Chapter 7 The Fifth Festival

Jiali is the most complicated etiquette in the ancient etiquette system. It involves daily life, succession to the throne, and entertaining guests and friends. , 脤膰 [shenfan Shenfan], He Qing and other rituals.Among them, wedding ceremony, crown ceremony, shooting ceremony, feast ceremony, banquet ceremony and celebration ceremony are the most important. Crown Ceremony, a ceremony performed by men in ancient times when they reached the age of 20, that is, adding a crown to show their adulthood.Ancient women also had a similar ceremony. At the age of 15, they tied up their hair and inserted it into a hairpin [ji machine, hairpin] to fix it. .The crowning ceremony will be held in the ancestral temple, and the host is the father of the person who will perform the crowning ceremony.First of all, before the crowning ceremony, the father should perform divination (divination) to determine the date of the ceremony and the guests who will attend the crowning ceremony of his son.Then tell the Bin family the date of the crowning ceremony.On this day, the seat for the crowning ceremony is placed at the north end of the 阼 [zuo] step (the east step in front of the hall) of the ancestral temple.After the guests arrive, the crowned person will be led out of the east hall to sit at the table, and the guests will comb his hair, tie a bun, add a hairpin (for fixing the hair), and write (纟丽) [li Li, also read xi washing, used for Black silk with bundled hair].Afterwards, under the auspices of his father, a pre-determined guest crowned him very solemnly, about to put the crown on his head, but crowning is by no means simply putting the crown on his head.The crown ceremony stipulates that there are three additions to the crown, that is, the first addition, the second addition, and the third addition. Each addition must wear a hat of different shape, representing a different meaning.At the beginning of addition, wearing a black [zizi, black] cloth crown means that the man can rule people and the family from now on; To perform military service for the country; three plus, wearing Juebian (a black hat in the shape of a jue), means that the man has the right to participate in sacrificial activities from now on.If it is the crowning ceremony of the princes, there are four additions after the three additions, wearing Xuanmian (also known as Yuanmian, a kind of hat with black outside and red inside); the crown ceremony of the emperor and the son of heaven, there are five additions, wearing Dagon [ gun rolling] crown.

Mian is a kind of hat worn by ancient emperors, princes and high officials. "Shuowen Jiezi": "Mian, the crown above the doctor." It was first used for sacrifices, so it belongs to the sacrificial clothing.According to the stipulations of the etiquette system, different priests must wear different crowns, so there is the shape of the "five crowns". "If you enjoy the ancestors, you will get the Dagon crown; if you enjoy the ancestors, you will get the turtle (bibi) crown; if you sacrifice to the mountains and rivers, you will get the cui (cui crisp) crown; if you sacrifice to the state and the five sacrifices, you will get the wish crown; if you sacrifice to the small priests , then Xuanmian." ("Zhou Li Chunguan Sifu") The shape of the crown is relatively complicated, and its top is a rectangular wooden board, one foot six inches long and eight inches wide, called the crown board.The crown plate is covered with silk fabric, with a black surface and a red lining, which is called 綖〔yanyan〕.The crown plate is low at the front and high at the back, and the front is about one inch lower.There are several 旒 [liu liu] hanging from the front and rear ends, which are hanging jade strings, that is, decorated with colorful jade beads.The number of jade, including the number of colorful jade, has strict and specific regulations according to the different shapes of the five crowns and the different identities of the wearers.For example, there are 12 crowns for the front and back, 24 crowns in total.Every time, 12 pieces of green, red, yellow, white and black jade are run through with multicolored silk ropes, and the distance between each jade is one inch, that is, the length is one foot and two inches.There are 288 colorful jades in the crown of the emperor Dagon.The Dagon Mian worn by the Duke has nine pieces at the front and back, each with nine pieces of jade, which are three colors of blue, white and vermilion.The five crowns of the Son of Heaven only differ in the number of crowns, but not in the quantity and color of jade on the crowns. Each has three pins, and each pin is 12 multicolored jade.The crowns of Hou and Bo are seven pieces at the front and back, seven jades each; the crowns of men and women are five pieces at the front and five jades each;旒三玉.Among the five crowns, the Dagon Mian has the highest standard, and it is worn in all court ceremonies, such as being honored by the officials, inspecting the dynasty on the Great Court (Yuan Ri), and canonizing the crown prince.When the emperor ascended the throne, he had to wear a crown because he had to offer sacrifices to heaven, earth and the first emperor. Therefore, people called the ascension of the new emperor "coronation".Therefore, Dai Gongmian has also become a typical image of the emperor, but not all occasions can be worn.

