Chapter 26 Appendix II Introduction to Chinese Prehistoric Culture and Important Sites

Early Paleolithic sites.It is located in Xujiapo, Donggutuo Village, Yangyuan County, Hebei Province.According to paleomagnetic dating, the age is about 1 million years ago, and the geological age is at the end of the Early Pleistocene or the early Middle Pleistocene. The cultural relics produced include more than 1,600 pieces of stone products, including stone cores, stone flakes and stone tools.The types of stone tools include scrapers, pointed tools and chopping tools.There are also battered bone fragments.This site and its nearby Xiaochangliang site are collectively called "Donggutuo-Xiaochangliang Culture".

Early Paleolithic sites.It is located in Xiaochangliang on the north side of Guanting, Yangyuan County, Hebei Province.The geological age belongs to the end of early Pleistocene or early middle Pleistocene. There are more than 200 pieces of stone products in the cultural relics, including stone cores, stone flakes and stone tools. The common types of stone tools are scrapers, pointed tools, stone drills and chopping tools.In addition, there are six pieces of blow bones. Early Paleolithic cultures.Located in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. "Lantian Man" includes human fossils from the two sites of Gongwangling and Chenjiawo. According to paleomagnetic dating, the age of the fossils in Gongwangling is about 1 million to 750,000 years ago, belonging to the early Middle Pleistocene, and Chenjiawo The age of the fossils is about 650,000 to 500,000 years ago.

The cultural relics of the Lantian people include stone cores, stone flakes and stone tools.Stone tools mainly include chopping tools, scrapers, large pointed tools and stone balls.Among them, the large pointed device, also known as the triangular large pointed device, is the most representative.Several ashes in the fossil layer of Gongwangling indicate that ancient humans may have mastered the technology of using fire at that time.The accompanying animal fossils include animals from the early Middle Pleistocene to the late Pleistocene. Early Paleolithic cultures.It is located in the area of ​​Yi〔Ke〕he Village, Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province.Its geological age belongs to the early Middle Pleistocene.

Relics from the Yihe culture include stone cores, flakes, and stone tools.The stone implements include choppers, scrapers, triangular large pointed devices, small pointed devices and stone balls.Burning bones is proof that the people of Gaihe used fire.Most of the accompanying animal fossils are typical species of the Middle Pleistocene. The coexistence of elephants, deer, buffaloes, and woolly rhinoceros indicates that the living environment of the Yihe people was a temperate climate. Early Paleolithic cultures. "Peking Man" is also known as "Peking Chinese Ape Man", "Beijing Chinese" or "Peking Homo erectus".Found in cave deposits in Longgu Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Beijing.According to uranium series dating, fission track dating and paleomagnetic dating, the age is about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago.

Pekingese are good at walking upright, and their upper limbs can carry out activities similar to modern people.Their cultural relics include stone artifacts and bone-horn objects.Stone tools mainly include chopping tools, scrapers, carving tools, stone hammers and stone anvils.A large amount of ashes shows that Beijingers are good at using fire and may have mastered the technology of preserving fire.The extinct species of accompanying animals accounted for 30%. The changes in these fauna indicate that during the existence of Peking Man, the natural environment experienced three periods: cold, drought, and warm and humid.

Early Paleolithic cultures.It is named after the site of Jinniushan Mountain in Tiantun Village, Yingkou City, Liaoning Province.The Jinniushan Culture refers to the lower accumulation at point A of the site, which belongs to the Middle Pleistocene. This culture found the skull and all the body bones belonging to a single male individual.There are few stone cores and many stone flakes in stone products, which are processed by hammering and pounding.Stone tools include scrapers and pointed tools.There are ash layers, ash piles and burnt bones in the strata, indicating that people had started to use fire at that time.Among the accompanying animal fossils are typical animals of the Pleistocene, as well as remnants of the Tertiary and early Pleistocene.The climate at that time was relatively warm and humid, with forests, grasslands and vast waters.

Early Paleolithic cultures.Found near Jiefang Village, Dali County, Shaanxi Province.The geological age is the late Middle Pleistocene, about 100,000 years ago. Dali Homo is an early Homo sapiens with an estimated brain volume of 1120 ml.Among their cultural relics, there are many stone flakes and stone cores, and a small number of stone tools, mainly including scrapers, pointed tools, carving tools and stone cones.No obvious traces of fire were found.Analysis of accompanying animal and plant fossils or pollen shows that the natural environment at that time was drier and colder than that of Beijingers.

