Chapter 14 Emperor Wu of Liang - Xiao Yan
Xiao Yan (464-549), courtesy name Shuda, small character Lian'er.A native of Nanlanling, born in Moling County (now southeast of Nanjing, Jiangsu).The royal family of the Southern Qi Dynasty was named King of Liang.During the civil strife in Qi, he took the opportunity to raise troops to seize the throne.Historical Records: Xiao Yan has a special appearance, with a sun-horned dragon face and a heavy Yue tiger.Learn less but study hard, and be able to get everything done.He is erudite, knowledgeable, good at planning, and has civil and military talents.After ascending the throne, he vigorously advocated Buddhism. On the one hand, he employed the Han people, and on the other hand, he widely recruited the old families of the aristocratic family.Its usage is extremely strict, and the people suffer from it.During Hou Jing's rebellion, he was trapped in Miyagi, died of hunger, and was buried in Xiuling (now east of Danyang County, Jiangsu Province).The temple name is Gaozu, and the posthumous title is Emperor Wu.
Xiao Yanshao loves to read, and has done a lot of research on Confucian classics. He wrote "Qunjing Jiangshu" and "General History";The poems and lyrics are excellent, and Qi Shi is one of the "Eight Friends of Jingling".Later generations commented that his poems are "Yuan Yuan Hun Hun", which is not similar to Qi Liang's style.The Ming people collected the remnants and compiled them into "Liang Wudi Yuzhi Collection", which has been handed down to this day.
The forest is filled with flowers of various colors, refreshing and bright green hanging down to lighten the shade.
This piece is the first of the Jiangnan Nong Qiqu. Its main purpose is to express the author's broad feelings of never forgetting joy and worry, and being superior to others.
Shanglin originally refers to the old palace in the Qin Dynasty, and was later expanded by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. There are more than 70 palaces, stretching for more than 300 miles, and they are used as hunting places for the emperor and nobles.The Shanglin mentioned here is the synonym for Linyuan in the imperial palace.The first two sentences: "All kinds of flowers are all over the forest, and they are refreshing and green." It depicts a picture of spring in the palace garden: all kinds of flowers are blooming in the garden, and the flowers are stretched, and the green leaves are moist. The green is about to drip, the branches are covered with green, and the branches are drooping under the pressure, and they are lush under the sunshine.The garden is really full of spring scenery, and the spring spirit is strong.Facing the unstoppable spring scenery in the garden, people hold hands, sleeves together, and dance in small, rhythmic steps.躞 (xie), small step appearance; 蹀 (die), stepping, dancing. "Huainanzi·Chuzhen": "The ears are divided into the tunes of the eight winds, and the feet are danced with the dance of Ayang." The dance, the small steps that come and go, is the dance.The later Tang poet Bai Juyi's poem "Walking in Luoyang for the First Time": "I used to ride a thousand horses in the east, and now I am riding a horse with a high head." Combining the first three sentences, I focused on describing the scenery, and wrote colorfully and vividly.
The following four sentences focus on lyricism. "Wu Chunxin" is an intentional repetition of the three words at the end of the previous sentence.It is the requirement of the melody for the lyrics, it is also the natural emphasis of emotion, and it is a further exaggeration of the joyful scene of the previous group.Thus, the emotional atmosphere of the song was pushed to a climax.Then the three characters "Lin Sui Yu" added fuel to the flames, adding another layer to the climax: plump, half thick, and rich. Quiet; Boren (Zhou Wei) is condensed, and he can make an appointment when he is in a plump place'." Suiyu means half a year old, half a year old.This adds the color of singing and dancing to promote peace to "Dancing in Spring Heart", and integrates the inner connotation of the prosperity of the country, the people's peace, and the people's livelihood and happiness into poetry.However, just when people were intoxicated in this spring-filled garden and a joyous atmosphere, the poet changed his writing style and ended the whole article with the six characters "I am popular with others, and I am alone".The middle man is the author himself; hesitating and hesitating again, that is, walking back and forth, hesitating. "The Book of Songs Beifeng Jingnv": "Love without seeing, scratching the head and hesitating." A bright master with great talents and great ambitions naturally stands taller and sees farther than other officials, or is he prepared for danger in times of peace and contemplating appointments?Or are you thinking about how to govern the country to be more prosperous?As a result, readers who are immersed in joy can arouse their thinking and aftertaste, and their emotions are hard to calm down.It shows the poet's foresight as a statesman.
