Chapter 10 Chapter 10 The Prosperity of Jiangnan Shipbuilding Industry and the Maritime Communication between China and Japan

During the period of the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, successive years of wars in the north caused severe damage to productivity, and a large number of people migrated to the south.The political situation in the South is relatively stable.The people who migrated to the south brought advanced scientific knowledge, production technology and production tools, built ponds and weirs, and jointly developed the Jiangnan area with the working people in the south, so that the production in the south, which was originally lagging behind in the north, was rapidly improved. Economic prosperity and relatively stable political situation provided an important material basis for the development of shipbuilding and ocean navigation.On the basis of the shipbuilding industry in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the shipbuilding industry in the Three Kingdoms period developed again.

Jiangdong, where Sun Wu is based, has historically been the land of Wuyue with a developed shipbuilding industry. Soon after the new regime was established, there were more than 5,000 ships.Wu set up "ship villages" in Yongning (now Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province), Hengyang (now Pingyang County, Zhejiang Province), and Wenma (now Lianjiang County, Fujian Province) to develop the shipbuilding industry.There are many highly skilled and skilled shipbuilders in the state of Wu, and there is also an official in charge of shipbuilding in Jian'an - Dian Chuan Xiaowei.The largest warship built by Wu State has five floors and can carry 3,000 soldiers.The big ships such as "Feiyun" and "Gaihai" on which Sun Quan rode are even more majestic.Sun Wuneng sent large fleets to Liaodong and the South China Sea many times.Sun Wu's private ship industry is also very developed. For example, "(Zhouju) (Zhoulu) [goulugoulu]zhou", located in the southwest of Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, was built because of the construction of "(Zhouju) (Zhoulu) Big Bian" And got its name. "舸", "艑〔bianbian〕船", "艑舟", "Qingzhou", "舲舟" and "Fangzhou" are all names of civilian ships.The most famous "Wenma Wuhe" sea ship built by Wenma Chuantun is named "Wuhe" because it is made of five large boards. "Chenfu (fufu)" is also known as "Qingtong Dajia", which is the "duck-headed boat" made by Zhuge Ke.These large ships are made of high-quality hardwood "Yuzhang Nan (Mu Xian) [Xian Xian]", which is extremely strong.

The shipbuilding industry in the Western Jin Dynasty also developed.When the Western Jin Dynasty planned to destroy Wu, Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, appointed general Wang Jun as the governor of Yizhou in the eighth year of Taishi (272 AD) to make preparations.When Wang Jun arrived in Yizhou, he stopped the army in the field and built a large number of boats and ships.He invented and built a big boat called "Lianfang", which is to assemble many small boats into one big boat. "One hundred and twenty steps in a square (one step is six feet), two thousand people are received (carried), and the city is made of wood, and the towers are built, and the four doors are opened, and all of them have to ride horses to and fro." ("Book of Jin·Wang Jun Biography" ) is known as "the prosperity of boats has never existed since ancient times".

Although the shipbuilding industry of the Northern Wei Dynasty was not as good as that of Jiangnan, it still had certain shipbuilding capabilities.Liu Song will attack the Northern Wei Dynasty.In the third year (430 A.D.) of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Taoshen (the word for Mi to change rice to Jia) ordered "3,000 ships to be built in the three states of Ji, Ding, and Xiang".Bogulu Town will build 200 ships in the town.When Tuoba Tao led his troops to the south in the twenty-seventh year of Song Yuanjia (AD 450), Liu Song "Chen Jian lined up the camp, from Caishi (the east bank of the Yangtze River in Ma'anshan City, Anhui) to Jiyang (now Jiangyin, Jiangsu) for six or seven hundred miles. "( ), deploying ship defenses along the river shows that there were so many ships and shipbuilding flourished at that time.

In order to increase the speed of sailing, Zu Chongzhi (429-500 A.D.), a great scientist in the Southern Qi Dynasty, "made another thousand-mile ship, tested it on the Xinting River, and traveled more than a hundred miles a day" (Book of Southern Qi, Volume 52).Ships equipped with paddle wheels are called "car boats".This kind of boat uses human power to push the boat forward with bicycle wheels.Naturally, this is not as economical as sails using natural forces, but it is also a great invention, which provides new ideas for the improvement of ship power in the history of shipbuilding.

In the Nanliang period, some ships in Hou Jing's army were equipped with 160 oars and sailed very fast. During the Three Kingdoms, Two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, China and Japan continued to communicate.As early as the second year of Jianwu Zhongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 57), "The King of Dongyi Wonu sent envoys to offer sacrifices" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty Guangwu Emperor Ji"), which was the first official communication between China and Japan in Chinese history books. recorded. "Guangwu gave a seal to teach" ("Book of the Later Han Dynasty Dongyi Biography"), this record is also confirmed by unearthed cultural relics. In 1784 (the forty-ninth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, and the fourth year in Tianming, Japan), a farmer in Shiga Island, Fukuoka County, Kyushu, Japan, found a gold seal when he was repairing a ditch. A character, the seal is 2.3 cm square, 0.3 cm thick, weighs about 108.7 grams, gold snake button, Yin script and seal script.This is the golden seal that Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty bestowed on the King of Wonu.