Cultures of the Early-Late or Middle-Early Paleolithic.Found between Xujiayao Village, Yanggao County, Shanxi Province and Houjiayao Village, Yangyuan County, Hebei Province.According to the uranium series method, the age is about 100,000 years ago, belonging to the end of the Middle Pleistocene or the beginning of the Late Pleistocene. The skull features of Xujiayao Man are partly like that of Peking Man and partly like that of Neanderthal, belonging to the transition type from Homo erectus to early Homo sapiens, with an average age of about 20 years.Their cultural relics include stone artifacts and bone horn implements.Stone tools include scrapers, pointed tools, carvers, stone drills, chopping tools and stone balls, etc., which belong to the small stone tool system.The accompanying animal fossils include birds and mammals.The temperature at that time was slightly lower, which was a continental climate.

Middle Paleolithic culture.Found in Ding Village, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province.It belongs to the early period of the late Pleistocene. Dingcun people belonged to the stage of early Homo sapiens, and the cultural relics are mainly stone flakes and stone cores, with few stone tools.Stone flakes are mostly processed by the method of touching the anvil and throwing. The stone tools include chopping tools, hand axes, large sharps, small sharps, scrapers and stone balls, etc., which are representatives of the "Gaihe-Dingcun system" Great Stone System.Most of the accompanying mammal fossils are species adapted to the living environment of forests and forests. Various fish and large clams indicate that the natural environment at that time was warm and humid, and there were large areas of water.People survive through gathering, fishing and hunting.

Upper Paleolithic cultures.It was found near Zhiyu Village, northwest of Shuo County, Shanxi Province.The geological age belongs to the late Pleistocene, and according to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 28945±1370 or 28135±1330 years ago. The stone products of Zhiyu culture include stone cores, stone flakes, and stone tools. There are many bipolar stone cores, and the stone tools are mostly small-shaped tools, including pointed tools, scrapers, and engravers. Stone knives and stone arrowheads have newly appeared.Bone points, bone flakes, and graphite ornaments are also found.Most of the accompanying animal fossils are ungulates, and the extinct species account for 40%.The Zhiyu people live in the grasslands, and they have begun to concentrate on hunting several animals according to their habits, which shows the progress of this culture.