The artistic feature of this poem is that the scenery is unique, ingenious, vivid and full of interest; at the climax, it suddenly turns sharply; the ending is implicit and intriguing.It is a lyrical work with unique charm.
The scenery is green, and the sun shines on the green hills.
Like a tree growing in a row, the wood has a different heart.
Yimin refers to people who avoid the world and live in seclusion, that is, hermits, or lost people. "The Analects of Confucius Weizi": "Yimin: Boyi, Shuqi, Yuzhong, Yiyi, Zhuzhang, Liuxiahui, Shaolian." And "Yao said": "The prosperity and destruction of the country, after the peerless world, the Yimin, the world's The hearts of the people will return." "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" has "Yi Shi Fu", which records the biographies of eighteen Yimin people.The author has twelve chapters in "Poems of Yimin", also known as "Poems for Yimin" or "Yin for Yimin", of which the tenth and eleventh chapters are selected here.
Of these two poems expressing the life of the Yi people, the former one focuses on describing the scenery and expresses emotions in the scenery;The two have their own characteristics, and there are similarities in the differences, which can be regarded as the representative works of the author "Yi Min Poems".
The first song is mainly about scenery, describing the leisurely life of Yimin's secluded mountains and forests.The first four sentences describe the scenery of the mountains and forests: the mountains are covered with green, the hills are sunny, the sun is shining, the birds are flying around, the small springs are flowing, and there is a beautiful mountain scenery.Draw a picture of mountains and wild light.In such a landscape painting, the Yimin people either ride together, or hand in hand, "travel together" the beautiful landscape; they either pick fragrant grass on the mountainside, or pick flower branches around the side of the road... Facing the The carefree, unencumbered and secluded life, the author wrote: "Let's stop, go and stay as you like." It expresses the author's admiration for the life of the Yimin; they stop in the mountains and live a life far away from the secular society. Take it easy and be free.The admiration is beyond words.
The latter one is mainly lyrical, expressing the author's praise for the hermit life of Yimin.The author adopts an anthropomorphic approach, using things as a metaphor for people, and uses three lines of sentences in a row to describe the life of Yimin, saying that they are like trees on a ridge, each with its own thoughts and intentions; Let out everyone's voice; like fish in rivers, lakes and seas, floating and sinking at will.Because they are free to come and go, they live freely.Therefore, the author sighed: "The rocks are high and the water is deep. The deeds are easy to see, but the truth is hard to find." This is the author's sigh that it is difficult and thirsty to find talents.
These two poems inherit and adopt the traditional technique of "beautiful assassination" and are written implicitly and profoundly; the pen is concentrated and consistent from beginning to end;Zuo was the founding monarch of Nanliang.He is erudite and versatile in both civil and military affairs. He served as an official in Liu Song Dynasty in his early years and made friends with Shen Yue and Xie Tiao, so he was known as "Eight Friends of Jingling".Such an emperor, in Yimin's poems, while praising Yimin's life, his thirst for talents is hidden between the lines.
Flying from the East to the Shrike and flying the Swallow to the West, Huang Gu and Weaver Girl met each other when they were weaving girls.
① Shrike: The name of the bird, also known as Boluo. "Ancient Weishu": "Shrike likes to live alone." This poem "Ancient Poetry" says: "An ancient song written by a cloud", "New Songs on Yutai" and other "ancient words".
②Huang Gu: Or make Hegu and Hegu. "Erya": "What drum is called a morning glory". "Jingchu Sui Shi Ji": "Hegu, Huanggu, and Morning Glory are all words."
③ One is "Osmanthus Moonlight".
"Dongfei Shrike Song" is a Yuefu poem style, and the first sentence of the poem is taken as the title.Later generations used it to write parting and lovesickness, but this poem expresses one-sided yearning. "Ancient Weishu" says: "Bolao likes to live alone", and the poem is used to refer to a girl who is alone, so "Dongfei Shrike" can be the focus of a piece of content, and the title of the poem is consistent with the content.
