Chapter 30 Section 4: Textual research on the names of the ancients

Many ancient sages and sages wrote books not for fame and fortune, but to promote their beliefs, ideals, viewpoints, theories and propositions so that they can be passed on to future generations.For example, He Shanggong, who annotated "Lao Tzu", did not leave a real name.This, we cannot do.Some authors are hesitant to speak in the book, neither wanting to reveal their real names, nor do they want people to think that it is a book of unknown origin, so they use the name relationship in their works to hint to the readers, let you benevolent people see benevolence, and wise men see wisdom .For example, "Yue Jue Shu", from the Sui Dynasty, is considered to be written by Duan Muci (Zigong), a disciple of Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn Period.In the Song Dynasty, it was suspected that the author was Wu Zixu.Some people think that it was made by people in the Warring States Period and added by people in the Han Dynasty.It was not until the Ming Dynasty scholar Tian Yiheng that based on the adages at the end of the book and the inspiration of previous inferences, he identified the author as Yuan Kang and the editor as Wu Ping.Because at the end of the book, the narration "Wai Zhuan" says:

If you take Qu as your surname, you can get clothes; if you have a name like Mi, you can replace it with Geng. The combination of go and clothes is "(up and down clothes and go)", and Geng covers rice, which is the word "Kang". And said: The text belongs to the diction, which comes from Bangxian; the mouth is the surname, and it is inherited from the sky; the prime minister of Chu, Qu Yuan, has the same name as him. One or two sentences show that he is from Kuaiji; he inherits the sky by mouth, but he speaks the sky "Wu"; Qu Yuan's name is Ping.Together it is Kuaiji Wu Ping.

So far, although the case can be finalized, there is still a suspicion of guessing and deciphering characters, and it has not yet been conclusively proved. During the reign of Qianlong, the Siku Quanshu was opened to compile the "Siku Quanshu", and the editors used Tian Yiheng's textual research when writing the "Summary".Transcribed as follows: Wang Chong's "Lunheng·Yanshu Pian" said: "Zou Boqi from Dongfan, Yuan Taibo and Yuan Wenshu from Linhuai, Wu Jungao from Kuaiji, and Zhou Changsheng, although they are not in the ranks of public officials, they are honest and well-known. Heroes too. Guan Boqi's "Xuansi", Taibo's "Yi Zhangju", Wen Shu's "Zhen Ming", Jun Gao's "Yue Niu Lu", Changsheng's "Dong Li", Liu Zizheng and Yang Ziyun cannot pass Also." The so-called Wu Jungao is almost the same character as Ping; the so-called "Yue Niu Lu" is probably this book?

Although the editor judged in a speculative tone, he was just expressing humility (hui hui).Judging from the combination of the name and the character, Wu Jungao is Wu Ping, absolutely right.Qu Yuan's name is Ping, and "Erya Shidi" says: "Da Ye is called Ping, and Guangping is called Yuan." Ping and Yuan are synonymous.Wu Ping himself said that he had the same name as Qu Yuan, but there is another line in "Shi Di" that says: "Gao Ping is called Lu." In addition, when the sentence "Guang Ping is called Yuan", many works quote it as "Gao Ping called Yuan" .Judging from the explanations in the exegetical classics, there is absolutely no doubt that Wu Ping's character is Jungao.As for "Yue Niu Lu" and "Yue Jue Shu", there are many things about the same book with different names in ancient times, so there is no need to say more.

Through the combined relationship between the name and the character, the name can be identified from the character, and the character can also be determined from the name.Therefore, if there are several historical figures, for some reason, when the names or characters are transposed or confused, they can also be identified, restored, and each belongs to its owner. Under the word "Chang" in the "Dictionary of Chinese Names", there are two historical figures who have the same age, different regions, similar names, but transposed characters.They are all from the Eastern Jin Dynasty. One is Chang Chu, who served as a Taoist general in Chinese characters in Shu, and the other is Chang Ju ("Zhu" in traditional characters) who served as Yuan Yan in Qianliang in Northwest China.After the death of Cheng Han, Chang Zhu returned to Jin, and he was the author of "Huayang Guozhi".Chang Ju died in a battle with Fu Qin before his master Zhang Tianxi returned to Jin.For some unknown reason, Shi Chen put on the names of the two of them.Because comrades will not cooperate, according to Tong Yuanyan, he has nothing to say.On the contrary, Zhu and Yuan Yan cooperate, and it is said that they match with Taoist generals.Qi is a kind of jade ring, and Yan is the beautiful color of jade. "Shuowen·Yubu": "璩, belongs to the ring." "Huan, Bi also. The meat is as good as a ring." "Yan, the beauty is also on the bi." How compatible the character Yuan Yan is!According to and will have support or quotation meaning. "Shuowen·Shoubu": "According to, the rod is also held." "Guangya·Shi Guyi": "According to, citing." Fujin also." Fujin means pulling. "Mulan Song": "Out of Guo Xiangfu General." In addition, "Historical Records Lu Zhougong Family" records that there is a son general of Qi State, Suo Yin said: "The son general is also the governor of Liangqiu." circumstantial evidence.

