Chapter 44 Qing Emperor Kangxi——Aixinjueluo Xuanye
Aixinjueluo Xuanye (1654-1722), the third son of Emperor Shunzhi.Succession at the age of eight.Historical Records: Xuan Ye has a handsome appearance, a voice like a bell, wisdom and courage, classics and martial arts, and respects Confucianism and Taoism.After being in power at the age of sixteen, he planned to kill Oboi who was in power; he quelled the San Francisco Rebellion; subdued the Zheng Chenggong regime in Taiwan, and China was reunited.He reigned for sixty-one years, the longest reigning emperor in Chinese history.He died and was buried in Jingling (now Zunhua, Hebei).
Kangxi was a feudal monarch comparable to Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi, and Tang Taizong in ancient my country. He made great historical achievements in unifying the country, resisting foreign aggression, uniting ethnic minorities, and developing economic production.During his reign, the economy was prosperous and the society was stable, and the "Kangxi Reign", or the early period of the "Kangxi Prosperity" appeared.
Kangxi attached great importance to Han culture, established religious studies and official studies, reused Han intellectuals, established various cultural institutions, and instructed the compilation of "Kangxi Dictionary", "Peiwen Yunfu", "Quan Tang Poetry", "Ancient and Modern Book Collection" and other books , has become an important wealth in the cultural treasure house of our country.
Kangxi is elegant and good at poetry and prose, and wrote many poems in his life, which have certain understanding and historical value.
How magnificent is the Luqu River, and the origin of the mountains is clear and long.
① Situation: Dangerous place.
② Phi rampant: arrogant; rampant.Su Shi's poem "Six Songs of Ciyunzi You Residence": "Mr. sits and endures thirst, and the crowd is rampant by itself."
③ Leisure: clean and calm.
④ Ying Yang: mighty appearance. "The Book of Songs Daya Daming": "Wei Shi respects his father, and Shi Wei Ying Yang."
⑤ Tengxiang: Leap; Pentium. "Selected Works Zhang Heng <Xijing Fu": "Because of the bamboo shoots industry and remaining angry, it is to fly with wings." Xue Zong's note: "Teng, super; ": "When you read the name of the king's plan, you need Jinmai Tengxiang."
This is a seven-character song line, as in 1696 when Kangxi once again conquered Galdan in Mobei.In the Qing Dynasty, the Mobei area stretched from Hulunbeier, Heilongjiang in the east, to the vast sea in the south, to the Altai Mountains in the west, and to Russia in the north. The vast land is the place where the Khalkha Mongolians have lived and nomadic for a long time.The leader of the tribe is the descendant of the clan of the Yuan Dynasty.To the west of Khalkha Mongolia, there is another branch of the Mongolian nationality in my country-Elut Mongolia.Galdan was the leader of the Junggar Tribe, one of its four tribes. He "proclaimed himself Boshuo Ketu Khan, and obeyed his orders because he threatened the Oirats" (Vol.He was ambitious, relying on his powerful separatist forces, controlled the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, threatened Qinghai, Tibet and Khalkha Mongolia, and became a serious obstacle and stubborn enemy of Kangxi's unification of the world.In the thirty-fourth year of Kangxi (1695), Galdan colluded with Tsarist Russia and led 30,000 cavalry troops down the Kerulun River, threatening to "bring 60,000 Russian shotgun soldiers to invade Monan." ("Sheng Wu Ji" volume 3), igniting the flames of rebellion.In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi (1696), the Qing army "advanced and suppressed along the Kerelun River", and Kangxi "led the banned brigade personally, and walked out of the middle road from Dushi". tents, equipment, and fled by night" (Volume 22 of "Prospects of Pingding Shuomo by Personal Expedition").With the power of an emperor, the style of a general, and the affection of a poet, Kangxi excitedly played such a stirring and cheerful victory song.
The poem has a total of twelve rhymes and twenty-four sentences, which can be divided into two parts.In the first half of the scene, the "cunning bandit" is mocked; in the second half of the narrative, it is praised as "heroic".