In the time of Cao Wei, in the second year of Wei Jingchu (238 A.D.), Queen Himi of Japan sent her envoy Nan Shengmi to Luoyang, China, and communicated with Wei Tonghao, "offering four boys (slaves), six girls, and two banbu Erzhang".Emperor Ming of Wei ordered Himihu to be the "King of the Wei Dynasty", and Nanshengmi to be "Shushan Zhonglang General". Show these rewards to the people of the country, so that the Japanese understand Cao Wei's friendliness and support for Himihu. During the ten years from the second year of Wei Jingchu to the ninth year of Zhengshi (AD 238-248), Cao Wei and Japanese sent envoys to exchange gifts and thanks to each other six times, and the maritime traffic between China and Japan was frequent.

The sea route between Cao Wei and Japan is: Cao Wei crossed the Bohai Sea from Shandong——Cao Wei belonged to Daifang County (near Kaesong, North Korea today)—Busan—Tsushima Island—Iki Island—Matsuura, Fukuoka, Kyushu. Sun Wu also wanted to contact the Japanese. Since the north was already under the control of Cao Wei, he wanted to go to the Japanese from the southeast coast.In the second year of Wu Huanglong (230 A.D.), Sun Quan sent "General Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhizhi General Jiashi Wan" to the sea to find Yizhou and Danzhou (Wu people called the country of Wa as Danzhou).Danzhou is located far away, and Wei Wenwen and Zhugezhi only went to Yizhou (now Taiwan), and "gained thousands of people, and returned them" ("Three Kingdoms·Wu Zhi").This is the first record of China operating Taiwan.Since they failed to reach Danzhou (Japan), they led the team back.In February of the third year of Wu Huanglong (AD 231), they had just returned from overseas, and they died of the epidemic with soldiers. Eighty-nine out of ten died.

Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi went to open a route across the East China Sea to Japan and failed, so Wu Guo wanted to bypass the area directly controlled by Cao Wei and establish contact with Gongsun Yuan, the prefect of Wei Liaodong from the sea, and open up a route from the mouth of the Yangtze River to North Korea and then to Japan . The first time: In March of the first year of Wu Jiahe (AD 232), Sun Quan sent General Zhou He and Captain Pei Qian to dive into Liaodong from the sea, hoping to attack Wei from north to south.When Cao Wei discovered this, he ordered Wei general Tian Yu to lead Qingzhou soldiers to fight against Gongsun Yuan, and set up an ambush at Chengshan corner in Shandong to intercept Zhou He and others who were returning to Soochow from Liaodong.In the event of strong winds, the Soochow fleet hit the rocks, and almost the entire army was wiped out. Zhou He was beheaded.In October, Gongsun Yuan sent school lieutenants Su Shu and Langzhong to order Sun Zong to proclaim the vassal to Sun Quan, and offered sable horses, which was criticized by Cao Wei.

The second time: In March of the second year of Wu Jiahe (233 A.D.), Sun Quan sent Zhang Mi and others to bring a large number of treasures and goods, and a navy of 10,000 people to send Su Shu and Sun Zong back to Liaodong.At that time, Gongsun Yuan had rejoined Cao Wei, so he killed Zhang Mi and captured all the accompanying Wu troops. Only his entourage, Qin Dan, fled to Goguryeo.King Goguryeo sent someone to send Qin Dan and others back to Soochow. The third time: In the spring of Wu Chiwu's second year (AD 239), Wu sent general Sun Yi to Liaodong again, defeated Cao Wei's guard general, and "captured men and women" and returned.

Soochow dispatched three large-scale fleets to open up a direct route from the Yangtze River Estuary to North Korea.Although it failed to reach Japan, it laid the foundation for the China-Japan South Route formed during the Southern Dynasties. The origin of the China-Japan Southern Route is due to the fact that "the Japanese... who first came to China, actually came from Liaodong. From the north, it is because Liaodong is not a Chinese land" ("Tong Kao").At this time, Goguryeo and Wa in the north of North Korea were in a state of hostility, and the road was blocked. China-Japan South Route: Depart from Jiankang—Yangtze River Estuary—Shandong Chengshan—Modu Yellow Sea—South Korea—Jeju Strait—Tsushima Island—Iki Island—Fukuoka (Hakata)—Amen (Today's Kanmon Strait) - Seto Inland Sea - Osaka (Namba Tsu). The China-Japan South Route is much closer than the North Route where Cao Wei took Fangjun to Japan.But sailing skills are more demanding. When the China-Japan South Route was opened, due to the southward movement of China's political, economic and cultural center, during the Liu and Song Dynasties of the Southern Dynasties, Japan sent envoys "offering things" eight times to ask for imperial edicts.The time is the second year of Liu Yuyongchu, Emperor Wu of Song Dynasty (421 AD), the second year of Yuanjia (425 AD) of Liu Yilong, Emperor Wen of Song Dynasty (430 AD), the 15th year of Yuanjia (438 AD), and the 15th year of Yuanjia (438 AD). Twenty years (AD 443), Yuanjia twenty-eight years (AD 451), Song Xiaowu Emperor Liu Jun Daming four years (AD 460), Song Shun Emperor Liu Zhunsheng Ming two years (AD 478).The introduction of Chinese culture and production technology to Japan has had a major impact on the development of Japanese culture and promoted Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges and Sino-Japanese friendship.Many Chinese textile workers, silkworm farmers, potters, and chefs immigrated to Japan. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang, the Han Chinese Sima brought Buddhism from India to Japan. Since then, Japanese culture has been influenced by Buddhism.