Chapter 19 Section 2 Collection of Books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties
The collection of books in the Song and Yuan Dynasties can be roughly divided into three systems: government collections, private collections and academy collections.
The Northern Song Dynasty received more than 13,000 volumes of books collected by Houzhou, and then successively collected some books from other regions.In addition, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, books were collected among the people.Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizong Zhao Jiong, Song Renzong Zhao Zhen, and Huizong Zhao Ji all issued imperial edicts, published the catalog of missing books in the country many times according to the catalog of the Tang Dynasty, and stipulated a generous reward method: only those who donate more books will be given to officials. If there are few books to donate, the price will be given preferentially; for those who are unwilling to donate, the state can borrow and copy.In addition, it is stipulated that all regions must submit newly published books.Thanks to these practical measures, the national collection of books in the Northern Song Dynasty grew rapidly.According to "Song History·Yiwenzhi", the collection reached 6,705 volumes at its peak, with a total of 73,877 volumes.
In 1127 AD, the Kingdom of Jin captured Tokyo (today’s Kaifeng) and captured Emperors Hui and Qin.The demise of the Northern Song Dynasty caused a heavy loss of books accumulated for 160 years.The so-called "Chinese secret collection and scholar-bureaucrats' families are nothing" (Wang Mingqing's "Hou Lu").
After the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, the authorities vigorously collected books.First of all, collect records, conferences, national history, sermons, etc. since the Northern Song Dynasty to complete the important classics since the Northern Song Dynasty.
The government of the Southern Song Dynasty also paid attention to the collection of authentic works and rare books. All donated books must first be screened by the secretary of the province, and only when they are confirmed as rare books can they be accepted.
After the efforts of the Southern Song Dynasty government, the national collection increased to 9,819 volumes and 119,972 volumes.
Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty in the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1276), established the Yuan Dynasty, and received the national collections of the Jin and Southern Song Dynasties.In the tenth year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (AD 1273) and Yuan Huidi Zhizheng years (AD 1341-1368) respectively issued edicts to collect books in the south of the Yangtze River, but with little effect.
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the National Book Collection Office had three libraries: the History Library (in charge of editing and compiling national history, history books, and books), the Zhaowen Library, and the Jixian Academy (in charge of the compilation and collation of books in the Siku).In the third year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 978), Emperor Taizong of Song Dynasty established the Chongwen Academy as the general institution for managing books, and enriched it with the books of the three libraries.At the same time, more than ten thousand volumes of books will be collected in the three libraries, and another library will be set up, which is called "Secret Pavilion".The History Museum, Zhaowen Museum, Jixian Academy and Mi Pavilion are collectively referred to as the "Four Museums", which are the national collection centers.In addition, the government also has collections of books in the Guozijian and the Academy of Sciences; the books in the palace are divided into Longtu Pavilion, Taiqing Building, Yuchen Palace and other places.The social status of library staff in the Song Dynasty was relatively high. Those in the Chongwen Academy and the fourth library were called librarians, and the person in charge of the fourth library was called Zhilibanshi (equivalent to the curator of a modern library), collation, collation, etc. Personnel are also highly valued by the court, and they are promoted relatively quickly.The book collection implements a sub-library management system, and those who manage the library are called Kuzi.The Southern Song Dynasty generally followed the Northern Song Dynasty system.In the thirteenth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1143), the Secretary Province was formally established to be in charge of books and classics. There was no Jixian Academy and Zhaowen Library. Important books were stored in the Secret Pavilion, and general books were stored in the Secretary Province Library.The library is divided into five rooms and seven cabinets for classics, history, Zi and Ji.The secretary province manages related affairs.
