Chapter 19 Section 10 Shanxi Tianma - Jinhou Cemetery in Qucun

The cemetery of Marquis Jin is located in Tianma-Qucun, at the junction of Yicheng County and Quwo County, Shanxi Province. From 1992 to 1994, after five excavations, 17 large tombs were cleared out.Among them, eight were Marquis of Jin and nine were wives of Marquis of Jin.These tombs are all couples buried together in pairs (only one group is one marquis and two wives).It is basically divided into two rows, north and south (only one group of tombs is between the south and north rows).The sequence of burials in each group: starting from groups M9 and M13 at the eastern end of the north row of the cemetery, to the west are groups M6, M7 and groups M32 and M33.Then there are groups M91 and M92 between the north row and the south row.Turn back to groups M1 and M2 at the eastern end of the south row, and groups M8 and M31 and groups M64, M62 and M63 arranged from east to west.Finally, there are groups M93 and M102 at the west end of the north row.

The shape of the tomb: a rectangular vertical pit tomb.There are 14 "Jia"-shaped tombs with single tomb passages.There are two "Zhong"-shaped tombs (M63, M93) with double tomb passages.Only M102 has no tomb passage.The single tomb passage is about 20 meters (M91) to 15.7 meters (M2) long.The length of the chamber is between 6.65 meters (M8) and 4.25 meters (M102).On the east side of each pair of tombs (not seen in M9 and M13), there are pits for burial chariots and horses. M8 has a large chariot and horse pit with a length of 20.1 meters and a width of 15 meters. The scale is really rare.There are many sacrificial pits on both sides of the tomb passage, some of which are nearly 20 (M64), and only M102 has no sacrificial pits.Most of the animals are horses and dogs, and a small amount of cattle and sheep.There are also jade articles such as jade gems and jade cards.

The direction of the tomb: the seat faces south, and the owner of the tomb faces north (to Chongshan, commonly known as Ta'er Mountain) (M91, M92 head to the south).In the burial style, the body is upright and the limbs are straight (M102's right knee is bent, and some bones are almost completely decayed).Burial implements: one coffin and two coffins.There are seven coffins in one outer coffin, some of which are damaged.Only M31 has one coffin and three coffins. Date of burial: M9 and M13 are the earliest, around the time of King Mu of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and M93 and M102 are the latest, around the early Spring and Autumn Period.That is, from the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period.About from the 9th to the 7th century BC, about 200 years.

The situation of each group of tombs is briefly described (according to the chronological order of the tombs): Tomb Nos. 9 and 13 (M9, M13).Husband and wife together.Male right (west), female left (east).The martyrs were placed in the tomb passage and the tomb. The tomb owner of M9 is male.There is a martyred dog at the south end of the top of the outer coffin, and there are coffin decorations composed of rows of seashells at the south end of the outer coffin.Funeral objects: bronze tripods, gui, zhu, chime bells and weapons, jade and stone wares, chariot and horse wares, tortoise shells, gold-covered wares, etc.The burial with seven chariots was exactly in line with the system of "sending chariots for seven chariots" by the princes at that time.

The owner of M13 tomb is female.On the west side of the entrance to the tomb, there is a sacrificial pit for burying cattle, and a beautifully decorated cart is placed on the top of the outer coffin.There was a jade tube on the head of the deceased, two sets of pectorals consisting of jade plaques and pearls were placed on the chest, and seashells and jade objects were placed on the abdomen and feet.Burial objects: five bronze tripods, four guis, jars, 盨 [xuxu], plates, etc.; original porcelain and lacquerware.There are also standing deer stick heads and wild boar-shaped belt ornaments, which have the characteristics of northern bronzes.