Upper Paleolithic site.It is located on the north bank of Yunliang River in the southwest of Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province.According to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 22370±300 years ago. A piece of human skull fragment fossil was found at this site, named "Harbin Man", belonging to late Homo sapiens.The stone tools used by the people of Harbin have been found to include choppers, stone flakes and stone cores.There are also artificial traces on some bone fragments, which seem to be bone vessels.The most important discovery was the discovery of a camp site, which was composed of more than 500 mammal skeletons. It was analyzed that it was a wall at that time, and it should be a seasonal temporary residence. Upper Paleolithic site.It is located near Hutouliang Village, Yangyuan County, Hebei Province.According to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 10,500 years ago, and the geological age is in the late Pleistocene. The cultural relics include more than 100,000 pieces of stone products, including stone cores, stone flakes and stone tools. The common types of stone tools are scrapers, pointed tools, carvers, chopping tools, stone hammers, and stone drills.There are also various shell, stone, bone and ostrich egg skin decorations.Found a stove pit. Upper Paleolithic culture.It is named after the Xiachuan site in Qinshui County, Shanxi Province.It is mainly distributed in the main peak of Zhongtiao Mountain and its surrounding areas.Its geological age is the end of the late Pleistocene, and the lower limit has entered the Holocene. According to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 24,000-16,000 years ago. The stone artifacts of the Xiachuan Culture are mainly small stone tools, and the small back-cut knife is the representative tool type, as well as stone leaves, pointed tools, carving tools, arrowheads, saws, drills, stone cores, and stone flakes.There are few coarse stone tools, and the types of tools include stone cores, stone flakes, pointed tools, scrapers, chopping tools, hammers, whetstones and grinding discs.The Xiachuan microliths represent the highest level of stone tool making technology in the Paleolithic Age, and the use of them and composite tools marks a great progress in productivity. Upper Paleolithic Human Fossils.It was found in the Shanding Cave at the top of the Peking Man site on Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.According to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 18865±420 years ago, and its geological age is at the end of the late Pleistocene. The human fossils in the Shanding Cave represent eight individuals with obvious progressive physical characteristics and large brain capacity, similar to modern humans.There are few stone products in their cultural relics, only chopping implements, scrapers and bipolar stone flakes, and bone needles are the earliest sewing tools discovered in China.Their decorations are very developed, showing the pursuit of beauty in ancient times.Hunting and fishing were the means by which the cavemen maintained their livelihoods, and they mastered advanced production technologies such as drilling and grinding.They buried the dead in the lower room, and coated the body with hematite powder, expressing a primitive religious belief. Upper Paleolithic culture.It is named after the Xiaonanhai cave site in Anyang, Henan Province.Its geological age is late Pleistocene, and according to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 11,000 ± 500 years ago. The Xiaonanhai culture is characterized by small stone tools, and the raw materials for stone products are mostly flint, including stone cores, stone flakes, and stone tools.There are two types of stone tools, pointed tools and scrapers, and a small amount of decorations. The curved edge scraper is the representative tool.The accompanying animal skeletons indicate that the natural environment at that time included large areas of forests, grasslands, rivers, swamps and sandy land.In this environment, people lived a cave life of hunting and gathering. Yuanmou Man is an early Paleolithic human fossil.Found near Shangnabeng Village, Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province.According to paleomagnetic dating, the age is about 1.7 million years ago, and some people think it should not exceed 730,000 years. The cultural relics of Yuanmou people include stone cores and scrapers.A large amount of charcoal and black burnt bones indicate that Yuanmou people may have started the history of artificial fire.The extinct species of the accompanying fauna accounted for almost 100%, mostly animals of the Pliocene and early Pleistocene.The natural environment at that time should be forest and grassland. Early Paleolithic cultures.It is named after Shajing Guanyin Cave in Qianxi County, Guizhou Province.Its geological age is Middle Pleistocene. The stone products of this culture are mostly made of siliceous limestone, and the stone flakes are mostly produced by hammering.Among the stone tools, scrapers account for the majority, and there are also chopping tools, pointed tools, stone cones, concave scrapers and engraving tools.Most of the accompanying mammal fossils are forest animals, some are mountain bamboo forest animals, and some water-loving animals. From this, it can be seen that the natural environment at that time was rich in vegetation and bamboo forests, and there were many lakes or swamps. Guanyindong culture and Pekingese culture represent two different cultural traditions in northern and southern China during this period, and the technical tradition of Guanyindong culture played an important role in the development of Paleolithic culture in Southwest China. Early Paleolithic ruins.Located in Leihuoshan, Jiangning County, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province.The age is about 300,000 years ago, and the geological age belongs to the Middle Pleistocene. The main achievement is the discovery of two human skulls and a tooth fossil, and more than 4,000 ancient animal fossils were unearthed.It is of great significance to study a series of subjects such as climate, environment, fauna migration and its relationship with human beings at that time, and it fills the gap in the geographical distribution of Homo erectus in China. Early Paleolithic human fossils.Found in the limestone cave of Wangjiashan, Taodian Town, Hexian