The first two sentences are metaphors commonly used in Yuefu poems. The separation of labor and swallows refers to separation, and the difficulty of meeting with cows and girls.But in the poem, the poet contrasts the separation of Yan and Lao with the fact that the cow girl can meet on time, and then uses the solitude of Lao to symbolize the solitude of people.The cow girl has always appeared in front of the world with a tragic face, but the lyrical hero in the poem regards them as lucky and enviable objects, so one can imagine his emotion at the difficulty of meeting alone.On time, on time, according to Niu Niu, it should be once a year; if you look at the big time flow, especially from his long-term lovesickness and never met each other, this once a year is not very enviable.
"Whose family's daughter lives opposite the door", "Whose family" is not a question or inquiry, but admiration.Duomenju naturally knew the origin of her surname, so he chose to say "who's family", which seemed to give him an excuse to inquire, to get more familiar with her situation, so as to get close to her. The three characters "Dianmenju" are the focus of the poem. It is his regret and pain to meet each other without knowing each other.
The following five sentences describe the beauty of this woman. The sentence "Kaiyan" means that she has a bright smile, like the bright moon, which can brighten the neighborhood.Laughter can best reflect the beauty of women, the so-called "smile cleverly, beautiful eyes look forward to". The two sentences of "South Window" say that she is not only beautiful, but also knows how to be beautiful, and is good at dressing herself up. On the bright night of fifteen, the south window and the north window are full of osmanthus shadows in the sky. She is lying in the Qiluo tent, wearing makeup. The fragrance overflows with the wind. The two sentences of "Daughter's age is fifteen or six" describe the age of the girl and the beauty of her complexion.Han Yuefu "Moshang Sang": "How many years is Luo Fu? Twenty is not enough, fifteen is more than enough." Young age is also a factor for girls to look coquettish.
These few sentences write about girls' smiles, dresses, etc., and they mostly use sidewriting. There are only two direct descriptions of beauty: "Yan Ruyu" and "Yaotiao". "Qiluoxiang" is based on its living environment, with the bright moon as a foil.This is slightly different from "Moshang Sang", which reflects the astonishment of beauty by walkers, youths, tillers, hoeers, and the emperor. "Moshang Sang" shows the dynamic beauty of Yingying and flowing, while what is written here is a kind of static beauty of Ningxin.
"Three springs are late, flowers follow the wind" is based on the current situation.This girl is as beautiful as she is beautiful, but she is too reserved, she lives opposite him, does not accept his admiration, and ignores his heartfelt wishes.He satirized her slightly: No matter how good spring is, there will be a time when spring will go; girl, although you are young and beautiful, it is difficult to last forever. Don't you see the flowers on the tree, which are colorful and colorful, but they also fall with the wind?You leave a lovable and pitiful figure in vain, who do you want to be with?This contains the meaning of one's own anxiety and the feeling of fearing that the other party will wither against the time.
Poets often use the beauty of women as a metaphor for their own talent and ability, and use "my sister-in-law lives alone without a man" ("Qingxi Xiaogu Qu") as a metaphor for my lack of talent and not being appreciated by others. Although this poem uses beautiful women as a metaphor The unborn sage is similar to the above, but the intention is just the opposite: it is not a literati-style "self-recommendation", but to write about his desire to get a high-ranking scholar or a certain beautiful thing, and the ending sentence has a profound meaning. The emperor and ordinary poets Sometimes there are some differences.
Birds get up and leave ①, startle and scatter suddenly, ②.
① Lili: Sad appearance.
② Miscellaneous: uneven.
③ Ao Cao: Refers to many birds singing and crying together.
④ One is "Flip over".Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu": "All the birds are fluttering."
⑤ One is "Love in Boudoir".
⑥ One is "Songluo Shang".
"Ancient meaning" is a common poem topic in the Qi and Liang Dynasties. Its nature is similar to "imitation of ancient times", and the scope of content is very wide. Most of them borrow a certain historical theme, integrate the poet's own feelings, and use the past to satirize the present.
This poem is about the war and the grievances it caused.
