Chapter 27 Section 7 Juyan, Dunhuang, Wuwei Han bamboo slips and Wuwei Han tomb

Juyan, Dunhuang, Wuwei and other places in the Northwest of China are all important communication routes between my country and the West in ancient times.Juyan was the seat of Juyandu Weizhi in Zhangye County in the Han Dynasty. It is located in the area of ​​Gashun Lake (Juyanhai) and Ejina River Basin in Inner Mongolia today.Dunhuang, located at the west end of the Hexi Corridor, is an important station on the ancient "Silk Road".Wuwei, the old place of Guzang County in the Han Dynasty, is the channel between the Central Plains and the Western Regions.These areas are world-famous for unearthed bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty, as well as treasures such as Wuwei bronze galloping horses, bronze chariots and horses and honor guards.

Juyan Han Bamboo Bamboo Slips are bamboo slips unearthed and collected from the Juyan Beacon Site.These bamboo slips are various documents and materials of the two captains of Juyan and Jianshui in Zhangye County in the Han Dynasty. As early as 1930-1931, the former Northwest Scientific Expedition Group discovered for the first time more than 10,000 bamboo slips in the Han Dynasty beacon site in the Ejina River Basin of Inner Mongolia, which are called "Juyan Han Bamboo". After a lapse of 40 years, until 1972, the Gansu archaeological team conducted archaeological investigation along the Ejina River Basin, from Shuangchengzi, Jinta County in the south, to Juyanhai, Ejina Banner in the north, and collected more than 800 bamboo slips and various relics (pieces). From 1973 to 1974, excavations were carried out at the Han-Jin beacon site at Juyan Jiaqu Houguan, etc., covering an area of ​​4,500 square meters. More than 19,000 bamboo slips and more than 2,300 real objects were discovered. In 1976, 173 wooden slips were collected, and in 1982, another 20 wooden slips were collected, collectively called "Juyan New Slips".

The site of Jiaqu Houguan, located 24 kilometers south of Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia today, on the Gobi Desert between the Nalin River, was the residence of Jiaqu Houguan in the west of Juyan Duwei in the Han Dynasty. Most of the newly unearthed bamboo slips are made of wood, and very few of them are bamboo slips.The complete bamboo slips are each 23 centimeters long (combined with a Han ruler), and the longest one reaches 88.2 centimeters.Among them, the upper limit of the chronology starts from the third year of Zhenghe (90 BC) of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty, the first to sixth year of Shiyuan of Emperor Zhao (86-81 BC), and the lower limit is limited to the fourth year of Taikang (283 AD) of Emperor Wudi (Sima Yan) of the Western Jin Dynasty. year).

Contents of the handbook: including imperial edicts, laws and decrees, departmental classifications, product contracts, ultimatums, push-offs, yanshus, impeachment petitions, and various books.There are also "Nine Nine Arts", almanacs, medical prescriptions, "Cang Jie Pian" and "Ji Jiu Pian" and other fragments.In particular, the mileage slips of 20 post stations from Chang'an to Hexi were found.From Jingzhao Chang'an via Youfufeng, Beidi, Ding'an, Wuwei, Zhangye and other counties.This provides a new argument for determining the traffic route from Chang'an to Dunhuang in the Western Han Dynasty.

The old and new Juyan Bamboo Bamboo Slips record the situation of the Juyan area and its history of rise and fall in the Han Dynasty, and also reproduce the style and living conditions of the Northwest frontier fortress in the Han Dynasty.Like the Dunhuang Han Bamboo Slips, it is the first-hand material for the study of politics, military affairs, law, Northwest garrisons, and transportation between China and the West in the Han Dynasty. Dunhuang Han bamboo slips, 705 Han bamboo slips were discovered in Dunhuang in 1907 in the beacon site of the Han Dynasty. From 1913 to 1981, six times, a total of 2,190 Han bamboo slips were discovered between Dunhuang and Jiuquan, from the end of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty to Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty period.Collectively referred to as "Dunhuang Han bamboo slips".

From 1990 to 1991, the Xuanquan site in Dunhuang (between Dunhuang and Anxi) was excavated, and more than 1,500 bamboo slips of the Han Dynasty were unearthed, and more than 2,650 pieces of paper, wood and other cultural relics were unearthed.The most eye-catching is the hemp fiber paper from the period of Emperor Xuan and Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty (73-33 BC).Among them, there are four pieces of paper with ink calligraphy, which proves that as early as the Western Han Dynasty, paper had become a writing material and was widely used in the northwest frontier counties.There are many kinds of documents unearthed, such as edicts and legal orders, especially a large number of postal documents, books and bamboo slips, which are precious materials for studying the postal system in the northwest region of the Western Han Dynasty and Sino-foreign exchanges.

