Chapter 29 Lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty - Li Yu
Li Yu (916-961), Chongguang, first named Congjia, nicknamed Zhongyin, also known as Zhongshan Hermit and so on.A native of Xuzhou (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), he was the last ruler of the Southern Tang Dynasty, known as the Empress Master of the Southern Tang Dynasty and Li Empress.Li Yu is the sixth son of Li Jing.Wide forehead, full cheeks, parallel teeth, and double pupils.Shao Yingwu, fond of learning, good at calligraphy, good at painting, proficient in rhythm.In the fifteen years of his reign, he was indulged in sensuality, disregarded the hardships of the people, and believed in Buddhism. When the country was in danger, he chanted dirges and feared endlessly.In the eighth year of Kaibao (975), the Song army captured Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), Li Yu was forced to surrender, and the Southern Tang Dynasty died.In the third year after the fall of the Song Dynasty (978), on July 7, Li Yu was having fun with an old prostitute. Song Taizong was furious, so he gave him medicine and died.After his death, he was presented to the grand master and made king of Wu.Buried in Beimang Mountain, Luoyang.
Li Yu was good at literature and art all his life, especially his lyrics.Most of his poems are about palace banquets, sorrowful spring and autumn, while his later works are mostly expressing the grief, indignation and sorrow of the ruin of the country and family.Liu Yongji commented: "It is written in blood, and its words are true from the heart." The predecessors spoke highly of the latter's main words, such as Tan Xian said: "The latter's words are worthy of Taibai's poems. Wang Guowei said: "When the Ci came to the Empress Li, his vision began to widen, and his emotion became deep, so he changed the Ci of Linggong into the Ci of scholar-bureaucrats." It can be seen from this that Li Yu's contribution in the history of Ci is undeniable. .Later generations once compiled his works and Li Jing's poems into "The Second Main Ci of the Southern Tang Dynasty".
The wind returns to the small courtyard and the courtyard is verdant, and the willow eyes continue in spring.
After the Southern Tang Dynasty, there were many candidates for the main lyrics. The most popular masterpieces, such as "Meeting and Joy", "Lang Taosha", etc., are almost catchy by everyone.As for this article, it is in the second class, selected or left out, between attention and neglect.Another song "Poppy Poppy" by the poet, that is, "When is the Spring Blossom and Autumn Moon", is very popular, not to mention.I think this song of the same tone should be compared and viewed side by side, so as to be truly appreciated.Everyone likes to recite the song "Spring Flowers and Autumn Moon", but because it sings loudly, smoothly and unrestrainedly, and even has a joyful feeling, it is easy to be infected; people like this one feel "inferior".In fact, it is fluent but reserved and shallow, cheerful and calm, deep and serious, and gentle.
He Feng who returns to the small courtyard?That is to say, the east wind of "Small Building Last Night", so when the wind returns, the courtyard turns green.What about the overcrowded?Herbaceous plants can also sometimes include clumping shrubs. If they are wild and self-prosperous products, they are clumps and indistinguishable, so they have the meaning of barrenness.Spring has returned, and it was a joyous occasion, but my heart is doubly lonely, and my love can be seen in words, which is exactly what it means.When the garden grass returns to fragrance, it is a layer of spring light; when the willow eyes continue to brighten, it is a layer of spring light, so it is called continuous.At this time, the deep courtyard is locked in the spring, and the west building is silent and alone, watching from the lanai, and thinking-for a long time, for a long time.It is because of the wind that the bamboo is felt, and the dragon sings thinly; when the moon breaks through the night, the hook color is slender.All of this is the same as before.But there are differences!
So what is it that is different?Hard to say, hard to say.Difficult to say, unwilling to say, needless to say, all are difficult to say.Therefore, it is said that there are no words.Those who are silent do not mean that there is no one to speak with.
If you look at it from the surface, there are singing and dancing, banquets, fine wines, ponds are rippling, and spring water is melting.However, the state of mind is different, sad and unhappy, singing and singing are useless.The night is dark, looking back at the small building where I am, there is a glow of precious torches, and the famous fragrance is full of fragrance. When I look at myself in the mirror, it is already frost on the temples, and the snow is on the head. The environment changes with the years, and the heart changes with the times. -Those who lean on the back of the railing for a long time and think about it, it will be difficult to overcome themselves.
This word is painful and has a strong taste, which is especially resistant to chewing.Those who study literature play it carefully, they can understand many ways, understand the deep meaning, and not just be moved by clamoring and flashy words, then there is a way to advance in literature and art.