Tomb Nos. 6 and 7 (M6, M7).Two tombs were stolen, and almost all the funerary objects were looted. Tomb Nos. 32 and 33 (M32, M33). The M32 was badly stolen. M33 stolen.A copper tripod, a gui, a square pot, a jar, a goblet, and a bowl still exist, many of which are incomplete.There are more than 10 stone chimes.Weapons, chariots and horses, pottery and porcelain.The more important one is the copper square pot with the inscription "Jin Hou Bo [Bo Bo] Horse". Tomb Nos. 91 and 92 (M91 and M92).A large amount of charcoal is filled around the coffin chamber. Tomb M91 is male.The deceased had more than 60 jade and stone grains in his mouth, his face was covered with a set of embellished jade veneers, there was a jade tube-shaped hair restrainer on the top of his head, a jade ring on both sides of his head, five huanglian beads and jade pendants and six sets of handles on his chest and abdomen. There are one jade cong and two jade wares between the femurs, four jade dragon-shaped decorations on the left femur, two chopstick-shaped jade wares on the inner side of the femur, two solitary heads at the end of the feet, and six gold belt decorations.

Funeral objects: seven bronze tripods, three gui, two jue and two ge, one square pot, one round pot, one plate, one pot, one pot, one pot, one zun, one pot, one pot, and one bean.There are seven chime bells, nearly 20 stone pans, as well as weapons, chariots and horses. Two of the bronze vessels have inscriptions: one is a square pot with the inscription "Jinhou Boma" cast on the inner wall of the top cover, and the other (the type of vessel is to be confirmed) with the inscription "Jinhou Xifu" cast on the bottom. The owner of M92 tomb is female.Funeral copper ritual vessels: two tripods, two pots, and two pots each, and one plate and one pot.The more important ones are: one "Jinhou Dui" tripod, two "Jinhou Boma" round pots, and one "Jinhou Xifu" dish.

There are a large number of jade and stone wares, with a total of more than 4,000 pieces.Among them, there are two sets of embellished jade coverings, which are composed of 23 jade pieces of different shapes embellished on cloth and silk fabrics, forming a complete human face. Tomb Nos. 1 and 2 (M1, M2) were stolen.Coke was deposited around the bottom of the tomb and the coffin chamber. The tomb owner of M1 is male.The coffin inside the tomb collapsed.42 pieces of copper fish and 48 pieces of stone fish were unearthed around the coffin.It should be something hanging on the coffin decoration.The bronze wares can roughly be restored as five tripods, one four, one one, one one, one one, one two pots, one one pan, one one, and eight bells.There is also a stone chime.There are also chariots and horses, copper spears and so on.

The tomb owner of M2 is female.There is no set of embellished jade coverings, and the bronze sacrificial vessels that can be restored include Ding San, Xi Si, Li Yi, Hu Yi, Hu Er, Pan Yi, and Yi Yi. Tomb Nos. 8 and 31 (M8, M31).The coffin chamber is filled with charcoal all around. A short wall was built with stones at the bottom of the M8 tomb to support the outer coffin. The M8 was stolen.The owner of the tomb is male.The surviving funerary vessels are mainly jade wares.Among them, there are rice bags specially made for corpses, and handle-shaped utensils and decorations that are covered and sewn on the clothes of the dead torso.On the body, under the body, on the top of the head, under the head, around the neck, under the shoulders, on the back, chest and abdomen, legs, under the feet and other parts, there are different jade ornaments and jade articles, many of which are beautiful in shape. boutique.The goldware has a set of gold belt ornaments, with a total weight of 459.3 grams.

There are 12 copper ritual vessels.Noteworthy are: one "Jin Hou Su" tripod, two "Jin Hou (Chen Jin)" Gui, two "Jin Hou (Chen Jin)" pots, three rabbit-shaped statues, and two copper chime bells . Tomb M31 is a female, and more than 1,000 pieces of bronze, pottery, and jade wares were unearthed.Bronze wares: Ding San, Gui Er, Yu, Pan, etc.The shape is a flat ellipsoid, with a bird-shaped cover on it. There is a ring behind the bird, which is connected to the body of the vessel through a bear-shaped chain.The mouth is shaped like a dragon's head, and the feet are two half-squatting naked people, carrying the body on their backs and standing with their feet crossed, which is a strange shape.Jade wares include coverings, necklaces, pectorals, etc.The inscription "Wen Wang" is engraved on the jade ring.

