Chapter 25 Section 5 Xuzhou Beidong Mountain and Lion Mountain Tombs of Western Han and Chu Kings

In the sixth year of Han Gaozu's reign (201 BC), Liu Jiao, his half-brother, was granted the title of King of Chu, and the capital was moved to Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu).The mausoleums of Liu Jiao and the kings of Chu of subsequent dynasties are all distributed on the limestone mountains around Xuzhou, all of which were excavated for collection.Many have been discovered and excavated over the years.Among them, the Tomb of the King of Chu in Beidong Mountain is the one with the most complex structure, while the Tomb of the King of Chu in Shizishan is the one with the strangest shape. In 1986, a large tomb of the Western Han Dynasty was excavated in Beidongshan, Xuzhou, Jiangsu.The tomb faces south, and consists of three parts: the tomb passage, the main building and the auxiliary building, forming a huge underground complex.There are 19 tombs of different sizes and 17 small niches.

The tomb passage was excavated in the open air on the hillside, and the part that has been cleared is 45 meters long.The entire tomb passage can be divided into front, middle and back sections from south to north.A total of seven small niches were excavated on the east and west walls of the middle section, each about 1.9 meters long from north to south, 0.9 meters wide from east to west, and one meter high.The roof is flat, and the niches are sealed with stone slabs.There are about 30 colored figurines in each niche, and there are 222 colored figurines in total.There is a gap at the north end of the east wall in the middle section, with a width of 1.82 meters, which is the entrance to the auxiliary building.

The north end of the back section of the tomb is connected with the tomb gate of the main building of the tomb.In the rear section and the northern part of the middle section of the tomb passage, three rows and three layers of polished square stones are used to seal and fill.An ear chamber was dug on the east and west walls of the back section of the tomb passage 1.7 meters away from the tomb door.The ear chamber is 3.28 meters long from north to south, 2.35 meters wide and 1.9 meters high.There are cuboid stone pillars in the middle, painted with brown paint, and "half two" coins were unearthed.

The main building, "cutting the mountain to hide", is composed of the tomb gate, the front and rear corridors, the east and west side rooms, the corridor, the second toilet room, the front room, and the back room. The door of the tomb opens to the south, 2.46 meters wide and 1.98 meters high.The total length from north to south inside the gate is 21.3 meters.There is a side chamber on the east and west sides near the tomb door.Each is 3.6 meters long, 1.94 meters wide and 2.14 meters high.Gold belt hooks, gold earrings, jade garment pieces, openwork jade ornaments, copper belt hooks, and a large number of remnants of lacquerware were unearthed indoors.

The northern end of the front corridor is the front room.It is 9.1 meters long from east to west, 3 meters wide and 3.53 meters high at the ridge.Jade clothing pieces, gold strands, jade ornaments, and copper seals were unearthed indoors. The corridor in the northeast corner of the front room (6.8 meters long, 1.02 meters wide, 1.95 meters high).Two toilet rooms (2.4 meters long from north to south and 1.9 meters wide) were excavated side by side on the north wall, and a "convex"-shaped squat pit was dug on the ground on the west side of the central part of the toilet. The north of the back corridor is the doorway of the back room, followed by the back room for the coffin.It is vertically rectangular, 5.12 meters long from north to south, 2.87 meters wide and 3.44 meters high.The room was robbed.

The corridors of the main building, the tops of the chambers, the walls and the toilets are all painted with cinnabar, which shows that the entire tomb was full of vermilion.It reflects the burial system of the royal family at that time, "Giving red lacquer", and also reflects the custom of the Chu people to honor red. The auxiliary building is located in the southeast of the main building, with a total area of ​​about 335 square meters.Stone masonry.Its northwest corner is a corridor, which intersects vertically with the tomb passage. There are 11 attached rooms, and the overall layout is rectangular, divided into four entrances from north to south.

The first entrance, two rooms (first and second rooms), out of copper crossbow machine, arrowheads, iron swords, halberds, and remnants of pottery figurines. The second entrance, the third room (three, four, five rooms), out of jade cups, bronze mirrors, chime bells, stone chime (residual) and so on. In the third entrance, there are three rooms (six, seven, and eight rooms). A well is dug in the seventh room, and a well-shaped frame carved with whole stone is placed at the head of the well, and stone railings are placed on the frame.The eighth room is divided into inner and outer rooms, and there is a small toilet pit in the southeast corner of the inner room.

The fourth entrance, three rooms (rooms 9, 10, 11), in the southeast corner of the doorway in the 9th room, a brick stove is built. 11 There is also a brick stove built indoors. The shape and layout of the entire ancillary building, the facilities in each room and the unearthed relics indicate that it has the nature of an underground treasury and a kitchen. Burial Objects: This tomb has been robbed many times, and gold, copper, iron, jade, stone, bone vessels, and pottery figurines are still unearthed. Goldware: There are belt hooks and earrings.Bronze Ware: There are crossbow machines, (Jiaojiao) pots, shop heads, arrowheads, chime bells, upsetting, mirrors, etc.Ironware: There are square furnaces with four hooves, hammers, chisels, shovels, halberds, etc.Jade, stone, and bone wares: there are jade sword decorations, 珌 [bibi], sword grids, bi, jade garment pieces, jade rings, etc.There are also stone chimes, bone ornaments, lacquered wooden tables, goblets, ear cups, crystal chips, seashells, etc.