Thinking, must read "four (si)"; Ren, must read "benevolence (ren)".If this reason is ignored, the beauty of music will be ruined, who will be responsible?
Evening make-up begins to brighten the skin snow, and the concubines of the Spring Palace line up.
I wrote an article "Appreciation of Da Yan's Poetry" (see "Jaling Analects Series"), and I tried to divide poets into two categories: poets of reason and poets of pure emotion.The emotion of a poet who thinks of reason is like "a flat lake on one side". A graceful demeanor."This type of poet should be represented by Yan Shu.As for Li Yu, the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty, he happened to be of another type, the best representative of a poet of pure love.The feelings of this type of poet are not like the pulsating Pinghu Lake, but like the surging river, which just rushes down blindly, without the restraint of the Pinghu's shore, nor the pure and unchanging nature of Pinghu. demeanor.The posture of this pouring river is shaped according to the objects, and it often changes from time to time due to the different surrounding environments.After passing through the meandering stream, it will naturally become a sultry murmur, and passing through a steep mountain wall, it will also automatically become a thrilling trombone, reflecting all encounters with the most indulgent and purest feelings , This was originally an obvious feature of a poet of pure love.Although there are obvious differences in the content and style of Li Yuzhi's works before and after the subjugation of the country, they are also the expression of indulgence and innocence.
This song "Jade House Spring" is undoubtedly the work of the late master before the subjugation of the country. The whole story is about the prosperity of singing, dancing and feasting in the palace at night. The essence of the painting, the unrestrained and natural brushwork, and the expressive elegance are still unmatched.There is a comment that says: "Wen Feiqing's words are beautiful in sentences; Wei Duanji's words are Guxiu; Li Chongguang's words are Shenxiu." This comment is extremely appropriate.Feiqing's words are exquisite and beautiful, and their beauty lies in the words and phrases, so they are said to be "beautiful sentences"; Duanji's words are not as beautiful as Feiqing's, but their vigor and depth are enough to move people's hearts. The main feature lies in a kind of potential bone strength, so it is said to be "bone show". There is a kind of elegance and sophistication, so it is called "shenxiu".This song "Jade House Spring" is a small poem written extremely gracefully and gracefully.
Let’s look at the first sentence first, “The skin is snowing at the beginning of the evening make-up”. These seven characters not only describe the beauty of the maids who put on the evening makeup, but also express the joy of the queen master in the face of these glamorous maids. .Let's talk about "evening makeup" first. Some notebooks may be written as "Xiaozhuang". It is more moving.For one thing, "Xiao makeup" is made to suit the light of the day. Although it is also dyed with Dai Shizhu, generally speaking, it is mostly based on more elegant tones; while "evening makeup" is for The makeup suitable for the light of the lamp and candle, the depiction of red lips and black eyebrows, is inevitably more colorful than "Xiaozhuang", so only using the word "evening makeup" can make people imagine its brilliance. people.Furthermore, after "Xiaozhuang", there may still be some human affairs that need to be taken care of, while "Evening makeup" is often made for banquets, singing and dancing, so using the word "Evening makeup" is also acceptable. It is reminiscent of the grand occasion of banquets, but these two words alone are enough to reveal the meaning of the queen's flying.It is followed by the word "beginning", which means that the first makeup is finished, and it is the most even and bright moment for a woman after makeup, so it is followed by the word "bright muscle snow", then It means that its snow-like skin is more radiant and bright.After reading it, the writing of these seven characters will become stronger and stronger, and the excitement is unstoppable.