Luqu River, also known as Longju River, is actually the Kerelun River in the title of the poem.It originates from the southeast of the Great Kent Mountain in Mongolia, bends northeast and flows for more than 3,000 miles into Hulun Lake in Hulun Buir, and then becomes the upper source of the Ergun River, and then turns to the source of the Heilongjiang River, and flows eastward into the sea.Kangxi's pen did not focus on laying out algae paintings, but his affectionate description of the long history and the ins and outs of the soup and soup, but it showed a peaceful, stable, rich and beautiful habitat paradise in front of people's eyes.Indeed, this used to be a "fertile soil", but since the "cunning bandits" came to occupy it, it has become a barren land. "The land is barren, and sometimes there is no water" ("Donghualu" Kangxi Dynasty), if you want to fight against the rebels here, why do you want to fight!However, the word "surprised" came out of nowhere, which not only showed the determination and bravery of the Qing army to suppress the rebellion, but also pointed out the rebel enemy's foreign power and meddling and the end of the day.However, the writing of the poem: "I am a teacher of heroism", only focuses on two scenes: one is to catch fish in the current, and the other is to drink horses by the river.During Kangxi’s expedition to Mobei beyond the Great Wall, the combat conditions were extremely difficult. "Since ancient times, it has been said that it is difficult to use soldiers... to the vast sea and other sandy moraines, it is especially difficult to transport grain, and when it rains, it is difficult to firewood and firewood" (quoted above) .However, the author's poems have omitted the exhaustion of the imperial army's long-distance drive, and highlighted the ups and downs of the soldiers.This is not only the natural transition and development of Qingqi Juehe and Qianshui Jianshang, but also an image of unabated morale and joy in suffering. "Fresh scales" refers to fish in the river. "Splashing thorns" imitates the sound of fish jumping. Song Shen Yuqiu once had the same description in his poem "The Boat Crossing Beitang": "Passing geese with mixed shadows, jumping fish and splashing stinging sounds." Obviously, Kangxi's writing fish Jumping, it is really a joy to write, exaggerating the morale of a school of exuberance and liveliness.Looking at "Drinking Horses by the River" again, it is very similar to a sketch, and it seems to have been written in a random way. In fact, this is just a chance.Luqu River, also known as Donkey's Horse River, was here in the eighth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1410), when Ming Chengzu once led his army to fight against Wacha, and changed its name to "Yinma River".Therefore, the coincidence of the author Kangxi's allusions, on the one hand, describes the supplies and rest of the soldiers' war horses naturally and smoothly, and on the other hand, cleverly and vividly depicts the mighty eagles of the various tribes.In this way, the imagery written in the poem truly breaks through the appearance, making the emotions expressed by the poet more full and profound.
There is not a single sentence in this poem that positively describes the battle between the forbidden brigade and the cunning bandits led by the author, but the hints about the nature of the war and the comparison of the morale of the two sides in the poem all suggest the "cunning bandits" The invincibility of "my teacher" and the invincibility of "my teacher".This seven-character song line is written in one rhyme to the end, brisk and smooth, and four sentences in one stanza, with contrasting layers, so it is not only full of the rushing forward momentum of the ancient times, but also has a flowing and changing aesthetic meaning. state.The poem not only narrates a few scenes and fragments of temporary stay and rest during the expedition against rebellion, but also organically combines description and lyricism, vividly expressing the author Kangxi's ambition to promote national unity and realize the great cause of national reunification!
This is the work presented by Kangxi to the minister Xu Yuanmeng.Xu Yuanmeng (1655-1741) was a native of Zhengbai Banner in Manchuria, with a long character and Die Yuan.The surname is Shu Mulu, because "Shu" and "Xu" have slightly the same pronunciation, so he is called Mr. Dieyuan Xu. "Qing History Draft Xu Yuanmeng Biography" says: "(Kangxi) fifty-seven years, (Xu Yuanmeng) moved to the Minister of the Ministry of Industry, and is still a bachelor in charge of the (Hanlin Academy)." And "Qing History Biography Xu Yuanmeng Biography" records: "(Kangxi) in October of the 60th year, he said: "Xu Yuanmeng is a classmate of the old Hanlin, and he was a scholar before the 16th year of Kangxi. This is the only one!" A compendium of leisure power'." The sixty years of Kangxi is 1721 AD, when Xu Yuanmeng was sixty-six years old, and Kangxi was one year older, at sixty-seven years old.Although it has been 60 years since he was the emperor, Kangxi really sighed a lot when facing Sang Yu's old age.