There are a total of 422 pottery figurines, which can be divided into male and female servant figurines, Fuse figurines, ritual guard figurines and so on. There are 61 statues of male servants, some wearing caps, with wind belts on the cheeks tied under the chin, wearing wide-sleeved robes, cross-collared right lapels, and standing with sleeves.Some have their heads tied in a bun and wear long clothes with a right lapel, with their hands clasped around their waists.About 50 cm high. There are 136 figurines of female waitresses, some of which are standing.The hair is parted in the middle and pulled back in a magpie-tail-shaped bun, wearing a double-layered deep garment, with a curved collar and right lapel, standing with sleeves and hands.Some sat squatting, with their hands arched on their knees.

There are three Fuse figurines, sitting in the squatting position, with both hands in the shape of playing strings. There are 222 ceremonial figurines, all male figurines, standing.Wearing a deep coat with a right lapel (or green, light yellow, black, purple), a waist belt (or black, white, or red belt), wearing a long sword, and black belts on both cheeks tied under the chin.The foot is on the head and the head is on the head, and some still have a mustache.Each show their demeanor. Coins: more than 70,000 half taels. There are four copper seals, with the words "Chu Yufu Seal", "Chu Arsenal Seal", "Chu Mansion", and "Chu Palace Sicheng".

According to the unearthed "banliang" coins, the seal with the word "Chu", and the owner of the tomb wearing a golden jade dress, it is presumed that the tomb should be the tomb of a certain generation of Chu kings between 175 BC and 128 BC. From December 1994 to March 1995, excavation was carried out on the tomb of King Chu in Lion Mountain, Xuzhou.The tomb faces south and has a unique structure.The total length from north to south is 117 meters, the width is 17.2 meters, and the total area is 851 square meters.The tomb passage is more than 70 meters long and is divided into three parts from the outside to the inside.The first part is 9 meters wide and about 30 meters long, and the second part is 3.45 meters wide and about 20 meters long.The third part, also known as the inner tomb passage, is 2 meters wide and about 20 meters long.Above it, there is the first known large patio discovered in a Han tomb in my country. It is as long as the inner tomb passage, about 13 meters wide and 11 meters high.The total length of the corridor and the back room is 47 meters.Four groups (16 pieces in total) of plug stones are used to seal the door at the opening of the corridor. More than 1,500 relics of gold, silver, copper, iron, jade, lacquer, pottery, and bone were unearthed from the tomb, including more than 176,000 coins. The golden jade garment is made of more than 4,000 pieces (some of which are only 0.5 cm square) of crystal clear Hetian jade. It is the best piece found in my country so far. The gold buckles are the buckles on the second pair of belts, made of pure gold (four pieces).The heaviest one reaches 390 grams.The belt is made of three rows of seashells inlaid on the ribbon and connected.It is mixed with golden flowers.The embossed motif on the buckle is two bears biting a Pegasus. There are more than 150 copper seals, five silver seals, and more than 90 clay seals.There are "the seal of the Marquis of Chu", "the seal of the Marquis of Chu Zhong", "the seal of the Sima of Chu", "the Sima of the Chu camp", "the Sikong of the middle Chu", "the seal of the captain of Chu", "the seal of Taipu of Chu" and so on.Local official seals include "Chengzhi Youwei", "Tongling Zhiyin", "Wenyang Chengyin", "Lanling Zhiyin", "Beipingyiyin", "Haiyi Zuowei" and so on.There are more than 40 kinds of sealing clay, such as "Xiapi Chengyin", "Pengcheng Chengyin", "Xiaolingzhiyin".It provides valuable information for the study of the seal burial system and official system in the Western Han Dynasty. There are more than 200 pieces of jade, including a jade huang, decorated with 20 dragons on both sides, which can be called a masterpiece. There are many weapons in the ear chamber of the tomb passage, such as daggers, halberds, spears, beryllium (pi), shu, and swords. In the kitchen next to the tomb passage, a well-packaged jar of Lanling wine was found, with the stamp of "Lanling Chengyin" on the sealing clay, and the fragrance of wine overflowing from the mouth of the jar, which is a miracle. 500 meters to the east of the tomb, a pit of terracotta warriors and horses was found.Around the underground palace, there are pits for cavalry warriors, pits for terracotta warriors, cemeteries for nobles buried with them, pits for chariots and horses, and architectural relics on the ground.In addition, accompanying tombs and martyrs were found in the outer mouth and ear chamber of the underground palace. The excavation of Chu King's Mausoleum is of great significance in the field of historical research.It also provides a batch of precious materials for the study of the development history of ancient arts and crafts. According to the shape of the underground palace and the unearthed objects, it is inferred that the owner of this tomb is the owner of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit in Lion Mountain.It may be the tomb of Liu Wu, the third king of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty.It has a history of about 2170 years.