After the coronation, people toasted the coroner to express their congratulations.Then the crowned person went down from the west steps to meet his mother.Go back to the east side of the west steps, and the guests who participated in the crown ceremony will give him "words".Therefore, the ancients had crowns and characters that both marked adulthood.In the end, the crowned person dressed in a dress, a top hat, and brought gifts to meet his brothers and sisters.The ceremony of the crown ceremony has formed a fixed form since the Zhou Dynasty, and it has been inherited in successive dynasties, but the procedure of crowning has been gradually simplified, and some have been reduced to two additions, or even one addition, but the ceremony is still grand and complicated.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, special ceremonies were formulated for crown princes and princes.The crowning ceremony is held in the palace, but first it must be announced to heaven and earth, ancestral temples, shrines, mausoleums and palaces.Before the crowning ceremony, an incense table and musical instruments are set up in the main hall gate.Naturally, the emperor had to come to the scene in person, but he did not directly preside over the crowning ceremony, but the "ceremony" officer was in charge.The person who crowns the crown prince and prince is no longer one person. It is composed of many people, such as the crown holder, the crown holder, and the crown praiser. They are also responsible for adding the words.Since the beginning of the ceremony, every time a crown is added, the band will play music, and the person holding the crown and praising the crown will "kneel on the hairpin [zan糌] and tie the knot [honghong, the ribbon on the crown]" for him, that is, insert the hairpin, tie the ribbon, and fix the crown .After three additions, those who hold and praise the crown will present the crown prince with Juesheng wine, and then write for him.At this point, the crowning ceremony is over, the emperor and officials retreat one after another, and the prince or prince enters the inner palace to meet the queen mother.Historically, crown princes, princes, or descendants of princes did not have to be crowned at the age of 20, and some were crowned before their age. For example, King Wen of Zhou was crowned at the age of 12, King Zhou Cheng was crowned at 15, and Duke Zhao of Zhou was crowned at 19.For the descendants of emperors and princes, crowning means that they can inherit their father's business and govern the country.In ancient times, the crown was also called "Yuanfu", and entering the Yuanfu was also a crown ceremony.

Wedding, that is, the etiquette when a man and a woman are united as husband and wife. "Book of Rites Shihun Li" records that ancient wedding ceremonies are divided into six ceremonies, that is, six stages: one is marriage discussion, which is called "nacai".Generally, the man's family invites a matchmaker to the woman's family to propose marriage. The matchmaker actually becomes the main character of the wedding and also an important role in the wedding.There was no matchmaker in marriage in ancient times, "Men and women travel together, no matchmaker and no matchmaker (employment)".After the Zhou Dynasty, marriage etiquette was formed, and the marriage proposal method of being a matchmaker also appeared. At that time, sending off geese was a gift, which meant that geese flew north and south, which was in harmony with yin and yang, implying the marriage of men and women.The second is asking for a name, asking about a woman's name.After being accepted by the matchmaker and the woman's family agrees, the man will send someone to carry the geese to the woman's house to ask the owner's name, and the woman's family will host a banquet.The purpose of asking names is to divination the woman's name, time of birth, etc., to determine the good or bad of marriage.Three for Najib.If the divination predicts that the marriage will be auspicious, the man will tell the woman's family the news of the auspicious omen, and at the same time give a wild goose as a gift to officially confirm the marriage, that is, engagement.The fourth is Na Zheng (also known as Na Coin).After the official engagement, the man's family will send precious gifts such as Xuan Xun (xun Xun, coins and silk as ritual objects), bundles of silk, and Lipi (pairs of deerskin) to the woman's family.Five is the application period.After accepting the levy, the man's family will do divination again to determine the auspicious day for marriage, and then send someone to the woman's house with wild geese to announce the date.Six is ​​a personal welcome.On the determined wedding day, the groom will go to the bride's house to meet the bride in person, which is also known as welcoming relatives by later generations.When they arrive at the bride's house, the bride's father greets them outside the door and takes the groom into the room.The groom still gives the goose as a gift to the bride's family.After saluting, exit the bride's house, and the bride will follow, but the bride's parents will not send them outside the house.The groom drives the car himself first, and the bride is asked to sit in the car.Then he handed over the car to a special driver to drive on the road, and he drove home in another car first.When the bride arrives, the groom welcomes him into the house.At home, a banquet is held. During the banquet, the bride and groom must perform "same prison" (eating meat for sacrifices together) and "joining together" [jin tight, two scoops divided into two gourds, which are wine vessels in ancient weddings.Together, that is, two people each hold a ladle and rinse their mouths with wine] and other ceremonies, which heralds mutual love.After the banquet, take off the dress and enter the bridal chamber. The groom personally takes off the tassels on the bride's head (a colored belt, which ancient women tied on their heads since they were engaged), removes the candles, and the wedding ceremony is over.However, the next morning, the bride still needs to visit her uncle and aunt (father-in-law and mother-in-law), and when she meets her uncle and aunt, she must offer them dates, chestnuts, and knuckle repair [duanxiu Duanxiu, a kind of sutra and ginger Gui's dried meat].