Judging from the first couplet in the poem, the author wants to get rid of the depression and laments the old sickness.Combined with the title of the poem, Kangxi occasionally asked about Xu Yuanmeng during his illness, and Fang suddenly realized: "Except for Xu Yuanmeng, "there is no one who has been a scholar before the 16th year of Kangxi."This seems to be the main reason for his depression.It is also natural to feel nostalgic for the "classmates of the old Hanlin" 40 or 50 years ago, but how can we "feel pity" and "feel sympathy"?How can a great emperor feel lonely?Kangxi was an emperor with great literary talent and military strategy. Since he came to power, he cut down feudal vassals, quelled rebellion, seized Taiwan, expelled Tsarist Russia, conquered east and west, and finally won a unified country.He firmly believed that "the power in the world should be controlled by one person, and it cannot be left alone" ("Kangxi Political Leaders Political System"), but the long-term disputes surrounding the establishment of the reserve made him angry, depressed, and exhausted.As early as the fourteenth year of Kangxi (1675), he established Yinreng (the second son of the emperor) as the prince, but 35 years later, Kangxi issued a decree accusing Yinreng of breaking the law of his ancestors, "peeping at my daily life actions", " Forming a party feather makes me unpredictable that I will be poisoned today and killed tomorrow, and I will be cautious day and night. How can a person like this be paid for the great career of his ancestors." "After the order, I will cry bitterly."The struggle for power has deteriorated the relationship between father and son to the point of life and death.Unbelievably, within a year, Yinyu was restored as a reserve, and less than three years later, it was abolished again.Yinfeng is the eighth son of Kangxi, with outstanding talents. The courtiers once recommended him as the crown prince, but in the fifty-third year of Kangxi (1714), there was a decree: "Yinfeng formed a party member with rebellious officials and thieves, and secretly acted treacherously. , saying that I am seven years old, and the time is not long, and I can't hide it. Yi was once protected by others. Who dares to argue, so he said that he can be protected without any danger. I know his unfilial and unrighteous situation... From then on, I and Yinyu The kindness of father and son is absolute. I am afraid that in the future there will be an elder brother who is like a dog, relying on his kindness, raising troops and making trouble for him, forcing me to abdicate and stand up for him. If so, I can only die with a smile on my face ...Yinyu cannot be established as the crown prince because of this, "The risk of this person is a hundred times that of the second elder brother" ("Donghualu" Kangxi Dynasty Volume 94).Kangxi's words have been very heartless, and his relationship with Yinyu has become incompatible.Since then, those who proposed to establish an heir in the court were either condemned (Wang Jian, Tao Yi, etc.), or killed (Zhu Tianbao), and Kangxi did not register a prince until he died of illness.Since Kangxi's opposition to Chu was kept secret, of course it is inconvenient to say it clearly in the poem.This is a great pain in his heart in his later years, and it is also the so-called "boring bosom" in the dream poem he bestowed on Xu Yuan!Similarly, it is precisely because of this that he feels old and sick "pitiful" and reminiscing about it "generously"!
The antithesis of couplets is more natural, which is also a self-portrait of his old image.That is to say, in the case of the Li Chu of the Eastern Palace, Kangxi, as an old emperor who has been at the peak of power for a long time, is always worried that the power will "fall aside", lest another power center that is difficult to control, so he is always on guard, suspicious and fickle, even capricious, and brave. The resolute "young spirit" has long since disappeared, and it is only from old age, sickness, loneliness, and empty lamentation of the years.
The neck couplet is his nostalgia for the youthful glory days.The previous sentence is on point, and then nostalgia.Xu Yuanmeng was promoted in the twelfth year of Kangxi (1673). In his youth, Kangxi had a taste of the old Imperial Academy with him, studying classics and poor history, and learning sea racing.In the last sentence, I made a remark to encourage myself to grow old and become stronger.Kangxi attached great importance to the study of Han Confucianism. He not only opened a wide range of erudite CI subjects and Ming History Museum, but also organized manpower to edit and compile cultural classics extensively.During his reign, there were many books such as the imperial compilation "Zhouyi Zhezhong", "Daily Talking and Four Books Explanation", the imperially ordered "Compilation of Songs and Legends", "Full Tang Poems", "Peiwen Yunfu", "Integrated Ancient and Modern Books" and so on. Compiled, so the poem said that in his later years, he did not forget to cultivate academics.
The tail is connected with a sigh of incompetence.Recalling those glorious and prosperous years, Wenzhiwugong, who has never made achievements!It's all over, although the poetic sentiment is still there, but the old age is approaching, and the sickness will add to the body!The philosophy of life, old age, sickness and death must be practiced by everyone, and the speculation about the principles of harmony and harmony is unavoidable even for emperors.The vigor has been worn out, even if I pick up a hair, I feel that it is not easy to sway.
An obvious feature of Kangxi's seven rhythms is that the language is light and the words are light, and it does not use a classic, but the meaning is deep and true.There is a poem by Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty: "The enemy of the wine army is like meeting, and you can still sit on the saddle when you are old" ("He Linghu Xianggong sent Liu Langzhong and saw the long sentence"), and Kangxi's poem was also sung by old people. What, but the spirit is not as good.Compared with Kangxi's previous works of Conquest and Yonghuai, the sadness of its style is naturally another level.However, if we take a closer look at the unique psychological mechanism in Kangxi's later years, we can also find the author's deeply buried difficulties and long-smoldering nostalgia through the superficial complaints of hatred and sorrow in this poem. .