Followed by the second sentence, "Spring Palace concubines and concubines are lined up", which describes the congregation of the concubines. The neatness of the concubine's team is written, and the ranks of the dance team are already conceivable.In addition to the following two sentences: "Phoenix flute blows through the water and clouds, press "Neon Clothes" again to sing all over", the singing and dancing are officially on the stage. "Feng Xiao" means "Sheng Xiao". Sheng and Xiao are two kinds of musical instruments respectively, and Feng Xiao is a kind of musical instrument. this.In short, the intuitive feeling given by the word "Feng Xiao" is that it is an exquisite and luxurious musical instrument, which is exactly in line with the indulgence in the extravagant life of pleasure written in this word. .Furthermore, if the word "Sheng" is used, the first three sentences of the sentence "Sheng", "Xiao", and "Chui" are all in flat tones, and the tone will inevitably be too flat and unchanged. The word "Feng" is flat, the word "Xiao" is flat, the word "Chui" is flat, and the word "Duan" is flat. In the rhythm of this sentence, although the second and fourth characters must obey the rhythm, the first and third characters It is not necessary to completely obey the law for the flat and flat, and the later master uses flat and flat, which is extremely circumflex, and "tight and flat" is a commonly used sentence pattern in lyrics and music.Therefore, I privately think that it is better to make "Fengxiao". The next words of "Feng Xiao" are "Chu Duan", the word "Buan", according to Zhang Xiang's "Annotation of Poetry, Music, and Language", it says "Buan, it is still exhausted, it is evil", it means "Chu Duan" is blown to the extreme meaning.Followed by "Shuiyun Xian", "Xian" is used as "Xian" and "Jian" again. There is nothing wrong with the word "yi", but the word "jian" mostly means the middle, so "shuiyunjian" refers to the meaning of the sound of the phoenix flute blowing off, and its sound floating between the water and clouds, which seems to be desirable. , but the word "Xian" has a leisurely meaning, and writing "Shuiyun Xian" means that on the one hand, it describes the clouds and waters that you see, and on the other hand, it corresponds to the previous "Feng Xiao blowing off", which means that the sound of the flute is straight. I want to hang around with the water and clouds for leisure. Therefore, I privately think that it is better to make the word "Xian".
Then follow it with "re-press the song of "Neon Clothes" everywhere", "press" means to play, and "re-press" means "replay", "more play" and "replay". Not only playing the broken phoenix flute, but also playing the song "Neon Clothes" again. "Blowing" means "blowing off", and "pressing" means "repressing". These words can be seen from the master's indulgence and indulgence, and according to Ma Ling's "Southern Tang Book": "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes" is the most famous song. When the chaos occurred, the blind teacher absented himself from his job, and the sound was lost. The master of the post obtained the score alone, and the musician Cao Sheng was also good at the pipa. He obtained the sound according to the score, but it was not perfect. (Da Zhou) Hou Zong Changing fallacies, quite obscene, new sounds, clearer and more pleasant to listen to." Both the Empress and the Empress of the Zhou Dynasty were fine in rhythm, and their love was restored. What's more, "Neon Clothes and Feather Clothes" was the most famous Daqu in the Tang Xuanzong era. The discovery and arrangement by the Empress and the Empress Zhou show that when the Empress Dowager performed this song in the palace in the future, his joy and indulgence were of course more than the comparison of ordinary singing, dancing and feasting. And it is called "repressing", and it is followed by "singing all over".All over and through are all titles of Daqu.According to Daqu, there are so-called Paiben, Zhengben, Dunben, and Yanben. The elders can have dozens of times. ", the song is high-pitched and hasty when it reaches the breaking point. There is a sentence in "Jade House Spring" in Liuyi Ci "the rhyme of the heavy head song resounds, and the red waist of the breaking dance dances around". The length and duration of the song, as well as the high pitch and rapidity of the tone, are all fully expressed in this sentence, and the master's indulgence and indulgence can also be imagined.
The first sentence of the second half of the column is "Who is more fragrant when facing the wind?" It is said that there is a maid in charge of incense in the empress palace, who is in charge of burning incense and incense. "Incense" is easy to understand. If the maids of Gai scatter the powder of spices everywhere, the palace will be filled with fragrance.As for the word "Linfeng", the first is "Linchun". Zheng Qian's "Selected Words" says: "Linchun, the name of a pavilion in the palace of the Southern Tang Dynasty, but "Linfeng" echoes the word "piao", and seems to coexist." But However, Zheng Qian still chose the word "wind". It is more lively and meaningful to write "facing the wind", and the fragrance is wafting when facing the wind, so the dispersal of the fragrance is more far-reaching. The fragrance of the fragrance, so the postmaster added the word "who is more" in this sentence, and the person who said "who" is just the tone of smelling the fragrance but not seeing the person, and it just expresses the meaning of floating in the wind. The word "who" is followed by the word "geng", which means "more", and it should be read together with the first half.Gai Houzhu has already written about his admirers in the upper half of this poem: the palace maids who can see the "bright muscle snow" and "filament columns", and the "fengduan" who are heard by ears. "Xiao" and "Repressed" "Neon Clothes", and here is the "Piaoxiang" of "Linfeng" that "Geng" has heard through his nose, so the word "Geng" is trying to write the many aspects of the ears, eyes and five senses. What's more, there is the following sentence "drunk patting the railings with a sense of taste", the word "drunk" expresses another kind of enjoyment of drinking, the so-called entertainment of extreme color, sound, aroma and taste, His enthusiasm is soaring, each section is more high than the next section, so he doesn't feel his fascination, clapping his hands, completely indulging in such a deep emotion.
