Chapter 12 2. A Grand View of the Works of Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

During the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, although the society was relatively turbulent, the scope of books and works expanded and the number also increased.The ebb and flow of disciplines such as Confucian classics, metaphysics, historiography, literature, and Buddhism have brought drastic changes in the number and structure of books. First, historical and geographical writings greatly surpassed those of previous generations.There is no category of historical books in the "Seven Strategies" of the Han Dynasty, and it is only included in the Spring and Autumn category of the "Six Art Briefs".Books on history and geography before the Eastern Han Dynasty increased.During the Jin Dynasty, Xun Xu sorted out the collection of books and divided them into four major categories: A, B, C, and D, of which C was an independent historical category (including topography).The historical and geographical works that appeared in this period include: Jin Chenshou's "Three Kingdoms", Song Fanye's "Later Han Shu", Liang Shenyue's "Song Shu", Liang Xiao Zixian's "Southern Qi Shu", Northern Qi Wei Shou's "Wei Shu" And "Jin Taikang Three Years Topography", "Diji", "Zhou Tuji" and so on.During this period, private history writing was very popular, and there were nearly a hundred kinds of history books successively. Although most of them have been lost, they have made great contributions to the history and culture of our country.

Second, a large number of individual sets and general sets are produced.Bieji refers to a book that summarizes a person's multiple works, also known as an anthology.A total collection refers to the collection of many people's works into one book.Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were no personal anthologies, and literary works at that time were circulated in single articles.It did not appear until the Eastern Han Dynasty, and gradually increased after the Wei and Jin Dynasties.The earliest one was "Article Liubie Collection" by Zhiyu in the Western Jin Dynasty, which was the first attempt to select and compile "collections". In the Xiaoliang period of the Southern Dynasties, two important literary collections appeared, "Wenxuan" and "New Odes on Yutai". .

"Wen Xuan" was selected and edited by Emperor Wudi's eldest son Xiao Tong (Prince Zhaoming), also known as "Zhaoming Wen Xuan". The original volume of "Wen Xuan" was 30 volumes, and it was divided into 60 volumes when Li Shan in the Tang Dynasty wrote notes.The whole book selects excellent poems and essays of various genres and styles from the pre-Qin period to the Liang Dynasty. "Selected Works" had a great influence on the literature of later generations. "New Songs of Yutai" was selected and edited by Xu Ling (507-583), and the book was completed in the Liang Dynasty. "Ancient Poems Written for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" ("The Peacock Flies Southeast") is preserved through it.

Third, works of literary criticism began to appear."Wen Fu" written by Lu Ji, a writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, is an extremely important literary treatise in ancient times. "Wen Fu" discusses literary creation in the genre of Fu.The relationship between meaning and words involved in the article, as well as the understanding of conception, emotion, originality and article defects, etc. are all very insightful, and the analysis of style and style is concise.Liu Xie's is a monograph on literary criticism theory.Almost all issues in literature are involved, such as the relationship between literature and society and politics, creative thinking, style, principles of literary criticism, etc. are discussed. It is a great summary of ancient Chinese literary theory."Poetry" written by Zhong Rong, a literary critic of Liang in the Southern Dynasties, is a masterpiece on poetry. summed up.

Fourth, many works on science and technology appeared.In the Song and Qi dynasties of the Southern Dynasties, a great scientist Zu Chongzhi appeared in our country.He has made outstanding contributions in astronomy, calendar, machinery and other aspects.He was the first person to accurately measure pi to seven decimal places. He also commented on "Nine Chapters of Suanjing" and edited "Zishu". "Zishu" was designated as the main textbook of mathematics in the Tang Dynasty. "Qi Min Yao Shu" is an important agricultural science work in my country, the author is Jia Sixie.The book records the experience of agricultural production since the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in my country at that time. It introduces the methods of plowing and sowing, the cultivation methods of grains, vegetables, fruit trees and trees, and the methods of raising livestock, poultry and fish. , food manufacturing methods, etc., is a monograph that systematically discusses agricultural science, and it is still a valuable material for studying the history of agricultural science until today.In addition, "Shui Jing Zhu" is another scientific work in the Northern Wei Dynasty about the geography of ancient my country with the national waterways as the outline.

Fifth, the number of works on linguistics and philology has increased.There are Wei Lideng's "Sheng Lei" and Liang Shenyue's "Four Sound Spectrum", which are important achievements in the study of phonology. Sixth, there has been greater development in philosophical thinking, producing important philosophical works such as Wei Wangbi's "Notes on Laozi", Jin Guoxiang's "Zhuangzi Notes", and Liang Fanzhen's "Shen Mie Lun".Among them, Fan Zhen's "On the Destruction of Gods" is a masterpiece of materialism in ancient my country.