Chapter 20 Section 11 Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, Tomb of King Zhongshan, Tomb of Duke Qin

Many tombs from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty have been excavated, with a total of more than 6,000.These tombs reflect the characteristics and evolution of funeral customs in various places in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and also provide rich materials for studying the development and changes of politics, economy and culture at that time.However, among the thousands of tombs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the two tombs of Marquis Yi of Zeng and King Zhongshan should be the first tombs with rich and exquisite burial objects.The tomb of Duke Qin is the largest of the Eastern Zhou tombs that have been excavated.

The tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng is located in Leigudun, the western suburb of Suizhou City, Hubei Province. It is a very large tomb in the early Warring States period. Excavated in 1978.The tomb is huge.There are more than 10,000 unearthed objects, many of which are unprecedented treasures.The large number, exquisite production, and rich written materials are really rare.Inscriptions such as "Marquis Yi of Zeng" were cast on some bronze wares, indicating that Marquis Yi of Zeng was the owner of the tomb.According to the copper inscription: "King Jia sacrificed fifty and six times and returned from Xiyang. King Chu [xiong Xiong] Zhang Zha Zeng Hou Yizong Yi..." It is known that Zeng Hou Yi was buried at the fifty-sixth chapter of Xiong Zhang, King Hui of Chu. year (433 BC) or later.

The tomb is a wooden outer tomb with a vertical pit in a rock pit.Flat polygon.The direction is north-south, 21 meters from east to west, 16.5 meters from north to south, and about 13 meters deep.The wooden coffin was placed at the bottom of the tomb, and more than 60,000 kilograms of charcoal was filled around it and on the top of the coffin.The wooden outer coffin is 3.1-3.5 meters high and is made of 171 long square logs, sharing 380 cubic meters of wood.The coffin chamber is divided into four chambers: east, north, middle and west.The main coffin is placed in the east room, which is divided into inner and outer layers. The outer coffin is 3.2 meters long, 2.1 meters wide, and 2.19 meters high. The lacquer is painted with vermilion and golden yellow patterns.The inner coffin is 2.49 meters long, 1.27 meters wide and 1.32 meters high, and is made of large planks.The inside is painted with vermilion lacquer, the outside is covered with vermilion lacquer, and painted with yellow and black patterns.Windows are painted at one end, doors are painted on both sides, and mythical beasts and warriors are painted on both sides of the door.The skeleton of the owner of the tomb was identified as a male, about 45 years old. It was originally wrapped in multiple layers of silk fabric, surrounded by more than 300 pieces of jade, bone, horn and gold.The martyrs (21) in the tomb were all female, aged between 13 and 25, and they were probably the concubines of the owner of the tomb who performed music and dance.

There are more than 10,000 pieces of unearthed objects, including various bronze objects including ritual and music vehicles, with a total weight of about 10 tons. It is the tomb with the most bronze objects unearthed over the years.There are chime bells on the west and south sides of the middle room, and chime bells on the north side.Instruments such as Sesheng are listed among the bells and chimes.The north room is full of weapons and chariots and horses, including bundles of arrowheads, long-pole weapons and armor, chariots [weiwei], horses [biao], chariot canopies, etc. There is another pair weighing more than 300 kilograms each. The big copper pot and bamboo slips.

Among the bronze ritual vessels, there are more than 140 pieces including nine tripods and eight gui, pairs of 簠 [fufu], beans, pots, mirrors, fou, and 鬲, 甗, pan, and 匜.Most of them are cast by muddy casting, separate casting and the combination of the two and welding.Some are made by embossing, hollowing out, inlaying and other techniques.What is amazing is a Zun plate with delicate and multi-layered hollowed-out appendages on the rim, which are cast by the lost wax method.What is more striking is the large number of musical instruments: chime bells, chime chimes, drums, se, qin, sheng, panxiao, chi [chi pool] eight kinds, a total of 124 pieces.Orchestral instruments and percussion instruments are available.Among the percussion instruments, the whole set of chimes is the most precious.Bamboo pipe panpipes, bronze seated drums, ten-stringed qin, and five-stringed qin are all discovered for the first time.Chi is the earliest unearthed musical instrument of the same kind.