Not only did the two exchange characters, but their surnames were also corrupted.The regular evidence is used as the regular evidence in the "Book of Wei", the palm evidence in the "Book of Jin·Fu Jian Zai Shang", and the regular evidence in the "Biography of Zhang Tianxi".Zhonghua Book Company's twenty-four history point school-based collation quotes Ding Guojun's "Jin Shu Xiaowen" as saying: "According to the "Biography", all three views are "hands". It can be proved. According to it, "Guang Yun" and "Tong Jian" 104 are also called "palm"." It seems that Chang Ju should be Zhang Ju.The surnames are all wrong, let alone the characters!Whether this mistake was caused by the historian's inaccurate collection of materials, or the lack of proofreading in the transcription and printing of the past dynasties, we don't care about it.We just feel that if we exchange the table characters, we can achieve the best of both worlds, but if we maintain the status quo, we will not be compatible.

Many ancient documents have been copied and printed repeatedly for thousands of years, so it is not surprising that some wrong words and typos appear.People don't pay attention to this kind of problem. One is that they don't pay attention to the cultural knowledge of names, and the other is that they don't hurt the general, so they ignore it.But this is contrary to the truth of history after all.This is entirely to be avoided.If we examine it from the combination of names, it can be called respect for history if we return to their true colors.This kind of problem is most concentrated in history books, so we might as well give some examples for analysis.

In "Book of Jin", there is a well-known person named Bianhu [kun bundle], but his name is Wangzhi.According to the meaning of the word, the pot is "the garden in the palace [Xiang Xiang]" (see "Erya·Shi Gong"), that is, the lane between the houses.The houses of princes and common people in ancient times were called palaces.What is the relationship between the lanes between houses and "Wang"?I can't find it.We say that the pot is a corrupted word for "pot", and the two are similar in shape, but there is only a difference.However, this has a completely different meaning.The pot refers to the three immortal mountains on the sea in ancient myths and legends: Fanghu, Yinghu and Penghu.Because of its shape like a pot, it is named after the pot.The Sanxian Mountain is where the gods live. It can be seen from a distance, but it disappears when you approach it by boat. It is beyond reach.This matter is annotated by Zhang Shoujie in "Historical Records: The Chronicles of the First Emperor of Qin", and also recorded in "Han Shu: Jiaosi Zhi 1" and Wang Jia's "Supplementary Notes: Gao Xin".The name of the pot is looking at it, which means envying the gods.This kind of thinking of seeking immortality was very popular from the end of Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

Not only are there reflections in poems, but there are also many reflections in people's names.For example, in "Book of the Later Han Yimin Zhuan Fazhen", "Fazhen's character is Gaoqing." Li Xian's annotation said: "Gao, one is Qiao." important.Qiao, refers to the fairy Wang Qiao, also called Wang Ziqiao. "Shuowen·Dagger Department": "It's true, the immortal transforms into the sky." True, Qiao Zheng responded, expressing his admiration for the immortal.The true character of Wei Cao in the Three Kingdoms is Zidan, which means that by taking elixir, he can seek immortality. This is what the ancient poem said "take food to seek immortality".Bian Hu's contemporary Wen Qiao character is too true, which also expresses his desire to become a fairy.Qiao refers to Qiao, a member of the sea fairy mountain mentioned in "Liezi·Tang Wen".There is another Heqiao word Changyu, which also expresses the yearning for immortality.Yu, refers to another Xianshan Daiyu who is as famous as the same member.The name and character each use a fairy mountain.So we say that Bian Hu should be called Bian Hu.For thousands of years, people have been accustomed to not noticing, ignoring the real name of this celebrity; they may not have thought of "pot" on it.We have no intention of changing the name of this ancient man, but we just want to correct his corruption based on the principle of "following the name".

There are quite a lot of examples of name corruption caused by similar characters in historical records.For example, "Wei Shu·Xin You Biography" says: "Your brother is handsome, and his style is Shuyi." We say that righteousness and handsomeness are incompatible.Righteousness, when it is "Xi".Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, righteousness has been simplified as "righteousness", which is commonly used by the people.Yi and Yi are similar. When engraving the book, the writer mistakenly took "易" as a simplified character for Yi, thinking that it should not be used in historical books, so he changed Yi to "Yi", which was a kind mistake.Responding to Jun with "严" is based on the meaning of "Jun Yi is in the official" in "Book·Gao Taomo".This is taking "Xi" as "righteousness".There are also those who regard "righteousness" as "yi".

"New Book of Tang·Jiang Yi Biography" says: "Jiang Yi's character comes from virtue."This "严" is changed from the meaning to the meaning, and then it is corrupted into "严".Benevolence and righteousness are the source of morality, Yi and virtue are incompatible.Coincidentally, "Old History of the Five Dynasties·Jin Shu·Shou Wang Chong Yi Biography" says: "Shou Wang Chong Yi is the word Hongli." This Yi is also simplified from meaning to "righteousness", and then it is mistaken as "yi". "What is appropriate is called righteousness", and whatever is "appropriate" must be reasonable, so righteousness and reason are in harmony, and Yi and reason have nothing to do with each other.In addition, his elder brother's name is trustworthy, and faith is connected, which can be circumstantial evidence.Also, in the "Old History of the Five Dynasties Tang Shu", there is Mu Wang Li Cunyi, although his Biaozi is not recorded, but judging from his brother's name Cunli, this Yi is also regarded as "righteousness".This is also the change from meaning to "righteousness" and then to "yi".The book engravers only knew that there should be no simplified characters in ancient books. Whenever they saw characters that resembled the simplified characters that prevailed at that time, they relied on the similar traditional characters. There are indeed many confusions in the names of the ancients, and it is worthy of careful research and re-definition.