County, Anhui Province.Its geological age is the Middle Pleistocene, belonging to Homo erectus. The Hexian Man embodies the typical physical characteristics of Homo erectus, with a smaller brain volume and a general shape similar to that of Peking Man, but with some progressive features, belonging to the progressive type of Homo erectus.Accompanied by bone fragments and antlers, vertebrate fossils include common species from the Middle Pleistocene in North China and South China. Human fossils from the Middle Paleolithic.It was found in the limestone cave of Shizishan Mountain, Maba Township, Qujiang County, Guangdong Province.Its geological age is the end of the Middle Pleistocene or the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, belonging to early Homo sapiens. The fossils of Maba Man are a part of the skull, and some features show primitiveness similar to that of Homo erectus, but the bone wall of the skull is thinner, and the brain volume is slightly larger than that of Peking Man, which shows the progress of Homo sapiens and represents the evolution of Homo sapiens. An important link in the transformation from Homo erectus to early Homo sapiens.No cultural relics were found at the site, but there were 19 vertebrate fossils. Upper Paleolithic culture.It is named after the Fulin site in Hanyuan County, Sichuan Province.Its geological age belongs to the late Pleistocene. The cultural stone products are mainly small stone tools, which belong to the small stone tool technology tradition. The raw materials are mostly flint, most of which are stone cores and flakes. There are very few stone tools, only scrapers, pointed tools, engravers and chopping tools.Accompanied by a small amount of animal and plant fossils, traces of useful water were found. Upper Paleolithic Human Fossils.Found in Lailiao River, Zuo Town, Tainan County, Taiwan Province, it belongs to late Homo sapiens.Its age is about 30,000-20,000 years ago. Human parietal bones, frontal bones, occipital bones and teeth were found in the site.The parietal bone fossil is brown in appearance with black spots, the sagittal suture has not yet healed, and the parietal tubercle is not obvious. It seems to be a young male individual.Zuozhen people may have migrated to Taiwan from the mainland, and their discovery put the history of human development of Taiwan at least 10,000 years earlier. Upper Paleolithic culture.It is named after the ruins of Baxian Cave, Changbin Township, Taitung County, Taiwan Province.According to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 15,000 years ago. Most of the cultural stone products are made of gravel, and stone flake tools are common, including scrapers, pointed tools, and chopping tools.Bone horn products are abundant, including long pointed objects, pointed objects with two ends, bone needles with holes, and chisel-shaped objects.The accompanying charcoal shows that the Nagahama people have mastered the technology of using fire.They lived in caves and lived a life of fishing, hunting and gathering. Late Paleolithic ruins.Located in Jigong Mountain, Yingbei Village, Jingzhou Town, Jiangling County, Hubei Province.The area is about 1000 square meters.The site is divided into upper and lower layers. The upper layer is about 10,000 to 20,000 years old, and the lower layer is probably earlier. There are more than 500 pieces of stone artifacts from the upper layer, most of which are stone flake stone tools, and the main types of tools are small scrapers.The important discoveries in the lower layer revealed a relatively complete human habitation and activity area, including five stone circle residence sites and a stone tool processing area.The stone products produced include stone flakes, stone cores and a large number of chopping tools, sharp tools, scrapers, stone hammers, stone anvils, etc., among which the triangular sharp tools are representative artifacts of the site. Paleolithic Cave Sites.Located in Dadong, Pan County, Guizhou Province.The age of the upper layer of the cultural deposits ranges from tens of thousands to more than 300,000 years ago, and the geological age spans the entire middle and late Pleistocene. The main findings at the site include human fossils, burnt bones, charcoal, ashes, animal fossils and stone products.Stone products include stone cores, stone flakes, and stone tools.Stone tools mainly include scrapers, drills, axes, picks, chopping tools, hammers and anvils.The accompanying animal fossils include 39 species of mammals, birds, and fish in six orders, some of which are extinct. Upper Paleolithic site.It is located near Zhangertang Village, Tongliang County, Sichuan Province.According to radiocarbon dating, the age is about 21550±310 or 25450±850 years ago, and the geological age is in the late Pleistocene. Among the cultural relics produced, most of the stone products are made of quartzite, and the stone tools are roughly processed and bulky, mainly including chopping tools, pointed tools and scrapers.Accompanied by plant fossils and fossils of members of the South China fauna. Upper Paleolithic site.Located in Maomao Mountain, Xingyi County, Guizhou Province.According to the uranium series method, the age is about 14600±1200 years ago, and the geological age is in the late Pleistocene. More than 4,000 pieces of stone artifacts were unearthed at this site, which were mainly chipped by the sharp-edged smashing method. The stone cores and flakes are thick and regular, and there are many flaked stone tools.All stone tools are regular in shape, thick in shape, stable in type, and exquisitely processed, represented by pointed tools and single convex blade scrapers.In addition, there are no ground or scraped bones, horns, human fossils, animal fossils and traces of water use. Upper Paleolithic Human Fossils.Found in a cave next to Tongtian Rock, Liujiang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Its geological age belongs to the late Pleistocene. Liujiang Man is the earliest late Homo sapiens discovered in China and East Asia.His anterior bregma is more posterior than that of modern people, showing primitiveness.The face is short and wide, and the eye sockets are low and flat, which is close to that of European late Paleolithic humans.Their main features show that they belong to the Mongoloid race.Liujiang people were earlier than the cave people and Ziyang people in age, representing the early type of Mongolian race.