There are 65 chime bells from Marquis Yi of Zeng, including 19 Niu bells, 45 Yong bells and an additional Bo bell.The largest one is 153.4 centimeters high and weighs 203.6 kilograms; the smallest one is 20.4 centimeters high and weighs 2.4 kilograms.The total weight of the whole set of chimes is 2500 kg.When unearthed, all the chimes were organized into eight groups in order of size and pitch, and were hung on a copper-wood-shaped three-story bell frame.The bell frame is more than 10 meters long and 2.73 meters high.The beams on the middle and lower floors are supported by three bronze warriors with swords by their hands and heads respectively.Chime bells, after the sound test, each bell can strike two musical tones, the whole set of scale structure belongs to the same tone sequence as the current international general C major heptatonic scale, the total range spans five octaves, and its central range is 12 semitones It is ready, can "turn the palace and tune", and can still play a variety of tunes today.There are inscriptions in seal script on the chime bells, most of which are wrong gold characters, with a total of more than 2,800 characters.Except for "Zenghou Yizha (口寺) [chi Chi]", the rest are all about music, which can be divided into two categories: standard tone and rhythm.It is indeed a treasure in the history of ancient Chinese music.

More than 240 bamboo slips were unearthed, with a length of 72-75 cm and a width of 1 cm.In simplified Chinese ink script and seal script, the total number of characters is 6,600.The content is a record of chariots, horses and weapons used in funeral ceremonies, which is a precious written material. The unearthed lacquered wooden box has a large "Dou" character painted on the cover, surrounded by the name "Twenty-Eight Mansions" and images of green dragons and white tigers.This is the earliest one among the existing "Twenty-Eight Mansions" name materials.It can be proved that my country is one of the first countries in the world to establish the "Twenty-Eight Mansions" system.

From 1974 to 1978, at the foot of Lingshan Mountain in Beiling, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, the former site of Lingshou, the capital of the late Zhongshan Kingdom, was discovered.Two royal tombs from the end of the 4th century BC were excavated.Tomb No. 1 is located at the foot of Xiling Mountain to the west of the Lingshou City site, and Tomb No. 2, which has not yet been excavated, is juxtaposed on the east side.Tomb No. 6 is located at the foot of Dongling Mountain in the northwest of the city site, and Tomb No. 3, No. 4, and No. 5 are juxtaposed on the west side of it.The upper parts of the two large tombs No. 1 and No. 6 have rammed soil and the foundation of Xiangtang.Tomb No. 1 is well preserved. The seal is 92 meters wide from east to west, 110 meters long from north to south, and about 15 meters high.The owner of tomb No. 6 could not be identified.Tomb No. 1 can be identified as the tomb of Zhongshan King (喾字话思前) [cuocuo] because of the inscription on copper beans in the tomb.The structure of the tomb chambers of the two tombs is basically the same, the plane is in the shape of "Zhong", consisting of a square coffin chamber and two tomb passages in the north and south.Tomb No. 1 has a total length of 110 meters, the coffin chamber is 14.9 meters from north to south, 13.5 meters from east to west, and 8.2 meters deep.The stone coffin chamber is about two meters thick.Tomb No. 6 is slightly smaller.Near the two tombs, there are accompanying tombs, chariot and horse pits, boat pits, and miscellaneous sacrifice pits.

A total of more than 19,000 burial objects were unearthed from the two tombs.The unprecedented huge bronze vessel in the shape of "mountain" was probably hung on the top of the flag as a symbol of royal power.Five pieces were unearthed from Tomb No. 1, all 1.19 meters high, and six pieces were unearthed from Tomb No. 6, all 1.43 meters high.Many artifacts were unearthed from Tomb No. 1.Bronze sacrificial vessels include Jiuding, Sigui and Li, beans, pots and so on.There are 14 chime bells and 13 chimes for musical instruments.There are also tent hooks, lacquerware and pottery.What is particularly rare is that among them, the big iron-footed tripod, the square pot, and the round pot made by the heir king 〔〔cici〕 produced at the same time (喾字解复前) are collectively called the "Three Vessels of Zhongshan", "Three Vessels of Zhongshan". "There are very long inscriptions engraved on the instruments and watches.The inscription on the tripod has 469 characters, the inscription on the square pot has 450 characters, and the inscription on the round pot has 182 characters, totaling 1101 characters.It is the first to be seen in the bronze wares of the Warring States Period.It not only shows that the owner of the tomb is the King of Zhongshan (喾字课易前), but also explains the lineage of the King of Zhongshan and related historical facts. It is an important material for studying the history of Zhongshan.Because the inscription mentions that in 316 BC, Xiangbang of Zhongshan Kingdom led his troops to attack Yan and King Kuai (kuaikuai) of Yan let the king sit in Xiangzi of Yan, and Zhongshan Kingdom died in 301 BC. Therefore, the tomb The date can be inferred to be around 310 BC.

