Chapter 8 Section 1 School - the place where rituals are practiced

As an important part of social civilization, Chinese schools have a very long history.According to legend, the earliest school was built in the Xia Dynasty.In different historical periods, the school has used different names, such as Xu, Xiang, Xiao, Xue, etc. "Set it up as Xiang, Xu, Xue, and School to teach it. The one who reads it is nourished; the school is taught; the one that is prefaced is Sheye. It’s all because of human relations.” ("Mencius Teng Wengong 1") After the Western Zhou Dynasty, schools were divided into two categories: official schools and private schools.Official schools are run by the government, and are divided into two types: capital government schools and local government schools (also known as rural schools).The official school of the capital, also known as Guoxue, first refers to the schools set up in the capital of the emperor and the capitals of the princes. It is also divided into primary schools and imperial schools. Dai Liji·Baofu Note").Taixue, also known as a university, is the place where the children of the ancient nobles studied and studied. It has also had many names, "Yu's university is Shangxiang, and the primary school is Xiaoxiang; Xiahou's university is the east sequence, and the primary school is the west sequence." In the Yin system, the University is the right school, the primary school is the Zuo school, and it is also called Gu [Gu Gu] Zong; in the Zhou system, the university is Dongjiao, the primary school is Yuxiang, and Yuntianxiang, and the emperor is called Piyong" ("Tongdian· Ritual Thirteen").Tai students mainly study six courses in etiquette, music, archery, chariot driving, Shangshu, and arithmetic in Taixue, which are collectively called "six arts", among which etiquette and music are the most important.After the Western Han Dynasty, they changed to study the classics of Confucianism: Shangshu, Zhouyi, Book of Rites, and Spring and Autumn Annals, collectively known as the "Five Classics".

At the beginning of Taixue, "teachers" were set up to be responsible for teaching. There were masters, junior teachers, grand teachers, and musicians, who taught various courses respectively.In the Western Han Dynasty, a doctor of the Five Classics was awarded as an instructor, and there was a doctor who offered sacrifices and served as the leader of the doctor.The name of sacrificial wine comes from the banquet ceremony.In ancient times, when a banquet was held, it was necessary to recommend a young and virtuous person among the people attending the banquet to hold wine as a sacrificial ceremony. Therefore, it is called sacrificial wine, which means the first recommendation and the chief.In the following dynasties, doctors have been regarded as the academic officers of schools at all levels.Taixue was inherited until the Yuan Dynasty, and it was no longer established after the Ming Dynasty.Both Guozixue and Taixue were the highest institutions of learning in feudal society. It was founded in the Western Jin Dynasty and was once the highest educational management institution in the country.Guozixue is sometimes referred to as Guozi or Guoxue.The students it accepts are often the children of high-ranking officials and nobles. For example, the Western Jin Dynasty stipulated that the children of officials above the fifth rank were allowed to study in Guozixue, and the rest were admitted to Taixue. Therefore, Guozixue was actually more valued by the ruling class than Taixue.Since the Sui Dynasty, Guozixue has been subordinate to Guozijian.Guozijian replaced Guozixue as the highest education management institution and institution in Chinese feudal society.It originated from the Guozi Temple built in the Northern Qi Dynasty. It was officially established in the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, and it used sacrificial wine (called Guozi Jijiu) as the chief education officer.In the third year of Daye (607 A.D.), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty changed the temple into a prison, and added Si Ye as the deputy chief, who was the same as the instructor of Jijiu.After the Tang Dynasty, under the Guozijian, there were six specialized schools: Guozixue, Taixue, Simenxue, Calligraphy, Mathematics, and Law.Instructors generally have doctors, teaching assistants, direct lectures, academics, and academic records.In addition to specialized business courses, all kinds of schools also have to lecture on Confucian classics.After the Ming Dynasty, only Guozijian was set up, and Guozixue was incorporated into the prison.

Xiangxue is named for its establishment in the local "township".According to the "Zhou Li" records, rural schools also have different names, "there are Xiangs in the countryside, orderly states, schools for the party, and private schools for the village."The Han Dynasty was a period of great development of local schools. Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty ordered the establishment of schools all over the country. (that is, the village) is called "preface".In the Tang Dynasty, local schools were unified, and schools were established in each governorate, prefecture, and county, which were called prefectural schools, prefectural schools, and county schools.Students enroll on the spot, in addition to learning Confucian classics, they also need to learn the two rituals of auspicious and inauspicious.In the Yuan Dynasty, under the county school, the society (50 schools are one society) was established.In the Ming Dynasty, rural schools were set up in villages, and children under the age of 15 were required to go to school. In addition to learning laws and decrees from the emperor, more importantly, they were specialized in crowning, marriage, funeral, and sacrificial rites.

Private schools emerged in the Spring and Autumn Period.As the advocate and founder of private schools, Confucius made positive contributions to the development of education in ancient my country.According to legend, Confucius had 3,000 disciples, 72 of whom were proficient in the "six arts".Since Confucius, private education has become an important part of ancient school education.In addition to enlightenment education, private schools also mostly use Confucian classics as textbooks, and also learn etiquette. It can be seen that schools in ancient China generally had etiquette education content, that is, learning etiquette, knowing etiquette, understanding etiquette, speaking etiquette, and saluting, which played an extremely important role in the spread and popularization of etiquette. Research, thus forming the etiquette system of the school.As far back as the Western Zhou Dynasty, Taixue had already regarded etiquette learning and practical application as one of the criteria for evaluating Taixue students. "Enrolling in the school every year, and taking the school exam in the middle age. One year is to see the classics and aspirations, three years is to be dedicated and entertaining, five years is to be a erudite teacher, and seven years is to be a friend. "("Book of Rites·Xueji") Etiquette occupies an important position in school education, not only related to the content of learning, but also has a certain relationship with the school's etiquette system, because These etiquette systems themselves contain elements of education and practice.It is for this reason that the ancient Chinese history books included schools in the "Li Zhi" as a content of auspicious rituals.