Chapter 17 Section 5 Stone Carved Maps of the Song Dynasty

The tradition of engraving maps on stone can be traced back at least to the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty in the 6th century, but the earliest stone-carved maps seen so far are from the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty left many kinds of stone-carved maps, which have become an important page in the history of Chinese maps .As far as the quality of the map itself is concerned, the stone-carved map has not made any progress, and it is certainly not as good as the original map, but it has been preserved to this day after thousands of years of war.

Among the stone inscription maps handed down from generation to generation, the "Huayi Map" and "Yuji Map" in Xi'an Forest of Steles were produced the earliest. "Yuji Tu" was engraved in April 1136, and "Huayi Tu" was put on the stone half a year later. They are engraved on the front and back of a stone tablet, with a length and width of about 77 centimeters each. The content of "Hua Yi Tu" is mainly about China, but it involves most of Asia, but the surrounding parts are mainly expressed in words rather than graphics.The locations of mountains, lakes, prefectures, etc. in China are roughly in line with the actual situation, but the outline of the coast is greatly deformed. The shapes of the protruding parts of the Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, and Leizhou Peninsula have not yet been shown, and the outline of Hainan Island is also distorted.About 500 country and place names are marked on the map, 13 rivers, four lakes, and 10 mountains are marked with names.The symbols representing the Great Wall on the picture are very unique and are often imitated by later generations.It is generally believed that the "Huayi Map" was drawn based on Jia Dan's "Hainei Huayi Map".The bottom right of the picture is engraved with the words "Qi Xue Shang Shi" (Qizhou School Carved Stone), which may have been used to meet the needs of teaching at that time.Scholars have different opinions on the drawing time of "Huayi Map", which is roughly between the middle of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century.

"Yuji Tu" adopts the method of "drawing squares by counting miles", with 70 horizontal squares and 73 vertical squares, a total of 5110 square meters, and each square is a hundred miles away, which is about 1:1.5 million.There are 380 names of political districts, about 80 rivers, more than 70 mountains, and five lakes marked with names.The drawing is more precise, and the outline of the coast, the position and shape of the river are more realistic than the "Huayi Map".The picture was set in Yingchang Mansion in the third year of Yuanfeng (AD 1080), and the painting method of the lower reaches of the Yellow River on the picture reflects the situation before the first year of Shaosheng (AD 1094), so it should be drawn in AD 1081 — in 1094. "Yu Ji Tu" is probably a small picture in Shen Kuo's "Shou Ling Tu" (Fig. 15).

"Nine Territories Shouling Map" was discovered in Confucian Temple in Rongxian County, Sichuan Province in 1964. On the back of the stele are engraved with the words "Lianyu Shaoxing Siwei Meishan Shi Weijian and Shu Junshou □□□", probably Shi Wei commemorated the map stele Standing in the Confucian Temple at the foot of Lianyu Mountain, it is inscribed. "Nine Regions Keeping Orders Map" is 130 centimeters long and 100 centimeters wide. It is drawn on a scale of 1:1.9 million. It is a map of political regions across the country.There are more than 1,400 administrative district names on the map, and the relative positions of states and counties are roughly correct.Except for the channel above the Hetao of the Yellow River, the plane shapes of other rivers are relatively accurate and complete; the outline of the coastline is close to that of today's map, and it is the best drawn among the few Song Dynasty maps handed down.In addition to the use of symbolic legends, text legends are also used on the map, and the level of administrative divisions is indicated by the size of the characters and whether the government is added or not.The lowest level of the administrative district is the county, which is the earliest national administrative region map drawn with the county as the basic unit.The 13 rivers marked with names on the map are all in the upper reaches of the river.The name of the lake is marked in the circle, and the names of the mountains and water are enclosed in square boxes.

The "Geographic Map" (Figure 16), which is now in the Suzhou Museum, was drawn by Huang Shang, and it was carved in stone by Wang Zhiyuan in the fourth and fifth years of Yuanyou (AD 1089-1090), and in the seventh year of Chunyou (AD 1247).The figure is 221 centimeters high and 106 centimeters wide.The outlines of rivers and coasts are generally correct, and the drawing method of mountains is similar to the natural description method on modern maps, and the dense forests on the mountains and the Great Wall are represented by symbols.There are more than 120 mountain ranges, more than 60 rivers, and 410 administrative districts marked on the map.Administrative district names and mountain names are set in square boxes, and water names are set in oval circles.

The rubbings of "Yu Map" now stored in Liji Nunnery at the head of the Tofu Temple in Kyoto, Japan, were brought by Japanese monks when they returned to China in the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1279). The original map was painted around the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. has been lost.The picture is composed of two panels, each about 207 cm high and 98 cm wide.In the middle of the four sides, there are four directions of east, west, north, south.In the northeast, there are Jurchen, Shiwei, Mengwu, and Khitan; in the northwest, there are Gaochang, Qiuci, Wusun, Khotan, Shule, Yanqi, and Suiye; in the southwest, Tianzhu, Gepo, and Sanfoqiu are painted. , which is larger than "Yuji Tu" and "Geographic Map", and is a small-scale map of Asia.Some mountain ranges in the country are represented by the method of depicting scenery, with forest symbols painted on the mountains, and the names of mountains and political districts set in square boxes.The water system is more detailed, and the shape of the river is roughly correct, but the drawing method is not good.The outline of the coast is somewhat distorted, and the Shandong Peninsula is nearly circular, which is quite different from the actual one.

The "Pingjiang Map" also stored in the Suzhou Museum is the earliest surviving city flat stone map, which was painted in the second year of Shaoding (AD 1229) and carved in stone in the same year.The picture is 276 cm high and 142 cm wide, and has a certain orientation and proportional relationship.The central part of the picture is Yacheng, which is divided into 6 districts, surrounded by city walls and moats.In addition to government offices and streets, the urban area also has criss-crossing rivers parallel to the streets. There are more than 100 temples, 65 workshops, and more than 300 bridges, which truly reflect the general appearance of Pingjiang City (now Suzhou City) at that time. .The relative position of the urban area is relatively accurate, and it is scaled down to a certain scale. The main hills, rivers, lakes, and places of interest in the suburbs are selected and drawn without scale.

"Jingjiangfu City Map" (also known as "Guizhou City Map") is engraved on the stone cliff behind the three-sided pavilion at the south foot of Bojiu (bojiu Bojiao) Mountain (now known as Parrot Mountain) in the north of today's Guilin City. It is 320 cm high and wide. It is 300 centimeters long and is the largest surviving flat stone map of the city. It was drawn around the seventh or eighth year of Xianchun (AD 1271-1272), and the person who drew and carved it is unknown.There are 11 scenic spots and main streets drawn on the map, as well as moats, barracks, government offices, bridges, and ferries in detail, highlighting the theme of military affairs.Although there is a certain orientation and proportional relationship, exaggerated methods are often used to highlight certain aspects of the content, which is not limited by the scale.