As for the last two sentences, "When you return, put off the red candles, and wait for the horseshoes to clear the night and the moon", it is obviously the scene when you return after singing and drinking, but the posthumous writing is still so meaningful, and there is no end to it. "Don't put red candles on red candles" means that followers are not allowed to light red candles.With the beauty of the flame of the "red candle", followers are not allowed to ignite it, just because of "waiting to step on the horseshoe to clear the moon at night". Those who "wait" must also, just to return home with horseshoes under the moonlight all over the road, so even the beautiful red candles are not allowed to light.The Empress is really a person who knows the joys of life best.Moreover, the three characters "Treading Horseshoe" are written very expressively. On the one hand, the word "Treading" can remind people of the sound of a horseshoe in both sound and meaning; "Horseshoe" can give readers a double feeling, not only stepping on it with the horseshoe, but also stepping under the horseshoe is such a clear night of moonlight, and you can hear the sound of the hooves.This kind of pure and indulgent writing brings readers a very real feeling.The whole article uses unrestrained and natural pen to express a kind of unreflective and restrained mood of Trent flying completely indulged in pleasure. There are neither difficult words to explain nor deep feelings to explain. Its beauty is extremely good. It's hard to convey in words, but it's a small poem written extremely elegantly and gracefully.This poem can be regarded as a representative of the early works before the subjugation of the emperor.
Leisurely dreams are far away, and the southern country is in full bloom.On the boat, the river is green and fluff is flying all over the city.Busy killing the flower watchers!
①The two poems "Wangjiangmei" and "Li Jing and Li Yu Ci" compiled by Zhan Antai are combined into one, which is divided into upper and lower two poems.But the rhymes of the two poems are different, so there should be two poems.Therefore, Guan Xiaoxian's "The Complete Works of the Two Masters of the Southern Tang Dynasty" is divided into two pieces.
The two poems "Wangjiangmei" were written after Li Yu was captured in Bianjing. "Wangjiangmei" is another name for the tune "Wangjiangnan". This tune is mostly used to sing about the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Bai Juyi's "Recalling Jiangnan" (also an alias for "Wangjiangnan"): "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is old. The sunrise is red. It is better than fire, and the river is as green as blue in spring, and it is impossible not to remember the south of the Yangtze River." These two words of the latter master are written by him in the northern country to remember the prosperity of the south of the Yangtze River after his family and country were ruined, and he was reduced from the supreme ruler to a prisoner.
Both words start with "Xianmengyuan". The "leisure" here is not the "leisure" of leisurely leisure, but the "leisure" that Xin Qiji said "leisure is the most painful" ("Touching Fish"), which refers to a kind of hard to dispel. Low and depressed mood.This kind of emotion evokes nostalgic dreams of the poet, and the situations in these old dreams are already "far away" from the poet, gone forever.So we say that these two words should be written in Bianjing.If Jiangnan was in its heyday, and the master experienced it himself, he would not need to rely on dreams to recall and reappear.In the life of the prisoner who "washed his face with tears", the master used to relive the old joys in dreams again and again, so as to self-injure and masturbate, such as: "The dream of the motherland returns, and I feel both tears" , "The past has become empty, but it is still like a dream" ("Midnight Song"); "Looking at the South of the Yangtze River"); "Everything in the world follows the flowing water, and it is a dream to live forever" ("Wu Yecry"). The "idle dreams" recorded in the two poems of "Wangjiangmei" are just a few of these countless old dreams.
The first song "Dream" is "Nanguo Fangchun", that is, the spring scene in the south of the Yangtze River.The blue waves on the river are rippling, hundreds of boats are galloping, orchestras are playing in unison, and the music is melodious.Catkins dance in the city, flowers are in full bloom, ladies and gentlemen admire the flowers, and come out of the city, so that "cars are like flowing water and horses are like dragons", setting off the red dust of Jiumo and mixing with the tidbits.In Chunjiang Chuncheng, there are carnival and busy scenes everywhere.In just three sentences, how many scenes and characters are included, which makes people feel dizzy and dazzled.