In ancient times, when the six rituals were complete, the marriage relationship was formally established.With the development of history, the contacts between the inland ethnic groups and the surrounding ethnic groups have become increasingly close, and some wedding customs of the northern ethnic groups have also been absorbed into the wedding ceremony.After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Liuyi was basically reserved for weddings, but after the personal welcome, another climax was formed.When welcoming in person, the groom arrives at the bride's home accompanied by the bridesmaid.In front of the daughter's house, she will be teased, teased, and even beaten by her relatives, and she is called "son-in-law".After dressing up, the bride stays out of the house for a long time, and does not get up until the groom sings poems and reminds her to make up.Before leaving, her parents want to give a message and cover her head with a "knee cover" (the descendants call it a scarf or a head covering).When the bride boards the car and departs, the relatives of the bride's family will surround the car to stop her, which is called "barrier car", expressing their farewell to the bride.When arriving at the groom's house, the bride should step over the saddle placed on the ground, implying stability and peace.Then the groom and the bride enter the Qinglu (a temporary green cloth curtain) to hold a "worship ceremony", also known as "worship hall".The ancients believed that the combination of male and female is the combination of yang and yin, and they will reproduce from this, so they first worship the sky and the earth.When the bride gets married, she becomes a member of the groom's family, so she pays homage to her parents and other elders (also known as Gaotang).Men and women are married, live together, and live together, so they worship each other (also known as cross worship).The "three worships" of weddings have been inherited from generation to generation.After the church worship, the bride and groom each hold one end of the "concentric knot" (i.e. colorful satin with a flower button in the center. Later generations are also called pull scarves. It means that the two will work together and never separate), and the groom will go backwards. Lead the bride into the "new house", and then perform the "enthronement" ceremony.During this period, a strand of hair should be cut from each of the two heads and tied together with a colored thread as a token of marriage, which is called "combined bun".Afterwards, the co-prison and marriage ceremonies will still be held.In the Song Dynasty, double cups connected by colored lines were used, and the bride and groom each took a cup to drink, so it was called "Jiaobeijiu".

After entering the Song Dynasty, the wedding has been greatly simplified, only retaining Nacai, Naji, Nazheng, and Siyi, but new content has appeared.Before the Song Dynasty, before entering the new house, it was impossible for the bride and groom to meet each other, let alone understand each other.In the Song Dynasty, there was the ceremony of "blind date" (also known as a daughter-in-law).There are often the man's parents, their sons, and relatives in restaurants, or directly to the woman's home, to gather with the woman's parents and their daughters.If it is in the picture, a gold hairpin is inserted on the woman's head, which is called "inserting hairpin".If they don't match, they will give the woman two pieces of colored satin, which is called "suppression".When it comes to the wedding, the bride changes from taking a car to a sedan chair, which is called "sitting in a sedan chair".And there were drummers going there together, blowing, blowing and beating, which added a lot of festive atmosphere.After the Ming Dynasty, there was the ceremony of "Guining", that is, on the third day after marriage, the newlyweds went back to the woman's house together to meet the bride's parents, commonly known as "Hui Men", or "Hui natal home".

As for the emperor's wedding, it is different from this.Emperors have wives and concubines such as empresses, concubines, and concubines, and weddings are also divided into rituals such as accepting wives and accepting concubines, and are generally divided into six stages according to the ancient system.In the "Tong Dian", Du You recorded in detail the emperor's gift ceremony stipulated in the "Kaiyuan Rituals" of the Tang Dynasty.Because it is impossible for the emperor to greet the queen in person like the common people, he must appoint an envoy to take charge on his behalf, so there are some differences in the wedding ceremony.According to the procedures of the wedding, it is divided into: Linxuan order, Nacai, asking names, Najib, Nazheng, telling the date, telling the temple, registering the queen, ordering to welcome, and being in the same prison.The envoys of Linxuan are the envoys ordered by the emperor to carry out the wedding in the Taiji Hall: Taiwei as the envoy and Zong Zhengqing as the deputy envoy.And it was announced by the waiter: "A certain official daughter is accepted as the queen, and the public is ordered to perform the rituals of accepting and adopting." Then the envoys, deputy envoys, master festivals, and books were made.Taiwei and others began to arrange weddings for the emperor after they took orders. They traveled between the imperial palace and Houshi's house by car, with guards of honor, advocacy team, and book-making team.

