of groups", this is the dynamic aesthetic feeling Su Dongpo obtained from boating and viewing. Everything in the universe is in constant motion, and mountains are also moving with changes in the earth's crust. It's just that when people appreciate landscapes, mountains and rocks are static, but water is moving.Therefore, water is the most active and stable dynamic composition element in natural landscape.Water is the blood of mountains and the source of life, so there is a saying that water can make mountains alive.As a form of landscape, water includes relatively quiet lakes and pools, non-stop flowing streams and rivers, and ever-changing waterfalls and raging waves.Looking at the waterfall in the mountains, it looks like a horse hanging from the sky from a distance, which seems static; when watching the waterfall close up, it seems to be dynamic if it falls for nine days.The turbulent Yangtze River endows the Three Gorges with a thrilling beauty.The Huangguoshu Waterfall in Guizhou, the Longtan Waterfall in Jinggangshan (Figure 1), the Dalongqiu Waterfall in Yandang Mountain, and the Sandiequan Waterfall in Lushan Mountain are all attractive and dynamic beauty spots. Flowing clouds and smoke rise slowly from the deep valleys, peaks and mountains appear and disappear in the clouds and mist, and the wind and clouds move, and the clouds float like mountains moving, forming the artistic conception of "mountains in the void", which is also the dynamic of landscape aesthetics since ancient times. beautiful.Clouds and smoke are unstable dynamic elements of beauty. By scientifically analyzing the climate characteristics of scenic spots, we can grasp its general laws and capture the beautiful scenery of clouds and smoke.Clouds and smoke are more varied than water. Sometimes it is like the waves of the sea, turbulent and rolling, and sometimes it is leisurely and elegant, passing by you slowly.Being in it is like a "fairyland", like a "cloud tour". Wind is invisible, but it can drive floating clouds, set off waves, shake willow branches, and inspire pines... Wind is a driving force for dynamic beauty, adding vitality to natural landscapes. The image, color, and beauty of movement and stillness of mountains and rivers enable visitors to obtain visual beauty from nature. Famous mountains and great rivers also give us auditory and olfactory beauty.People are accustomed to describe them with the fragrance of birds and flowers.Waterfalls falling into deep pools, turbulent waves lapping on banks, streams and mountain streams, springs pouring into clear ponds, rain beating plantains, wind blowing pines, birds singing in secluded forests, insects chirping in the silent night, etc., are all the sounds that make up the symphony of nature.For people who have lived in noisy cities for a long time, they can hear the pine waves in Huangshan, the waterfalls and flowing springs in Jiuzhaigou, the sonoring of the "frog playing the piano" in Wannian Temple in Emei Mountain, and the sound of the sea in Chaoyin Cave in Putuo Mountain; The fragrance of sweet-scented osmanthus in Guihuaping... is undoubtedly a great enjoyment.