The site can be roughly divided into five phases: the first phase is from Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty to the middle period of Emperor Xuan, with docks, warehouses and stables built.The dock is square, with an area of ​​about 2300 square meters, built with adobe.There are two groups of houses in the west and north in the dock.In the second phase, from the middle period of Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty to the period of Emperor Ai, new stables were built.In the third phase, from Emperor Ping of the Western Han Dynasty to the last years of Wang Mang, small stables were built.In the fourth period of the Eastern Han Dynasty from Guangwu to Hedi period, the chronological slips were unearthed.During the Wei and Jin Dynasties of the fifth period, there were remains of beacon towers.

Most of the bamboo slips came from the waste accumulation on the early warehouse site on the east side of the dock.After sorting out, most of them are wooden slips. In various books, the process of receiving officials and envoys, the amount and value of food, grain, chariots and fodder paid, as well as the names of prisoners and official slaves are recorded. The post-house road book records in detail the route from Jiuquan to Dunhuang and the mileage of the post-house.Names of pavilions near Xuanquanzhi, etc. In addition to bamboo slips, there are copper, lacquer, wood, stone, pottery, bone, silk, paper, wool, leather, grain and so on.A large amount of barley, wheat, barley, millet, broomcorn millet, peas, lentils, black beans, alfalfa, garlic, apricots, peach pits, etc.

A large number of cultural relics were unearthed at the Xuanquan site, which provided rich material materials for further research on politics, military affairs, economy, legal system, Sino-foreign exchanges, postal system, and garrison conditions in Northwest China during the Western Han Dynasty. The Wuwei Han bamboo slips and Tomb No. 6 of Mozuizi date earlier, belonging to the late Western Han Dynasty. There are 469 "Yili" wooden slips with a total of 27,298 characters.It is the best-preserved batch of bamboo slips published so far, and it provides first-hand information on the study of the Confucian classics of the Han Dynasty and the version of "Yili".

Medical bamboo slips were unearthed from a tomb in Hantanpo in the early Eastern Han Dynasty.There are 78 wooden slips and 14 wooden tablets in existence.For each entry, list the prescription name, disease name, drug name, dosage, pharmaceutical method, medication time, acupuncture points, contraindications, etc.The way is mostly one disease and one party.Save more than 30 prescriptions.Involving internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, facial features, acupuncture and moxibustion.More than 100 drugs are listed.Among them, 69 kinds are found in Chinese medicine, and 11 kinds are found in "Famous Doctors".It provides important information for the study of Han Dynasty medicine.

Leitai Eastern Han Tomb, excavated in 1969, is a multi-chamber brick tomb.The soil was rammed and sealed, with a residual height of six meters.The tomb passage is slope-style, more than 20 meters long.Paint vermilion ribbons on the walls of the tomb passage.A screen wall is built on the door ticket of the tomb, and the middle part of the screen wall is painted with doors, columns, beams, squares and dougong. The chamber is 19 meters long, 10 meters wide and 4.5 meters high.Including the corridor, the front room with left and right small rooms, the middle room with right small room, and the back room.The front room, middle room, and back room are all made of Li [li] roofs, and the square bricks in the center of the roof are painted with lotus caissons. Unearthed objects: 171 bronze wares, gold wares, lacquer wares, pottery wares, copper seals, more than 230 pieces in total, many of which are art treasures. A bronze galloping horse, commonly known as "horse riding on flying bird".45 cm long, The overall height is 34.5 cm.The galloping horse has a vigorous and exquisite shape, with its head held high and neighing, its three legs soaring into the air, and its right hind foot is stepping on a flying bird (this kind of bird, after identification by experts, is considered to be a small raptor falcon [sun shoot] in the Guanlong area. Up to more than 200 kilometers) on the back.Indicates that the speed of the horse surpasses that of the flying falcon.The posture of running in the sky with the "opposite side step" of Hexi Zouma actually implies the meaning of "a horse flying in the sky".It should have been called "Bronze Heavenly Horse".It is a treasure of Chinese culture and has been listed as a symbol of Chinese tourism. The bronze chariot horse guard of honor consists of 38 bronze horses, one bronze ox, 14 bronze chariots (13 carriages and one bullock cart), 17 figurines of warriors holding spears and halberds, and 28 figurines of servants and servants.This is the largest number of bronze figurines of the Eastern Han Dynasty chariots and horses guard of honor discovered so far. A bronze 轺 [yao shake] chariot, 40.7 cm long, used as the leading chariot in the honor guard of bronze chariots and horses.The chariot is square, the canopy on the chariot is round, and the 轓 (fan fan) on both sides of the chariot is painted vermilion.According to "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Yufu Zhi": "Car and Zhu Liangjia" are the Chengyu of Erqianshi officials. Inscriptions were cast on the backs of some slave figures and on the chests of bronze horses.Among the slave figurines, eight were cast as "Zhang's slaves" and four were cast as "Zhang's maidservants".There are inscriptions on the chest of the horse with the words "Guard Zhangye, Chief Zhang Jun" and "Guard Zhangye, Chief Zhang Jun, who rides a thousand people on the left".Based on this, it is presumed that the owner of the tomb should be the tomb of Zhang Ye Zhang Jun.