The day before Nacai's day, the officials wanted to build a temporary building on the right side of the gate of Houshi's house. On the day of Nacai, Hou's family stopped here first when the Taiwei and his party came.Then enter Hou's house and read the book to the master. After the master accepts the book, he must reply to the envoy.Both the answer and the writing are written in a plate with a length of one foot and two inches, a width of four inches, and a thickness of eight fen.Of course, there must be geese among the emperor's gifts.Inquiring about name, Najib, Nazheng, and notice period also have to exchange books and answers. The content of the book is that the emperor proposes marriage to the master of the Hou family; asks about the name and age of the Hou family; announces auspicious omens; Gifts; Announcement of the date of marriage.The answer form is to answer according to the content of the book, or to express gratitude.To tell the temple is to tell the ancestral temple and ancestors about the marriage and the date.

After the canonization, it is the etiquette of canonizing the queen.The same as the previous etiquette, it was also carried out by Taiwei and other envoys in the Hou family's home, but the ceremony was more grand.This time, it is not only necessary to set up a temporary resting place for the envoys, but also to set up a curtain for the female officials in the palace outside Hou's boudoir (that is, the embroidery room).On the day of conferring the empress, the envoys and deputy envoys first enter the resting place outside Houshi's gate, while the female officials enter inside and enter the curtain outside the boudoir.After notifying the master (the father of the Hou family), the envoys and deputy envoys entered the door holding the booklets and supplies.The ceremony begins, and the female official enters the cabinet to serve the Empress, wear the jewelry sent in advance by the palace, and change into the hui [hui gray] clothes (auspicious clothes for queens, embroidered with five-color pheasant patterns).Under the guidance of the female officer, the Hou family came out of the pavilion, stood in the courtyard, faced north, and bowed down.After the book was read out, the Hou family had to accept the book and the token, so he officially became the queen.Afterwards, she took her seat as a queen, and then accepted salutes from the officials present, and the ceremony came to an end.

To welcome in person is to order the envoy to please.On this day, the ceremony reached its climax, and more curtains and temporary buildings were set up inside and outside the Queen's house for officials at all levels to rest.Before the queen went out, all the officials who greeted her stood outside the gate, the civil officials were in the east, and the military officials were in the west.After notifying the master, the envoys and others enter the door and read out the scriptures. After the master salutes, accepts the scriptures, and replies with the answer form, the envoys and others exit the door.The envoy announced: "On the auspicious day of the Ling month, a certain class will accept the system and take the lead to welcome you." ("Tongdian Rites Eighty-two") The queen immediately got into the car, surrounded by female attendants, guards of honor, and guards, drove in a mighty manner. Entering the palace, thus began her court life. At this time, the furnishings in the palace had already been set up: on the east side of the main hall where the prison ceremony will be held, a temporary "bedroom" for the empress was set up facing south; Thick blankets, pads, and mattresses; various ritual vessels and guards of honor required for the ceremony have been placed and arranged in specific positions.When the queen entered the palace by car, the bells and drums immediately rang to inform the inside and outside of the palace.The accompanying guard of honor does not enter the palace.After the queen was invited off the car, she first entered the "bedroom" to arrange her clothes, and then was guided by the female officer to the gate of the main hall, where she stood facing west.At this time, the officials invited the emperor to take his seat, and the female officials then led the queen into the hall.After that, guided by the emperor, they entered the tent with the empress and washed their hands in the south and north washes (a kind of shallow basin).At the same time, the officials of Dianzhong Province (the institution in charge of the emperor's clothing, supplies and daily life) quickly set up a banquet in the curtain.When the emperor and the empress eat, they also have to "join together", but they don't eat sacrificial meat as in the pre-Qin period. Instead, the provincial officials in the palace use millet, millet, rice, and beams instead of sacrificial animals, and give them to the emperor and empress respectively, symbolizing Sexually carry out "same prison". In the emperor's wedding, the commissioned envoys had a set of fixed rituals every time they went to the Hou family's home.When the envoys and his party were about to enter the gate, the master and the bridesmaid (servant) were already standing inside the gate.The master asks the bridesmaid to go out first and ask the envoy: "Dare to ask for something?" The envoy will answer according to the content of each order, such as "acceptance from the system", "will add divination and ask the name according to the system", "accept from the system" Ji" and so on.The bridesmaid gets the answer, and then returns to the door to tell the master.The host said: "If your daughter is like a human being, I dare not resign after being restricted to visit." The bridesmaid then told the envoy what he said, and then entered