Chapter 20 Section 3 Classification and Bibliography of Books

Zheng Qiao, courtesy name Yuzhong, was born in Putian, Fujian, also known as Mr. Jia Ji (jiji). He was born in the third year of Chongning (AD 1104) of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty and died in the 32nd year of Shaoxing Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1162). , a famous historian and bibliographer in the Song Dynasty.I have been addicted to books all my life, and I must read them when I encounter them.Zheng Qiao wrote 200 volumes of "General Records", among which "Xiaoyulue" expressed his bibliography theory, "Yiwenlue", "Jinshilue" and "Tupulue" embodied his classification principles.

Zheng Qiao believes, "If there is no method of grouping, how can we get the discipline of books." That is to say, if there is no method of compiling books (that is, classification method), how can we record and describe books!He proposed that book classification should be based on academic categories.Emphasizes that "those who want to understand the book, lies in the category and example", and to clarify the category of the book, it is necessary to analyze the academic origin.The book classification "must study the root and the end, the upper source has the source, and the lower has the inheritance".Zheng Qiao emphasized that the influence of the idea of ​​classification by academic categories on bibliography in my country cannot be underestimated.

Zheng Qiao created a brand-new 12-category classification method, dividing ancient and modern books into 12 categories: classics, rites, music, elementary schools, history, philosophers, astronomy, five elements, arithmetic, medical prescriptions, class books, and literature. The second category under the 12 categories is called "family", with a total of 157, and the third category under it is called "species", with a total of 282.Zheng Qiao changed the original four-part classification into 12-class classification.The original classics, history, and zi were all preserved, and the rites, music, and elementary schools were raised from the Ministry of Classics, and astronomy, five elements, arithmetic, and medical prescriptions were raised from the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Collection was changed to the Ministry of Culture.These changes broke through the framework of the traditional four-part classification method and were summarized according to the actual situation at that time.This bold attempt is valuable, but there is no fundamental difference in essence between the 12-category classification and the four-part classification. In addition, the four-part classification is simple and easy to implement, and has been familiar to people for a long time. Therefore, Zheng Qiao's classification method has not been implemented. open.

The 66-volume "Chongwen Zongmu" is an official catalog recording the national collection of books in the Northern Song Dynasty.The general catalog imitates the style of "Qunshu Sibulu" in the Tang Dynasty, annotating 30,699 volumes of books in the third library of Chongwen Academy and Mige, divided into 45 categories of classics, history, Zi, and collections.Among them, there are 9 categories of classics, 13 categories of history, 20 subcategories, and 3 categories of collection.The Ministry of History specially set up a category of "Catalogue", and listed Buddhist scriptures and Daoist canon as two categories in the sub-department, which can fully reflect the overall picture of books in the Northern Song Dynasty.

"Zhongxing Guange Bibliography" has 70 volumes, compiled by Chen (Ma Kui) [kui Kui] and others imitating "Chongwen Zongmu" in the fifth year of Song Xiaozong Chunxi (1178 AD), and included 44,486 volumes of books.Later, Zhang Pan and others compiled 30 volumes of "Zhongxing Guange Continued Bibliography" in the 13th year of Song Ningzong Jiading (AD 1220), including a total of 14,943 volumes of books. According to the Song system, the history of the country also has Yiwenzhi, which is compiled according to the official catalog.Each category is ordered, and each book has a solution to the problem, creating a precedent for compiling the catalog of contemporary historical records.There are four catalogs of contemporary historical records:

"Three Dynasties (Taizu, Taizong, Zhenzong) National History, Art and Literature", edited by Lu Yijian and others, collected a total of 39,142 volumes in the national collection. "National History, Art and Literature of the Two Dynasties (Renzong, Yingzong)", edited by Wang Yu and others, with a total of 8446 volumes. "Four Dynasties (Shenzong, Zhezong, Huizong, Qinzong) National History, Art and Literature", edited by Li Tao and others, contains a total of 26,289 volumes of books. "Zhongxing Guoshi Yiwenzhi" records 59,429 volumes of books from the four dynasties of Gaozong, Xiaozong, Guangzong, and Ningzong in the Southern Song Dynasty.

