Chapter 5 Early map of the fourth quarter

In the "Book of Songs Zhou Song", there is a poem "Ban", in which there are two sentences such as "falling into the mountains and Qiaoyue, allowing the river to flow", to the effect that the mountains, peaks and rivers are sacrificed according to the pictures.This poem reflects the fact that the early Zhou kings went hunting and offering sacrifices. This kind of "map" should be the early map with mountains and rivers. According to "Shangshu·Luogao" and other records, after King Cheng of the Western Zhou Dynasty ascended the throne (about the beginning of the 10th century BC), he decided to build a new city in Luoyang, Henan today, as the political center for the Zhou Dynasty to control the East. Therefore, Zhao Gong was sent to investigate. Then he sent Zhou Gong to build Zhoucheng.After the Duke of Zhou arrived, he performed divination and reconnaissance on the spot, and drew a map to present to King Cheng.Although we cannot be sure of the specific content of this map, judging from the completion of Chengzhou City and Wangcheng, this map has great practicality.

"Zhou Li Diguan Situ" stipulates that one of the responsibilities of Da Situ is to "hold the map of the land of the state", and it is said that through this kind of "map of the land of the world", one can "know the number of the land of Kyushu, and distinguish its Mountains, forests, rivers, hills, tombs, and original Xi [xixi], and the number of their states and capitals, and their borders and ditch seals." It can be seen that this type of map is not only very detailed, but also has been used. A preliminary scale is provided, so the user can know the size of the actual range and the distance.Or directly record some data, which is convenient for users to understand.According to the relevant records in "Zhou Li", there are other full-time officials who are in charge of and use maps. The types of maps also include comprehensive regional maps and thematic maps of agriculture, products, land, transportation, and cemeteries.For example, Zhifang "holds the map of the world, uses it to control the land of the world, and distinguishes its states, capitals, barbarians, eight barbarians, seven Min, nine raccoon dogs, five Rong, and six Di people, and its wealth and the number of nine grains and six animals. Be aware of its benefits."This type of map records the scope and boundaries of the central area, peripheral areas and surrounding minority areas directly ruled by the Son of Heaven, as well as the quantity and distribution of grain and livestock.The local training "master the map and call the affairs of the land".It is estimated that it is a map of land types and agricultural divisions, mainly for the purpose of arranging agricultural production.The people of Qian (ancient mining word) "handle the land of gold, jade and cassiterite and strictly prohibit and guard it. If they take it at the right time, they will give it a map and give it to them."This type of map records the distribution of minerals such as gold jade cassiterite, which is used not only to prohibit random mining, but also to guide reasonable mining.The tomb man "handled the land of the cemetery, and made the map by distinguishing its omen"; the tomb doctor "had the map of the area of ​​the Fanbang tomb"; it can be seen that the cemetery management also uses maps. "Zhouli·Diguan Situ" also pointed out: "Every civil lawsuit should be corrected with the ground; popularized. "Zhou Li" had been written at the latest in the Warring States period, and most of the contents contained in it reflected earlier history.Since the progress of maps takes a long time, we can be sure that these early maps appeared before the Sengoku period.Judging from the Warring States map unearthed at Fangmatan, Tianshui and the ancient map unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tomb, it is entirely possible that such maps existed before the Warring States period.

There is also a special article in "Guanzi", which was also written in the Warring States Period, pointing out: Every military master must first examine the map.The dangers of the shafts, the waters of excessive vehicles, the location of famous mountains, valleys, rivers, hills, and hills, the luxuriant grass, forests, and reeds, the distance of the roads, the size of the city walls, the famous towns, and the abandoned towns, The place where the colony is trapped must be known.If the topography is in and out of the wrong place, hide it completely, and then you can march to attack the city, knowing the sequence of actions, without losing the geographical advantage, this map is also common.

〔例句〕Anyone who wants to lead an army must first carefully understand the content on the map, such as the winding and rugged roads, the rivers that cannot be crossed by vehicles, the positions of important mountains, valleys, plains, highlands, hills, etc. There are dense grasslands, forests, and swamps covered with pampas grass. You must know the distance of the roads, the size of the city walls, whether it is a famous city or an abandoned settlement, and whether a place is barren or fertile.Keep in mind the complex situation of the terrain, and then you can march and fight, attack the enemy's city, know the priorities, and give full play to the advantages of geographical conditions. This is the importance of the map.

This not only proves that maps have been widely used in military affairs, but also shows that the content of military maps has been very detailed. In 283 BC (or the year after), King Qin Zhao heard that King Zhao Huiwen had obtained the famous Heshibi, and offered to exchange 15 cities.Zhao Guo sent Lin Xiangru to Qin State, and with his wit and bravery, he finally "returned to Zhao".When Lin Xiangru expressed in the Qin court that he would not hesitate to smash the jade, in order to show his sincerity in exchanging cities, the king of Qin summoned relevant officials, opened a map, and pointed out that the "fifteen capitals" from here to there would be given to Zhao.This map should at least include all the cities of Qin State, with their names and specific locations.It can be inferred that by the late Warring States period, all countries had relatively detailed maps.

In 227 BC, Prince Dan of the Yan Kingdom sent Jing Ke to assassinate the King of Qin in order to save the Yan Kingdom from destruction.In order to deceive King Qin's trust and wait for an opportunity to get closer, Jing Ke brought two gifts, one of which was a map of the Dukang area-indicating that Yan State was willing to dedicate this strategically important area to Qin State.And Jing Ke's assassination tool - a dagger soaked in poison, is hidden in the map.If it is said that the map shown to Lin Xiangru by Qin Zhaowang may be the whole map of Qin, then this map of Dukang must be a more detailed map of local areas.Based on this, we can think that by the late Warring States period, maps of various countries and regions had become quite common.

Because of this, Qin Shihuang was able to seize the maps of various countries in the process of unifying the six countries, and possessed maps of all parts of the country in a short period of time.These maps were in charge of the censor and became an important basis for the Qin Dynasty to rule the country.In 206 BC, Liu Bang's army arrived in Xianyang, the capital of the Qin Dynasty. Xiao He, Liu Bang's counselor, immediately took over the maps, enabling Liu Bang to understand the topography and household registration numbers of all parts of the country.Ban Gucheng also mentioned "Qin Map" in "Hanshu·Geography" written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty (1st century AD), for example, "Qin Map" book Banshi was noted under Banshi County in Daijun, and "Qin Map" was written in Langya The county magistrate Guangxian marked "Xi Yangze is in the west, and "Qin Map" Japanese drama Qingchi".It can be seen that at least a part of the "Qin Map" was preserved until the 1st century AD, and the content represented on the map includes county names and lakes.

This proves that as early as the late 3rd century BC, the Qin Dynasty had established a map system covering millions of square kilometers across the country, which was unique in the world at that time.