the door to lead the host to see the envoy.Although this etiquette is for the envoy to propose marriage to Hou's father on behalf of the emperor, it still shows the majesty and power of the emperor.During the entire wedding process, the emperor gave rich gifts to the bride's family, even quite extravagant and extravagant.In the Song Dynasty, the kings and concubines had regulations: as a dowry gift, ten thousand taels of platinum would be given to the daughter’s family; as a gift, 20 sheep, 20 pots of wine, and 40 horses of color were given; as a ceremony, 30 sheep, 30 pots of wine, 50 horses of color, and tea One hundred catties of (tea), as well as gold and silver jewellery, satin and silk, etc.; Nazheng, a hundred taels of gold, a thousand pieces of color, 500,000 coins, 300 pieces of brocade and silk, and gold-embroidered clothing, pearls Emerald jade, horses, sheep, wine, etc.This is definitely beyond the reach of ordinary bureaucrats and ordinary people.And the wives and concubines taken by the emperor are by no means ordinary women, and it is absolutely impossible for ordinary people to enjoy this "honor". The gift is a kind of etiquette for setting up wine and food to entertain guests. "The Book of Songs Bin [bin Bin] Wind July" has such a verse: "When friends drink wine, they say that they kill lambs and enter the court. 〕, long life without bounds!" It means to entertain the guests with two jugs of wine, slaughter the lamb, go up to the main room, raise a sip toast, and wish long life without bounds.This kind of banquet etiquette is also a part of the etiquette system. Whenever the emperor entertains the princes, or the princes entertain each other, they must abide by the etiquette of the feast, so it is called "Great Feast". "Book of Rites Zhongni Yanju" made a special account of this: Before the banquet, the two monarchs met and bowed their hands to salute.The host should humbly let the guests go first and enter the gate.When the guests are introduced, the musician will play a bell (a percussion instrument made of stone or jade, often composed of more than a dozen arranged according to the tone, hung on the shelf, called chime).Then the host bows his hands and salutes, and invites the guests into the house.When the guests entered the room, the bell and chimes stopped playing.After the host and guest are seated in the room, the host proposes a toast to the guests, and the guests return the wine to the host, and then play music.The two sides push the cups and change the cups until the wine is finished, and the music is also stopped.The ceremony of feasting is not only a ceremony of feasting, but also stipulates a set of etiquette for welcoming and sending related to it: cars are neatly lined, moving slowly, and bells and music are in harmony.When entering the house, playing bells and chimes is to express the host's welcome; when seeing off guests, the song "Yong" is used as the song.Although the feast is a banquet between the emperor and the princes, it still pays great attention to etiquette. It is often "the host greets the guests outside the gate of Xiangxiang (Xiang Xiang), enters, and bows three times; then reaches the stage, and gives way three times; then ascends, so Zhi Zun also" ("Tong Dian Ritual Thirty-Three"). Banquet, banquet, also known as Yan in ancient times.The banquet is the ritual of feasting for the emperor and ministers in ancient times.There is not much difference in etiquette between it and Daxiangli.According to the notes in "Yi Li Yan Li", "Swallows are safe. Drinking wine is safe", which means that the ancients regarded drinking as safe.There are four main reasons for hosting banquets to entertain ministers: because the ministers have made great achievements in assisting the emperor in governing the country, a special banquet is held to show condolences; A farewell party; if there is nothing to do, entertaining the officials is purely for entertainment.Banquets were very common in the court life of ancient Chinese emperors, and they were frequently entertained. For this reason, there were many banquets with different names on different occasions, such as "Holy Festival" banquets on the emperor's birthday, suburban sacrificial banquets, spring and autumn banquets, and family ceremonies. (Also known as Jitian and Litian, before every spring plowing, the emperor and the princes hold Leisi [leisi base 4], and later change to hold plows, and carry out symbolic plowing to show the beginning of spring plowing) Banquet, banquet for soldiers, triumphant return Banquets, banquets for Jinshi, etc., whenever there are major national events, a banquet must be held to celebrate.All kinds of banquets generally stipulate the number of participants, and the seat of each participant is determined in advance.After taking their seats, those who go to the banquet must sit upright and quiet, and no noise is allowed.And the clothes must be neat and tidy, and salute in accordance with the prescribed etiquette.If there is any violation, the sergeant will immediately send it to the official office for processing.During the banquet, if they drink too much, speak incoherently or fall to the ground drunk, they will also be escorted home by sergeants.At the beginning and in progress of the banquet, music is also played to help the wine.During the Chu-Han War at the end of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu hosted a banquet at Hongmen and drank with Liu Bang.During the banquet, Xiang Zhuang, Xiang Yu's general, entered the tent and suggested to Xiang Yu: "The king and Pei Gong drink, and there is no joy in the army. Please dance with your sword." After Xiang Yu agreed, he drew his sword and danced, although "Xiang Zhuang Sword