The second song "Dream" is about "Qingqiu in the South".Different from the rich and colorful pictures of the first song, which are full of flowers and brocades, this one depicts a pure and quiet freehand brushwork: thousands of miles of rivers and mountains, boundless and clear, and a cold scene.In the depths of the reeds, a lonely boat moors at night, and the feelings of guests are already embarrassing; I also heard the sound of flutes coming from the Mingyue Tower, and I feel that autumn thoughts are overflowing and boundless.The whole word is full of poetic and picturesque, which makes people fascinated. It is exactly "the homeland is unbearable to look back in the moonlight" ("Yue Meiren")!
These two poems vividly show the unique beautiful scenery of the southern country, one is bright and joyful, and the other is delicate and elegant.In addition to describing the scenery, the poet did not add any subjective lyrical comments.Therefore, on the surface, it seems that the purpose of the poem is simply to sing and praise the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River.However, if you connect the three characters "Xianmengyuan" at the beginning, and the poet's life experience and writing background, you can find that this word actually uses the method of "writing sorrow with joy", behind the happy and beautiful picture, embodies With deep and deep sadness and sentimentality.Japanese scholar Matsuura Yuhisa once made a statistics and found that in ancient Chinese poetry, there are far more poems about spring and autumn than about winter and summer ("Spring and Autumn and Winter and Summer of Classical Chinese Poetry").In these two poems about revisiting old dreams, what Li Yu chanted was precisely the spring and autumn in the south of the Yangtze River instead of winter and summer.The ancient Chinese history book is called "Spring and Autumn", which also shows that in the consciousness of Chinese people, spring and autumn have a stronger time meaning than winter and summer; spring and autumn not only represent a season, but also often represent a period of time or a period of history .For example, "When is the spring flower and autumn moon, and how much do you know about the past?" In the past ten years, the country has been surrounded by mountains and rivers for three thousand miles. Fengge, Longlou, Lianxiaohan, Yushu and Qionghua are used as tobacco" ("Pozhenzi").Li Yu was born in the year when his grandfather Li Jing founded the country, and succeeded his father Li Jing when he was 25 years old.In the thirty-nine degrees of spring and autumn, the poets have seen all the beautiful scenery and enjoyed all the glory and wealth in the beautiful land in the south of the Yangtze River.Once the country was subjugated and the northern prisoners were captured, the rule of the small Southern Tang Dynasty came to an end; the life of the Empress himself also underwent earth-shaking changes.In the humiliating life of a prisoner, what haunts the poet's mind all day is the period of history that has just ended and the period of life that has just passed away.That's why poets keep revisiting old dreams, including this "leisure dream".With the help of this "leisure dream", the poet spatialized time, using the two symbolic seasons of spring and autumn to imply the history of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and using the two scenes of "Fangchun" and "Qingqiu" in the south of the Yangtze River , showing the Southern Tang Dynasty's "forty years of family and country, three thousand miles of mountains and rivers", and entrusted the poet's deep sentimental feelings.Only with this understanding can we not only see the beautiful and happy scene fragments described literally by these two words, but further grasp their profound historical content and sense of crisis.Therefore, although the poem "Wangjiangmei" is divided into two poems, it is an inseparable and complementary artistic whole. Most of the anthologies have been selected together.
The latter subject is known for expressing his thoughts directly, such as his other song "Wang Jiangnan": "How much hate, I was in the dream last night. It's like the old days when you went to the garden, the cars are like flowing water, the horses are like dragons, and the flowers and the moon are in the spring breeze." This word is also true. Revisiting the spring dream in the south of the Yangtze River, writing sorrow with joy, but directly pointing out "how much hate" and "old times", the purpose of the words is clearer; the two poems "Wang Jiangmei" are particularly reserved.Revisiting the old dream was originally to seek comfort. In the cheerful dream, the poet obtained a moment of relief, but after all, the beautiful dream cannot take away the sorrow. After waking up from the dream, facing the tragic reality, he can only fall into greater pain. Among them, just as "raising a glass to dissipate sorrow and sorrow is more sorrowful", so is "sorrow is more sorrowful" by borrowing dreams to dissipate sorrow.However, the two words "Wang Jiangmei" all describe the joyful and beautiful dreams, but there is no mention of the infinite nostalgia, reminiscence, sadness, and resentment after waking up from the dream. , Let readers experience it in detail, so it gives people an artistic charm with endless aftertaste!As for the natural refinement and vividness of the scene description, it shows the "shenxiu" true quality of the latter subject.
Lin Hua thanked Chunhong too hastily.Reluctantly, the cold rain comes in the morning and the wind comes in the evening.