At the beginning of the war horses, the warriors were happy, and they had already broken Loulan with their arms.
This is a painting poem.The inscription on the painting is the crystallization of the highly fusion of Chinese poetry and painting art, which embodies a unique national style of Chinese painting art.Inscribing poems on paintings began in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, they only used poems to praise paintings, such as Du Fu's "Song of Jiang Chugong's Painting of Horned Eagles", "Songs of Landscapes and Water Paintings by Wang Zai in Opera", etc.; the real inscription of poems on paintings was after the Northern Song Dynasty. Its purpose is to elucidate the meaning of the painting, such as Su Shi's "Eight Realms of Qianzhou" and "Evening Scenery of the Spring River in Huichong".Kangxi's seven songs definitely belong to the latter category of works.
The poem is titled according to "Teacher's Picture".The painting is hard to see, let's look at this poem.
"War horses and warriors rejoice at the beginning of leisure", in the first sentence, write "horse" and "scholar", respectively, one is crowned with "war" and the other is decorated with "armor".But at this time, neither the flames of war, nor the screams of killing were heard.What people see is the leisurely comfort of the horses, and what they hear are the laughter of the soldiers.Why is there such leisure and joy?The title of the next sentence: "Swing Ge has already broken Loulan." "Loulan", "Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions" says: "The original name of Shanshan is Loulan." Its place is about the northwest of Raoqiang County, Xinjiang.In the poems of the predecessors, "Loulan" is often used to refer to the provocative Panma or the internal offender Hu.Wang Changling of the Tang Dynasty had a poem that said: "The yellow sand wears golden armor in a hundred battles. If you don't break Loulan, you will never return it." That is, the Junggar rebels in the west.This sentence in the poem can make readers suspenseful: Loulan has been broken, so scholars and horses are happy.The first two sentences of the poem are inverting cause and effect.The fruit comes first and the cause comes later.The strange thing is that the time relationship expressed by the two adverbs "Chu" in the first sentence and "Zao Zao" in the second sentence seems to be contradictory: Loulan was broken early, why is it happy to be at the beginning?However, if you do some scrutiny, you will be able to discover the mystery: the word "beginning" means that a fierce battle has just ended and the battle is hard, from the objective reality; The invincibility of this army is an exaggerated description of the fighter's subjective belief.Therefore, from the perspective of the victor's emotional state of mind, the poet's choice of these two adverbs is contradictory on the surface, but unified in essence, and just right.
The first two sentences describe the mood of the characters, and the next two sentences exaggerate the atmosphere of the environment. "Sell soldiers' spirit" is a metaphor for the end of war.The ancients also had a superstitious saying that the brightness and extinguishment of the "Yantou star" could herald the onset and extinction of the flames of war, so the falling of the "Yantou star" may be destroyed by the stars. "Tianshan", between the Altai Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains, traverses the entire central part of Xinjiang. "Kyushu Yaoji" said: "There is Tianshan Mountain in Wucheng County, Liangzhou." According to "Old Stories of Xihe": "Tianshan Mountain is high, with long clouds in winter and summer, so it is called Baishan." "White" is the color of snow, "cold", then It is the characteristic of snow.Therefore, "May Cold" in the poem actually means "May Snow".Therefore, the two sentences "Mitian Xingdou sells soldiers' energy, illuminates the Tianshan Mountains and the May cold" not only describe the regional landscape of conquests and squadrons, but also point out the seasonal characteristics at that time.What is more artistic is that the organic combination of these narrative elements such as time, place, scenery, and objects subtly and harmoniously renders a unique environmental atmosphere: the Tianshan Mountains are still majestic and peaceful when the beacon smoke disappears, and the night is still faint in midsummer and May. Cold, the snow on Fengling reflects the starlight in the sky, melting and clean.This is a symbol of peace and happiness, and it is also the unity and freedom of heaven, earth, and people that galloping horses and soldiers strive to pursue.
Inscribing paintings in poems is to elucidate the meaning of pictures, so they can often receive the aesthetic effect of poetic and picturesque interpenetration and complement each other.Kangxi is a generation of emperors, but he is also worthy of being an artist.Even without the original painting, Kangxi's vivid characters, vivid description of mood, and rendering of harmonious environment atmosphere in this poem of Kangxi are full of picturesqueness in themselves.I really don't know what is poetry and what is painting!The combination of poetry and painting art has reached a perfect state.
The source of the Yellow River is extremely difficult, and its torrential flow comes from the wilderness.