dancing is intended for Peigong", but music and dancing are just one of the rituals of ancient banquets.During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong Li Longji of the Tang Dynasty, court music and dances flourished, among which "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes Dance" (also known as "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes Song") is a famous music and dance often used in banquets.His beloved concubine Yang Guifei was good at this dance and often performed it for Xuanzong to entertain him.In terms of movements, music and costumes, this dance focuses on depicting the imaginary fairyland and the images of fairies, corresponding to the banquet, and adding to the atmosphere and feeling of being like a fairy.The "Hu Xuan Dance" introduced from the Western Regions is completely different. It expresses a rough and majestic style, which adds to the warm atmosphere of the banquet. Although feasts and feasts are different in content, they both belong to the ceremony of banquets. Therefore, later generations have no strict distinction between these two etiquettes, and they are often collectively referred to as banquets. The old-age ceremony is also a kind of etiquette in Jiali. It is a kind of etiquette performed when regularly giving wine and food to the elderly and respected in China. "Book of Rites · Wangzhi" says: "Where people are old-age, there are Yu clan (a legendary ancient tribe whose leader is Shun) who use Yan rituals, Xiahou clan who use food rituals, Yin people who use food rituals, and Zhou people who cultivate and use both. . Fifty is raised in the village, sixty is raised in the country, and seventy is raised in school." That is to say, the etiquette of providing for the elderly has a long history in our country.The so-called "old-age care" mainly refers to four kinds of people: one is the old and the fifth.The three elders and the fifth are all ancient township officials. One is the elderly who have extremely rich experience, are proficient in the world, have served in official positions, and are now retired (resigned from official positions), and are over 50 years old.Because these old people are familiar with the three virtues (integrity, rigidity, and softness) and the five things (appearance, speech, vision, hearing, and thinking), they are in charge of the education of the villagers in the village.The second is the elderly whose descendants died in martyrdom for the country.The third is a person who was originally a subordinate official of the Son of Heaven or a vassal state, and then retired and returned to his hometown.The fourth is ordinary old people who are already old. In ancient times, longevity was divided into upper, middle and lower life spans: upper life, over 120 years old; middle life, over 100 years old; lower life, over 80 years old.In addition, the old-age pension also includes Mr. Xiang who resigned from office and returned to his hometown and taught in the countryside.The purpose of the emperor and the princes to provide for the elderly is to promote "filial piety" (filial piety to parents and elder brothers) in the world and in the country.Generally, seven pension ceremonies are held in a year: Four Seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter), Shixue (referring to the emperor offering sacrifices to "the first sages and first emperors" and visiting the school in person), Spring and Autumn Great Hele (referring to singing and music together with all voices).The retirement rituals in different periods are not exactly the same. Shunshi used the "Yan ceremony" for the elderly, that is, after the host toasted the guests, everyone sat down and drank until they were drunk.The Shang Dynasty implemented "food rituals", that is, wine, fish, meat and other dishes were placed, but they did not drink alcohol, but mainly ate.The old-age ceremony in the Zhou Dynasty had its specific etiquette and ceremony: the deceased old gentleman was paid homage to the East Chamber first.Then arrange the seats for the three elders, the fifth watch and other old people.When arranging food, it is necessary to check whether it is in accordance with the etiquette. After all the delicacies stipulated in the pension ceremony are ready, they will sing and sing together.Then he stepped back and gave dried meat to show his filial piety.When returning, sing "Qing Temple", and talk while singing until the end. The village drinking ceremony in Jiali is a kind of etiquette for holding banquets in the village.During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the township officials (in charge of the political and religious affairs of a certain area) in the vassal state would go to the vassals every first month to listen to the relevant government orders announced by the Situ officials.After returning to the village, the officials of the village will be summoned to convey the message. At that time, the village drinking ceremony will be held.Every three years, a census should be carried out, and at the same time, the moral conduct and moral skills of officials should be inspected to find virtuous and talented people.In addition, Dangzheng (the chief of the local organization in ancient times. 