"Song History·Yiwenzhi" was edited by Tuotuo in the Yuan Dynasty.It is mainly based on the collection of the four Song Dynasty national history, art and literature listed above, deleting their repetitions, and adding new books after Song Ningzong Jiading.There are 10 categories of classics, 13 categories of history, 17 subcategories, and 4 categories of collection, a total of 44 categories.119972 volumes of books are described. Private book collections were prevalent in the Song Dynasty, so many bibliophiles compiled their own book collection catalogues. There are more than 30 kinds of books in this catalogue.The most important ones that are still circulating today are the lost editions of Chao Gongwu's "Junzhai Shuzhi" and Chen Zhensun's "Zhizhai Shulu Jieti".

"Junzhai Reading Records" Chao Gongwu (1105-1180 A.D.), a native of Juye, Shandong, lived in Zhaodefang, Bianjing for generations, and was also known as Mr. Zhaode.To avoid the hardships of Jingkang, he went to Shu with his father Chao Chongzhi.Later, he became a Jinshi and served as the subordinate official of Jingdu, the transfer envoy of Sichuan.In his later years, Jing Du handed over 50 boxes of books to Chao Gongwu, plus Chao Gongwu's personal collection, excluding duplication, a total of 24,500 volumes.Chao Gongwu was an official in Xingzhou (now Leshan, Sichuan) and wrote books in Junzhai, so the title of the book is "Mr. Zhaode's Junzhai Reading Records".

"Junzhai Dushuzhi" adopts a four-part classification method, namely, 10 categories of the Ministry of Economics, 13 categories of the Ministry of History, 17 categories of sub-parts, and 3 categories of Jibu, for a total of 45 categories.There is a preface before each part, also known as the general introduction.Each category has a small order, which is written in the problem-solving of the first book of each category.Each book has a synopsis, and many studies have been ordered.Many of the books recorded by it are not seen in "Song History·Yiwenzhi".In addition, more than 500 books that are now lost are also recorded, which is very meaningful for today's classical literature research.

The bibliography system and textual research of "Junzhai Dushuzhi" have a relatively high level. In the Southern Song Dynasty, "Junzhai Dushu Zhi" had two volumes, Qu Ben and Yuan Ben. Wang Xianqian, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, collated the two volumes according to the sub-volumes of Qu Ben, and attached Zhao Xibian's "Fu Zhi". The bibliography of 480 books compiled in the 100 years after the publication of "Junzhai Shuzhi" has become the most complete bibliography recording the books of the Song Dynasty. "Zhizhai Shulu Explanation"

Chen Zhensun, courtesy name Boyu, nicknamed Zhizhai, was born in Anji, Zhejiang, during the reign of Xiaozong Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1174-1189), and the year of his death is unknown.Chen began to be an official in his 20s, and was promoted to the Secretary of the Imperial Academy in his 50s.He has been an official for more than 30 years and has accumulated 51,180 volumes of books.According to Zhou Mi's "Qi Dong Ye Yu": "In recent years, Wei Zhizhai Chen's books have been the most".The number of books in his collection is only 800 volumes less than the sum of 59,429 volumes contained in the national bibliography "Zhongxing Guange Bibliography" and "Zhongxing Guange Continued Bibliography". There are many collections.Moreover, many rare and rare books recorded in it are of high quality, which are not available in the national bibliography. Chen Zhensun's collection of books often offended Shi Ji, and he followed them up and down, sparing no effort.For example, volumes such as "Fengzhaoji" and "Enlinglu" in "Zhou Yigong Collection" written by Zhou Bida, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, were officially banned from printing, and it was difficult to find them. After many twists and turns, Chen Zhensun borrowed privately printed copies and copied them all.The Tang Dynasty's "Focus on Quanyu" was not recorded. After many years of visits, Chen Zhensun finally found it in the book "Tianqing Daozang" collected by others, and immediately compiled and copied it into a separate edition. "Zhizhai Shulu Jieti" is classified into four parts: Classics, History, Zi and Ji, and there are 53 second-level categories: 10 categories of Jingbu, 16 categories of History, 20 categories of Zibu, and 7 categories of Jibu.There is no general order and most departmental order.Among the 53 categories, only seven categories have suborders, which are added when special instructions are required in the category settings.Under each category, the title, volume, author, edition, and review are described.It introduces the content of the book, evaluates the characters, describes the scope of material selection, marks the compilation time and version, and creates a precedent for solving the catalog, which will be used by future bibliographers. The original 56 volumes of "Zhizhai Shulu Jieti" have long been lost.The current version is the 22-volume edition compiled from the Qing Dynasty's "Siku Quanshu" from the Ming Dynasty's "Yongle Dadian".