Chapter 2 Section 2 Spectator

The research object of the chronicle is a certain person.This character is the owner of the narration and commentary in the chronicle, so it is customary to be called the owner of the spectrum. For example, the owner of "Han Wengong Chronicle" is Han Yu, and the owner of "Mr. Fang Wangxi Chronicle" is Fang Bao.Looking at the chronicles from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the range of characters involved is very wide, especially the scope of the Chronology of the Qing Dynasty is not as wide as that of the previous dynasties. Taking the Chronology of the Qing Dynasty as an example, the main categories of the Chronology include the following types of characters.

From military ministers and academicians to state and county officials, all types of people are involved.For example, military ministers and university scholars have notations such as Zhang Yushu, Zhu Shi, Jiang Youzhen [Xianxian], etc.; ministers and ministers have notations such as Song Luo [luoluo], Weng Shuyuan, Qian Chenqun, etc.; governors of various provinces have notations such as Fan Chengmo, Bi Yuan, Deng Tingzhen, etc. There are Yang Yuchun, Ge Yunfei, etc. for the admiral and general soldier; Sun Zongyi (Wai Lang, Lang Zhong, etc., a member of the official department at the time of Qing Shunzhi) and Gu Yuxian (Wai Lang, a member of the official department) for Cao Cao; Beidao), Shen Qiyuan (Henan inspector, Zhili governor) and other scores; prefecture and prefecture officials include Hu Juqing (the county magistrate of Shiquan County, Shaanxi during the Qianlong period), Lin Yufan (the county magistrate of Lingling (Lingling) County, Hunan Province during the Qianlong period) ) and Wang Zusu (the magistrate of Jianchang, Jiangxi, Zhenyuan, Guizhou, etc. during the Qianlong period); academic officials include Jiao Yuanxi (the edict of Shanyang County during the Kangxi period), and Mo Yuchou (chouchou) (professor of Zunyi Prefecture, Guizhou during the Jiaqing period) The scores of the Xianghuai warlords include Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Li Hongzhang, etc.; the scores of Ming officials who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty include Hong Chengchou and Qian Qianyi; the scores of Yuan Shikai, Duan Qirui, Xu Shichang, etc. in the late Qing Dynasty.

There were many anthologies of poetry and essays published in the Qing Dynasty, and many anthologies were often published with chronicles written by themselves or compiled by others.Some are single-line compiled by later generations for the study of the master's works.Therefore, there are more chronologies of this kind of people in the chronology of Qing people.For example, poets include Wu Weiye, Yuan Mei, Chen Yan, etc.; ancient writers include Hou Fangyu, Fang Bao, etc.; poets include Nalan Xingde, Li E, etc.; There are Pu Songling, Wu Jingzi and other scores at home; popular literature includes Tu Shen, Chen Duansheng and Pingju author Cheng Zhaocai, among which Hong Sheng, Kong Shangren, Pu Songling, Wu Jingzi and other scores were compiled by recent people.

The Qing Dynasty inherited and developed all kinds of academics in the past, and many scholars and experts emerged.Some of them self-compiled chronicles, describing their reading, scholarship, mentorship, and writings to clarify their academic gist; In order to study the academic attainments and achievements of certain scholars, later generations of scholars compiled scores to prepare for the needs of knowing people and discussing the world.Therefore, there are a large number of chronicles of scholars in the Qing Dynasty. For example, thinkers include Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, etc.; Confucians include Li Guangdi, Tang Bin, etc.; Historians have notations such as Quan Zuwang and Qian Daxin; philologists have notations such as Duan Yucai and Zhu Junsheng; epigraphers have notations such as Wang Chang and Wu Dacheng [Cheng Cheng]; , Gu Qianli, etc.; bibliographers include Zhang Jinwu, Yao Zhenzong, etc.; geographers include Xu Song, Yang Shoujing, etc.;

Some accomplished calligraphers, painters and entertainers with special skills also have scores compiled for them.For example, painters have notations such as Shi Tao, Wu Li, and Wang Shimin; calligraphers have notations such as Bao Shichen and Guo Shangxian; connoisseurs have notations of Zhou Lianggong; chess players have notations such as Fan Shixun and Shi Dingan; Some of these people are modern national capitalists transformed from officials, gentry and usurers, such as Zhang Jian; Some are financial capitalists, such as Tan Danya, etc.; some are business practitioners, such as Zhou Jing, who used to be an accountant.

Some of these people escaped into Buddhism and became monks during the Ming and Qing Dynasties in order to escape the political vortex of regime change, such as Hanshi [shishi], Jinshi, etc.; ; Some are famous figures who were related to the democratic revolution activities in the late Qing Dynasty, such as Su Manshu and Li Shutong. The creation of music for women began in the late Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty.Some of them are mournful and charming figures with romantic aftertaste at that time or in later generations, such as Dong Xiaowan, Wu Zongai, etc.; Some of them just wrote chronicles for their mothers to express the so-called filial piety. For example, Yin Huiyi wrote the genealogy for his mother Li, and Wang Xianqian wrote the genealogy for his mother Bao.

The survivors are a group of people who are nostalgic for their homeland and do not cooperate with the new dynasty when the dynasty changes.In the early Qing Dynasty, there were a large number of "survivors" who were loyal to the Ming Dynasty.Some of them lived in seclusion, such as Xing Fang (fang Fang), Wantai, Fu Shan, etc.; some continued to engage in anti-Qing activities, such as Wan Shouqi, Yan Ermei, etc.Since they are all engaged in lecturing and writing activities, and most of them have special collections published in the world, some disciples or later scholars compiled scores for them to express their admiration and research needs.

In addition to the above-mentioned types of characters, there are some lesser-known characters, such as those who only have the reputation of being a scholar, and spent their entire lives teaching, reading, and acting as a curtain guest, such as Zhang Chaojin during the Kang and Qian Dynasties. Compiled the score to represent the form; later Zhang Huanzong recorded his own life, which was only a manuscript and not published.Some are engaged in secret sect activities, such as Li Guangxin [Xin Xin] related to Huangya’s teaching case. His disciples recorded his strange activities such as traveling, preaching and accepting disciples throughout his life. There are only transcripts but no publications.Some have a busy life and have nothing to describe, and they also compile their own family records to record family affairs. For example, Jiang Zengyu [yueyue], who was in Qianlong's time, compiled "Yanqiu Shanguan Custom Chronicle", which only has manuscripts but no publications.The reference value of the chronicle content of this kind of characters is far less than that of the previous categories, and it is more difficult to search.