500 households constitute a party) preached state decrees to the households to which they belonged.Taking this opportunity, the party is often promoting "old age" to clarify the relationship between the elders and the younger. Therefore, when performing rural drinking ceremonies, the elderly over 60 years old sit on the table, and those under 50 years old stand aside.During the feast, put three beans on the table in front of the 60-year-old man (an ancient tableware, used to hold food, shaped like a high foot plate); in front of the 70-year-old man, put four beans; 80-year-old man , placed five beans; the 90-year-old man placed six beans.The township drinking ceremony is also used for the governor's banquet before the "township shooting ceremony" held in the state school every spring and autumn.The princes and ministers of the state entertain the sages of the country with wine and food, and they must also perform the etiquette of drinking in the country. The ceremony of drinking wine in the countryside is generally carried out in "Xiang" (the name of the ancient school, also known as preface).The person in charge of the etiquette should greet the guests outside the Xiangmen, first bow to them (pushing hands as a salute), and then invite the guests to go up the steps after bowing three times.Before entering the room, the guests of honor have to make concessions to each other again and again to show humility and courtesy.During the rural drinking ceremony, you should drink "Yuanjiu", which is a very primitive wine that has been passed down for a long time.The purpose of drinking this wine is to teach people not to forget the hardships of the ancients in starting a business.It is also necessary to cook dog meat as a sacrifice to the gods of the East, in order to take the meaning that Yang Qi is produced in the East, which means prosperity and prosperity, and wishes for the elderly among the guests to be healthy and long-lived.This etiquette has been followed for a long time in history, and gradually evolved into a form of gathering among the folks in the village.Whenever there are festivals in the countryside, people often gather people to drink.But it also led to the bad habit of drinking indiscriminately in the countryside.In the sixth year of Zhenguan (AD 632), Tang Taizong issued an edict: "Binian Fengren [renren], there is nothing wrong in the house, but there are people who have fallen into the industry, disregarding their family property, spending too much time with friends, and feasting is a must. Since it is not the original version of Chengyuan, why change the customs?" It means that in recent years, the harvest has been continuous, the order in the countryside is stable, and the people live and work in peace and contentment, so there are idlers and idlers. Possession of property, unrestrained play with friends, indulgence in drinking and feasting as a hobby, endangering the body, and corrupting the virtues are all the consequences of this.If we don't clarify the source and get rid of the root, how can we get rid of this evil custom?Therefore, he asked people to copy the "Village Drinking Ceremony" of the Zhou Dynasty and distribute it to the whole country. Every year, the governors of prefectures and counties personally lead the villagers, old and young, to act according to this ceremony. Not long after the promulgation of the "Rituals of Drinking in the Countryside", people began to feel ashamed of drinking and feasting. Everyone respected, loved and humbled each other, and the social atmosphere changed greatly ("Tongdian Rites Thirty-three"). Shooting ceremony is a kind of etiquette for ancient noble men when they practiced archery.When the ancients carried out some important activities, they often used archery as one of the activities, so as to reflect the fashion of practicing and admiring martial arts. "Book of Rites · Shooting Ritual" says: "It is the ancient son of heaven who uses shooting to select princes, ministers, officials, and scholars. Shooting is also a man's business." Shooting rituals are divided into four types: the selection of scholars for sacrifices is the big shooting Shooting when the princes come to the court or when the princes meet each other is called guest shooting; shooting at banquets is called Yan shooting;Arrows are not only a weapon in ancient warfare, but also regarded as a weapon to ward off disasters and avoid evil spirits.According to legend, King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty made a pouch of leather, filled the pouch with blood, hung it on a high place, and shot it with a bow.Therefore, archery was very popular in ancient times, and even in the teaching of schools, it was regarded as one of the six arts (that is, six courses: rites, music, archery, imperial control, books, and mathematics). Big shooting is usually carried out in the countryside, and the place where big shooting is held is called Shegong or Zegong.Before the sacrifice, the emperor or princes first summoned his ministers to shoot arrows, and only those who could hit the arrow target could participate in the sacrifice, otherwise they would be disqualified from participating.When the emperor offered sacrifices to the ancestral temple of heaven and earth, he had to shoot the cow himself to show grandeur. However, this shooting ceremony was abolished after the Warring States Period.Archery was also used as a ritual content during sacrifices in some ancient nations and regimes.When the Xianbei people hold sacrificial activities every autumn, they will plant willows. People ride horses around the willow trees three times and shoot the willows with arrows.This custom later became a ritual of the Liao and Jin dynasties.There are shooting willows in the seseyi of the Liao Dynasty and the worship ceremony of the Jin Dynasty.The Sese Ritual of the Liao Dynasty is a ritual of offering sacrifices to the sky and praying for rain.Due to the long drought and no rain, the Liao court conveniently built a "hundred-pillar ceiling" in the suburbs.After the ceremony began, the emperor first paid homage to the ancestors, and then shot willows.First let the emperor draw the bow and shoot the arrow, and then hand it over to the