This group of tombs is buried with a large number of jade objects, which provides excellent materials for the study of the jade burial system in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Tomb Nos. 64, 62, and 63 (M64, M62, M63), the three tombs are side by side, but it is also possible that Tomb No. 63 is another group.Stones were accumulated around the outer coffin, and carbon was deposited up and down. A layer of stones is laid at the bottom of the M63 tomb. There are charcoal debris in the rammed earth of the M62 tomb and the tomb passage. There is a car on the outer coffin of M64. The owner of M64 tomb is male.The funerary bronze wares include Ding Wu, Gui Si, Zun Si, Square Pot II, Pan, Yi, Hu, Jue, Qi and so on.Among them, two tripods and a gui have the inscription "Jinhou Bangfu".There are eight copper chime bells, each with an inscription of 68 characters, and the content is related to "Chu Gongni".It provides clues for exploring the early exchanges between Jin and Chu.There are also 16 stone chimes, as well as weapons such as Ge, sword and arrowhead. The owner of tomb M62 is a woman, with burial objects: three bronze tripods, four gui, pots, yi, jue, zun, pan, square Yi, and tripod-shaped square pots, totaling 14 pieces.Jade wares: one set of jade cladding (48 pieces of jade are sewn on the cloth to form a human face), two sets of jade strings, and two pieces of jade dragons.There are more than 600 pieces of copper fish, mussels and small stones on the east and west sides of the coffin chamber. The owner of M63 tomb is female.Funeral objects: Three bronze tripods, two guis, two pots, one jue, one goblet, one square Yi, one plate, one scorpion, one tripod-shaped square pot, and one cylindrical vessel.Among them, the square pot is cast with the inscription "Yang Ji".A large number of jade artifacts were unearthed, such as jade figures, horses, cows, bears, deer, eagles, ospreys, turtles, and praying mantises.All of them are high-quality jade wares of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Tomb Nos. 93 and 102 (M93 and M102). M102 has no tomb passage. Tomb M93 is male.Stones and charcoal are accumulated in the tomb, and the four corners of the coffin chamber are built of eight piles of stone piers with stones. Burial objects: five bronze tripods, six guis, two pots, one pan, one urn, and one jar each.Eight pieces of Ming vessels: one each of tripod, gui, zun, you, jue, zhi, pan and fangyi.Among them, two square pots have the inscription "Father of the Marquis of Jin".There are also 16 copper chimes.Jade and stone utensils: a set of embellished jade coverings, jade bi, jade ring, and stone ge.The inner and outer coffin ornaments include 8 copper shop heads, 23 copper bells, more than 330 copper fish and a small number of mussels. M102 produced 17 bronze sacrificial vessels, one tripod three, one gui four, one pan, one pot, one pot each.Ming vessels include a tripod, a gui, a 盉, a jue, a gu, and a fang yi, but no inscriptions can be seen.There are also copper fish, copper bells, copper bird-shaped ornaments and so on.There are also jade necklaces, jade plaques, and monkey-shaped jade ornaments. The excavators corresponded the tomb owners of these Jinhou tombs with the Jinhou lineage recorded in "Historical Records: Jin Family", and arranged them as follows: M9 Marquis Wu (Ning nationality). M7 Chenghou (convincing people). M33 Marquis Li (Fu). M91 Jinghou (Yijiu). M1 Lihou (Situ). M8 Xianhou (Ji, Su). M64 Mu Hou (Fei Wang). M93 Marquis Wen (Chou). This time, 17 tombs of the Jin Dynasty were excavated, which belonged to different periods, and were arranged neatly and in a clear sequence.The funerary objects are very rich, including a dazzling array of bronze ritual vessels and jade vessels, many of which have inscriptions on them.This provides precious information for the study of the burial system of the princes of the Western Zhou Dynasty and its evolution, as well as the study of bronze and jade wares. Due to the discovery and excavation of the Jinhou cemetery, it can be considered that the area where many Jinhous are buried should be the former capital of the early Jin Dynasty.Gu Tinglin, a scholar at the end of the Ming Dynasty, said: "Secret doubts about Tang Shu's title and even the demise of Hou Min lie in Yi." It seems that this statement is very insightful.