Art treasures among the funerary objects include: a copper lamp with a silver-headed figurine, 66.4 centimeters high, the body of which is a man in a long robe, holding a two-layer lamp panel connected by a coiled snake in his left hand, and holding up another lamp panel connected by a coiled snake in his right hand ( Except for this vessel from Tomb No. 6, the others are from Tomb No. 1).Gold and silver inlaid dragon and phoenix-shaped copper scheme, the base of the vessel is four lying deer supporting a disc, four dragons and four phoenixes are coiled on the disc, and the dragon top has a bucket arch support scheme, which is very exquisitely made.Fifteen copper lamps, 84.5 cm high, shaped like a big tree, with a group of monkeys climbing on the tree, and two people facing up to tease under the tree.There are also several gold and silver animal-shaped utensil bases, including silver inlaid two-winged beasts and images of ox and rhinoceros.Among them, the image of a tiger biting a deer is the most vivid.

What's even more rare is the copper plate of "Zhaoyu Map of King Zhongshan's Mausoleum" unearthed from Tomb No. 1.It is now 94 cm long, 48 cm wide, about 1 cm thick and weighs 32.1 kg.It is inlaid with gold and silver to stagger the floor plan of Zhongshan King's Mausoleum.This picture is the earliest known architectural planning and design drawing, and it can be called the first picture in the ages.It is indeed an important achievement in the history of archaeology and architecture in our country. Most of the tombs of Qin Gong in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are located on the Sanzhu (zhi) Plain to the south of the Qin Yongcheng site in the south of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province.More than a dozen cemeteries have been discovered, and each cemetery has one or two large "Zhong"-shaped tombs with the remains of "Xiangtang" on the ground, as well as pits for chariots and horses buried with them.The entire mausoleum area and each cemetery are surrounded by moats protecting the mausoleum.The No. 1 tomb in the No. 1 cemetery is the largest and largest "Zhong"-shaped tomb among them, and it is also the largest tomb of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty known so far.The tomb is 300 meters long.The tomb is 59.4 meters long from east to west and 38.45 meters wide from north to south.The east tomb passage is 156.1 meters long, the east end is 8.7 meters wide, and the west end (the end connected to the tomb) is 19.1 meters wide; the west tomb passage is 84.5 meters long, the west end is 6.4 meters wide, and the east end is 14.3 meters wide (the end connected to the tomb chamber). 24 meters.The total area is 5334 square meters. There are three steps in the tomb, the steps surround the tomb wall, and the steps are 2-6 meters wide.The distance between the first floor and the second floor is 5.3 meters, and the distance between the second floor and the third floor is 7.6 meters. The middle part of the steps on the third floor is the tomb chamber, which is about 4.2 meters high.The excavation of Tomb No. 1 took 11 years to come to an end. Although the tomb has been robbed and excavated many times, more than 3,000 pieces of gold, bronze, iron, stone chime, lacquer, silk, pottery, jade and other relics were unearthed.Around the wooden coffin chamber and in the upper filling, more than 180 box boxes for human sacrifices and sacrifices were found.This is the tomb with the largest number of human sacrifices and human sacrifices discovered in the history of Chinese archaeology. There are 28 fragments of stone chimes unearthed from the tomb, and the remaining inscriptions are: "Tianzi Xixi, Gong (Goshangdan) [Huanhuan] is the heir, Gaoyang has spirit, and the four directions use 鼏 [mi Mi]." According to this, It is speculated that the owner of the tomb should be Duke Jing (576-537 BC) after Gong Gong and Huan Gong.The Gaoyang family is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor Zhuanxu [zhuan xu Zhuanxu].The people of Qin claimed to be the Miao descendants of the Gaoyang clan, originally belonging to the Huaxia clan.The chime inscription shows this historical situation and provides an important piece of information for the study of Qin history.