prince and the prime minister (prime minister, ruling official) to shoot the willow in order of official position. To the victor, each will return to his crown and clothes" ("Liao History Li Zhi 1").Shooting willows in Seseyi also has the nature of competition, and there are special personnel responsible for observing and judging each person's archery hits, that is, "willowers", which is very similar to the referees in today's arena.If a willow tree is shot, the person who will willow will use the crown and clothing as a certificate and hand it over to the person who hit the shot.Those who failed to hit the willow tree bet their crown clothes to the willow one.In the end, the victory or defeat is determined by the number of crowns and uniforms of each monarch and minister.The willow-shooting activity in the Jin Dynasty was held after worshiping the sky. "The willow planting field is divided into two rows. The shooters are in order of respect, and each uses a handkerchief (a headscarf used by an ancient man to tie his hair) to mark (mark) his branches." , go to (li meaning) the ground about a few inches, peel the skin and whiten it. First, a man gallops in the lead, and then the horse shoots with an arrow without feathers [zu, arrow, horizontal arrow, very wide arrow] In other words, the one who breaks the willow and then catches it with his hands and gallops away is the top. The one that is broken and cannot be picked up is the next. Or the green part of the willow is broken and the middle is not broken, and the one that cannot be hit is the negative. Every shot , the drum must be beaten to help its energy" ("Golden History · Li Zhi").Shooting ceremony, in addition to being used for sacrifices, is sometimes also used as a recreational activity.In the Ming Dynasty, every Ching Ming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and other festivals, there was a competition of "cutting willows". After everyone shoots an arrow, how many pigeons fly out determines the winner.It can be seen that shooting ceremony is not only one of the contents of etiquette, but also a way of practicing martial arts, which has a competitive color. The shooting by guests is carried out more than in the court, because the emperor regards the princes as guests, so it is called "shooting by guests".And the princes in the dynasty also have the distinction of master and guest, so they are also named after this. "With the ceremony of guest shooting, relatives and old friends" ("Zhou Li · Chun Guan · Da Zong Bo").The main purpose of holding the shooting ceremony is to make the friendship between the host and the guests closer.Whenever old friends get together, the host invites the guests to carry out archery activities together.At this time, this activity is not only for entertainment and entertainment, but more importantly, it is to create a warm and cheerful atmosphere through archery activities.In this atmosphere, the host and the guests take turns shooting arrows while talking with each other, reminiscing about the past and expressing their friendship.Therefore, holding the guest shooting ceremony not only puts the guests in a relaxed, happy and unrestrained environment and atmosphere, but also fully reflects the frankness and enthusiasm of the host. Yan She is usually held in the inner court, more than in leisure time, with banquets and archery for fun, so it is named "Yan (that is, Banquet) Shoot".Township shooting is usually carried out in state (township) schools. It is a kind of etiquette held at the same time as the township drinking ceremony when the township doctor selects talented people.In the ancient village school, apprentices (that is, students) completed their studies after three years of study.Therefore, the township officials and others assessed the virtues and skills of the students, and selected sages and capable ones to recommend them to the monarch as officials.Before leaving, the doctor of the township gave them a banquet to see them off, and after the township drank, they performed the shooting ceremony.In addition, in the spring and autumn of each year, the governors of the state also hold township shootings when they learn to meet the people in the state, and then select talents from them.During the archery ceremony, the target for the arrow is called "Hou" or "Shehou", which is made of cloth or leather, and various animal patterns are painted on the Hou.According to the regulations of the etiquette system, the princes used for the shooting ceremony by the Son of Heaven are made of white bear skin; princes use red elk skins; doctors use cloth princes, painted with tigers and leopards; , hog (pig).In the Tang Dynasty, hanging posts were also targeted, which was called shooting posts. The etiquette system with the five rites as the main content, since the formal formation of the Western Zhou Dynasty, has been continuously reformed and improved in successive dynasties, so that the scope of the five rites has been continuously expanded and the content has been increasing day by day.Taking the Song Dynasty as an example, there were 43 etiquettes for auspicious rites, 27 for honorable ceremonies, 24 for guest ceremonies, 6 for military ceremonies, and 12 for inauspicious rites, for a total of 112 etiquettes.The content involved ranges from the emperor's daily life to the various activities of the court, from the selection of officials to the order of the court, from meeting bureaucrats and ministers to receiving foreign envoys, from enshrining concubines and princes to paying homage to ancestors, etc.,几乎一切社会活动及人们的日常生活都被包括在内，以此作为言行举止的标准。正因如此，礼仪在中国古代与社会的联系极为密切，与人们的关系也十分紧密。在礼仪制度下，社会各个阶层无不受到它的制约，自觉或不自觉地遵守着它的规定。社会通行礼仪，又促进了礼仪的发展，使之日益深入社会，深入人心，使社会公共道德的意识不断强化。