According to Qian Daxin's "Bu Yuan History · Yi Wen Zhi Preface", the Yuan Dynasty set up an institutional secretary supervisor from Yuan Shizu to the ninth year of Yuan Dynasty (1279 A.D.), in charge of the books of the past dynasties and the forbidden books of yin and yang and five elements.And after the destruction of Song, Ping and Jin, "all the pictures and books of Quzhang will be returned."At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the Xingwen Office was established, which was in charge of printing and publishing. It was affiliated to the Hanlin Academy of National History, but it was revoked later.In addition, there is a Yilin library in charge of book collection work, which is affiliated to the Kuizhangge Academy of Sciences.
Due to the prosperity of engraving and movable type printing in the Song Dynasty, it was easier to print books and the number of books increased greatly, making the Song Dynasty the heyday of private book collection in my country, and many book collectors appeared.Song Shou (A.D. 991-1040) and his son Song Minqiu (A.D. 1019-1079), who had served as a political adviser (deputy minister), had collected as many as 30,000 volumes of books.In order to borrow books from the Song family, many scholar-bureaucrats often rented houses in Chunmingfang, Bianjing, where his family lived. Due to the large number of renters, the rent in this area was twice as expensive as other places.Wang Qinchen, who once served as the secretary, supervisor and Shaojian (secretary and deputy governor of the province), has a collection of 43,000 volumes.Tian Wei, a native of Jiangling, has a collection of more than 37,000 volumes in Bogutang. When Song Huizong issued an edict, he donated 1,000 volumes that were missing in the third library.Song Yingzong's brother, Rong Wang Zongchuo, has a collection of more than 70,000 volumes.The famous scholar Li Fang (AD 925-996), Ouyang Xiu (AD 1007-1072), the famous female poet Li Qingzhao (AD 1084-1151) and her husband Zhao Mingcheng (AD 1081-1129) were also famous scholars in this period. bibliophile.Zhao Mingcheng and Li Qingzhao lived frugally, collected books, borrowed many dead books, anecdotes and rare books, copied them themselves, and collected them properly.In the first year of Jianyan (AD 1127), Li Qingzhao and his wife only moved 15 carts of fine gold and stones and ancient books to the south to avoid the harassment of gold people.After that, Li Qingzhao fled many times, and the cultural relics and ancient books moved south were lost one after another.The famous bibliophile Ye Mengde (1077-1148 A.D.), courtesy name Shaoyun, was born in Wu County, Jiangsu Province. He was a Jinshi at the age of 20. He served successively as Shangshu Youcheng and other officials. He liked to collect books in his life.Wang Mingqing, a scholar of the Song Dynasty, recorded in "Hui Mo Lu": "After traveling to the south, Ye Shaoyun was the only young man who was rich and prosperous, and he was good at collecting books in his life, with more than 100,000 volumes."In the early years of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, Wang Zhi (zhizhi) from Ruyin (now Fuyang, Anhui), the editor and editor of the Privy Council, and his two sons Wang Lianqing and Wang Mingqing jointly collected tens of thousands of volumes of books.Wang Zhi is a descendant of Wang Zhao, a famous scholar in the early Song Dynasty. His father, Wang Cui, was also a bibliophile.Later, Wang Mingqing used the materials left by his father to write the notes "Hui Mo Lu", which recorded the political affairs and systems of the Song Dynasty.Famous scholars Chao Gongwu, You Miao, Zheng Qiao, and Chen Zhensun all collected a lot of books. They not only collected books, but also compiled them into "Junzhai Shuzhi", "Suichutang Bibliography", "Zhizhai Shulu Explanations" based on their own collections. " and other bibliographies have made great contributions to the cause of book collection in our country.
