Chapter 11 1. The fate of Chinese books during the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 265 AD, Sima Yan usurped Wei and established the Western Jin Dynasty.The destruction of Wu in 280 A.D. ended the situation of the Three Kingdoms, and a short period of peace and stability appeared in the unified China, and the prosperity of the Taikang era appeared. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the social economy was gradually stabilized, cultural undertakings were restored and developed accordingly, and a large number of documents and classics were preserved.At the beginning of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Xun Xu, the secretary, and Zhang Hua, the secretary of the Zhongshu, sorted out the classics according to Liu Xiang's "Bie Lu". This was the first large-scale official book sorting activity in the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty.In the fifth year of Emperor Wu Xianning (279), Jijun people were not allowed to rob the tomb and obtained more than ten carts of bamboo books, which were later collected by the government.Xun Xu, Shu Xi and others edited and sorted these Jizhong books, and compiled a catalog. This is the second book sorting activity.Later, Xun Xu compiled a comprehensive catalog of government books, "Chinese Classics New Book", based on the catalog of books collected by Cao Wei's secretary Lang Zhengmo.It includes fourteen volumes of the main text, and two volumes of Buddhist scriptures are attached.It is divided into four parts: Part A - Books on the Six Arts and Elementary Schools, namely the Ministry of Classics; Part B - the family of ancient scholars and modern scholars, namely the Ministry of Zi; , that is, the Ministry of History;Compared with Liu Xin's "Qilue", one is to merge "Bingshulue", "Shushulue" and "Fangjilue" in "Qilue" into Zhuzilue and become Yibu or Zibu. The Spring and Autumn History Books included in the "Six Art Briefs" in "Seven Strategies" were independently established, and a Department C, the History Department, was set up. For the first time, A, B, C, and D are used as the sequence symbols of the four volumes in "Zhongjing Xinbo", which adapted to the needs of academic changes and the growth of classics at that time.

In 317 AD, King Sima Rui of Jin proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty.In the north, the five Hus fought in a melee, and one after another, the rule of the Sixteen Kingdoms began. The destruction of the collection reached an unprecedented level, so that when "Liu Yuping Yao" "received his books, the history of the Five Classics, only 4,000 books were collected. roll". After the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when the books were collected again, only 3,014 volumes were obtained, accounting for only about one-tenth of the books recorded by Xun Xu.The author Lang Lichong sorted out the books collected in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and compiled the "Si Bu Bibliography", which took the Five Classics as the A part, the Shiji as the B part, the philosophers as the C part, and the poems and Fus as the D part, and determined four classics and history sub-collections.Since then, this four-part classification system of classics, history, zi, and collection has become the mainstream of ancient book classification in my country, and has been gradually expanded and has been used for more than a thousand years.

In 420 A.D., in the more than 160 years since Liu Yu established the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty, the south has experienced the change of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen dynasties, which is called the Southern Dynasty in history.The north is the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Tuoba Gui in 386 AD. After a series of wars, it was not until Tuoba Tao destroyed Beiliang in 439 AD that the north was unified, forming a situation of confrontation between the North and the South.Later, the Northern Wei Dynasty split into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, and experienced the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. It was called the Northern Dynasty in history.

When Liu Song was established, he inherited the pitifully small collection of 4,000 volumes from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and plundered all the 4,000 volumes of books with red scrolls and green paper and ancient writing in the treasury of the post-Qin government in the north through war, thus expanding the collection to a certain extent. scale.In the eighth year of Yuanjia (431), Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty, when Xie Lingyun, the secretary supervisor, compiled the "Four Parts Catalog", the collection increased to 15,704 volumes, and there were 438 volumes of Buddhist scriptures.

During the Qi Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties, the scale of the collection expanded slightly.In the early days of Qi, Shen Yue "schooled four books" in the East Palace.In Qi Yongming (483-493), Secretary Cheng Wang Liang and Secretary Supervisor Xie Tiao compiled the "Four Bibliographies" on the basis of sorting out books, and only 18,000 volumes of books were recorded. In 502 AD, Xiao Yan established the Liang Dynasty.Xiao Liang attached great importance to the collection of books in the process of establishing his political power. He also set up "Wende Hall" and "Hualin Garden" to collect classics, among which "Hualin Garden" specially collected Buddhist classics.In the first year of Liang Tianjian (502), Wang Tai, the secretary, made a preliminary sorting out of the collection. Therefore, the "Five Catalogs" appeared in the Xiao Liang era.The "Hou Jing Rebellion" in the later period of Emperor Wu of Liang caused a certain loss to the collection of books.After the Hou Jing Rebellion, Emperor Liang Yuan, who was fond of books, returned books to Jiangling, about 70,000 volumes.In 554 A.D., when the Western Wei army broke through Jiangling, Emperor Liang Yuan feared that the books would fall into the hands of the enemy, so he burned more than 100,000 volumes of books and surrendered them.This book burning caused the once prosperous government library collection in the Liang Dynasty to be destroyed again, and once again brought great losses to our country's cultural classics.

After the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the relocation of the capital to Luoyang in the Northern Dynasties, the feudalization process of the Xianbei people was accelerated, the national integration was promoted, and the national book industry was developed.Emperor Xiaowen issued edicts many times to ask for the world's suicide notes, and rewarded those who "have nothing in the secret pavilion and use it when it is beneficial".After three large-scale searches for books, the official collection of books in the Northern Wei Dynasty finally reached a certain scale.However, due to frequent wars and regime changes, the books have been repeatedly damaged.In the early years of Baoding (561-565) in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the national collection of books was only 8,000 volumes, and although there was an increase in the later period, it was only 10,000 volumes, which was particularly inferior to the collection of books in the Southern Dynasties.

The Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties were a period in the history of our country when the country was divided, wars were frequent, and society was in turmoil.Nevertheless, social politics and economy are still developing slowly.Nationalities are integrated, religions are prevalent, and the scientific culture of society is also constantly improving.This period is the transition period in the book history of our country from simple policy to writing a book.At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when Huanxuan proclaimed himself emperor, he ordered: "In ancient times, there was no paper, so the bamboo slips were used, not because they were scattered. Those who use the slips today, all use yellow paper instead." ("Taiping Yulan" Volume 605 cited "Huanxuan's Fake Story").The application of paper reduces the weight of the book carrier, making it more convenient to write, carry, and circulate books, and also greatly develops private book collections, and the number of books in the collection also increases accordingly.During this period, two famous private catalogs appeared - "Qizhi" and "Qilu".

"Qizhi" was compiled by Qi Wangjian (452-489).He divided the books into seven categories: "Classics", "Zhuzi", "Wenhanzhi", "Junshuzhi", "Yinyangzhi", "Artyizhi" and "Tupuzhi". As "attachment", there are actually nine categories.Fifty years later, Liang Ruan Xiaoxu (479-536) synthesized "Qizhi" and other bibliographies, and compiled a catalog - "Qilu". "Seven Records" is divided into internal compilation and external compilation.The internal editions include "Classic Records", "Jizhuan Records", "Zibing Records", "Collected Works Records", and "Shuji Records"; the external editions include "Buddha Records" and "Xiandao Records".It is divided into fifty-five parts in total, and the categories are quite fine.It laid the foundation for the classification of "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" in the future, and played a role in the history of bibliography in my country.These two catalogs have been lost, only the preface of "Qilu" is preserved in "Guang Hongming Ji", which has become an important historical material of bibliography in our country.