Most of the private collections in the Yuan Dynasty were Han people, and famous bibliophiles included Zhuang Su, Yuan Haowen, Zhang Siming, Wang Weizheng, and Khitan scholar Yelu Chucai (1190-1244 AD).Zhuang Su, courtesy name Uncle Gong, was originally a small secretary in the Southern Song Dynasty. After the death of the Song Dynasty, he lived in the countryside and was not an official. He collected 80,000 volumes of books.During the Zhizheng period of Yuan Huizong (1341-1368 A.D.), Emperor Huizong asked for a suicide note, and sent scholar Wei Su to select books. At this time, Zhuang Su was dead. Only 500 volumes of books are available.Yuan Haowen (1190-1257 A.D.) was a famous writer in the Jin Dynasty and collected a large number of books.In the first year of Jin Xuanzong Zhenyou (1213 A.D.), the Mongols went south and hid thousands of rare books in the wall in order to preserve the books.Later, in order to avoid the war, he loaded more than 1,000 precious rare books and frequently read books into two trucks, and set off from Taiyuan to cross the Yellow River south. Fleeing south, unexpectedly, the accommodation caught fire on the way, and both carts of books were burned.According to historical records, Zhang Siming's collection of books has reached more than 37,000 volumes.Yelu Chucai, the Zhongshu Ling of the Yuan Dynasty, liked to collect books very much. "Yuan Shi Yelu Chucai Biography" stated that after his death, he left thousands of volumes of ancient and modern calligraphy, paintings, gold stones and posthumous writings.
According to statistics, there were 719 academies in the Song Dynasty, only a few dozen in the Northern Song Dynasty, and hundreds in the Southern Song Dynasty.Among them, the six most famous academies are Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, Suiyang Academy (ie Yingtianfu Academy) in Shangqiu, Henan, Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan, and Shigu Academy in Hengyang, Hunan. And Maoshan Academy in Jintan, Jiangsu.Many academies in the Song Dynasty received books from the imperial court or local states. For example, Taizong bestowed books on Bailudong Academy in the second year of Taiping Xingguo (AD 977), and Taizong gave books to Song Dynasty in the second year of Zhidao (AD 996). Yang Academy, Zhenzong granted books to Yuelu Academy in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1015).In the sixth year of Emperor Xiaozong Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1179), Zhu Xi rebuilt Bailudong Academy. In addition to being awarded the Guozijian version of the "Nine Classics" commentary, he also solicited books from various places.In the second year of Xianping (999 A.D.) of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, Li Yun, governor of Tanzhou, built a library for Yuelu Academy to accommodate the library collection.Academies generally have a large collection of books.For example, Wei Liaoweng (named Heshan), who was a secretary and supervisor in the Southern Song Dynasty, set up Heshan Academy in his hometown of Pujiang, Sichuan, with a collection of more than 100,000 volumes.
The government of the Yuan Dynasty adopted a policy of encouraging the establishment of academies. After the Song Dynasty was destroyed and the Yuan Dynasty prospered, many Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty did not become officials, and many retired to build academies to give lectures. "Continued Tongkao" records that there were only 41 academies in the Yuan Dynasty, and the actual unrecorded number was several times that.According to statistics, 211 academies were newly built in the Yuan Dynasty, 56 were revived, and 19 were rebuilt, totaling 296.The purpose of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty advocating the establishment of academies was to introduce scholars into the path of profit and fortune through studying and becoming officials, so that they could be controlled by them.As for the collection of books in Yuan Dynasty Academy, due to the lack of historical records, there is no way to say more.
With the rapid development of book collection, the guiding principles of book collection have been put on the agenda, and collection of books is the primary issue in the construction of book collection.How to make the books collected by oneself more complete and better is a matter that every book collection institution and bibliophile pays great attention to.Zheng Qiao, a historian and bibliographer in the Southern Song Dynasty, clearly put forward eight methods of collecting books in "Tongzhi·Xiaoyulue": seeking by category (selecting the best from similar books), seeking by category (from category by category) Differentiate and choose from among them), seek according to the place (seek books according to different regions), seek according to the family (seek books from different schools of thought), seek the public (select books from national publications), seek privately (from folk engraving and Printing workshops ask for books), people ask for books (seek books from different scholars and bibliophiles), and generations ask for books (seek books from different eras).These methods were proposed by Zheng Qiao under the specific circumstances of the prosperity of the printing industry and the wide variety of publications. They are timely and effective methods, and they are also a summary of the practice of book collection construction in the Song Dynasty. building.
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