The two sentences of "flying bird" make sense: the bird is suddenly frightened and scattered at night, and flies up in a strange way, mourning. The two sentences of "嗤咕" come from "Scattered", writing that these birds have nowhere to live, flying around the trees, singing their horns, and finally gather on the cold branches.These four sentences describe the state of the bird being frightened and dispersed. The literal meaning is more obvious, and the artistic conception is somewhat similar to Wei Wudi Cao Cao's "Duan Ge Xing": "The moon and stars are sparse, and the black magpie flies south. It circles the tree three times, and there is no branch to cling to. .”
Viewed independently, these four sentences exaggerate the mood and atmosphere of sorrow and sorrow with a complete level of meaning, which is the harbinger of the lyricism below, and can be used as the "introduction" of the poem, and the poet raises things.From the perspective of the structure of the whole poem, it can also be written in real terms. The lyrical hero in the poem is sad and insomnia. The children are being frightened away like birds, wandering around, in a bad situation; maybe he himself is like the birds, having nowhere to stay, and being conscripted to guard the frontier.Hanzhi, a metaphor for a bad situation.
"It's sad for a long time, but it hurts Long Shang'er" is the emotional center of the poem, which seems to explain why the birds are frightened and scattered in the middle of the night, and why the lyric protagonist can't sleep in the middle of the night.This is neither the pain of self-decision of "the moon and stars are scarce, and the black magpies fly south", nor the shock in the silence of "the moon rises to startle the mountain birds, and the time sings in the spring stream" (Wang Wei's "Birds Singing Stream"). "Choose all the cold branches and refuse to live, and the lonely sandbank is cold" (Su Shi's "Bu Suanzi·Huangzhou Dinghui Courtyard Work") The loneliness is a real worry about survival and fate. "Longshang'er", "Longshanger", Wu Zhaoyi quoted "Linggui Zhi" in "New Songs of Yutai" said: "The Guanxi song says: Longshangjianer is named Chen An, with a thin head, narrow face, narrow intestine and wide middle, and eight large lances on the left and right." "Longshang" and "Longshang" both refer to Qinchuan and Longxi (now Longxi, Tianshui, Gansu Province) in the Jin Dynasty, the places where wars have been fought in ancient times, and "Longshanger" generally refers to the soldiers who fought.These two sentences are also wrong, and the lyric hero feels sad for the long battle.Frontier conquest wars in ancient China were very frequent and lasted a long time. Wang Changling's so-called "the bright moon in the Qin Dynasty and the pass in the Han Dynasty, the people who marched for thousands of miles have not yet returned" () is also true.Those who were most affected by the war were ordinary soldiers. They did not have the opportunity to live and work in peace and contentment. Some of them died in battle and could not return to their hometowns. Their wives stayed in vacant houses for a long time. The man in the dream" (Chen Tao's "Long Westward Journey").This is an unsolvable historical problem, and it is also a practical problem that needs to be solved by the emperors of all dynasties.
"Send a message to a concubine in a boudoir, how can this heart know?" As one of the thousands of warriors, he is powerless to change the situation since ancient times. He can only ask for spiritual assistance from the women in his boudoir, the victims of the frontier war. "This heart" includes not only the "sorrow" and "sorrow" above, but also the sincerity below.
"Songshangluo" refers to female radish (also called dodder, etc.), and it says: "The warbler and the female radish are applied to the pines and cypresses." The female radish is entwined and attached to the pines and cypresses. This is a natural phenomenon of plant growth. It is borrowed from the poem. A metaphor for firm and persistent love.He hoped that the women in the rear could keep their integrity for those soldiers who were born and died, and never change.This is his only wish and the only spiritual comfort.This request is unreasonable, but it is a true portrayal of the soldier's psychology, so it arouses sympathy.
From the depth of history, from the aspects of real situation and inner psychology, this poem truly reflects the suffering reality of the separation of the people's flesh and blood and family members in the chaotic era, and expresses deep understanding and sympathy.In terms of art, the beginning and the end use analogy, which is tactful and affectionate. The two sentences of "Flying Bird" and the two sentences of "Jiebei" use intertextual sentences to deepen the content of the poem. "Lili" and "Pianpian" use overlapping characters, "Chaichi" uses double tones, and "嗤咔" uses overlapping rhymes, all of which are very beautiful in sound and rhyme.
Emperor Wu reigned for forty-eight years. He was erudite and talented, both civil and military, but lacked great talent and generality. Facing the problems left over from history, he was unable to solve them. He could only hope for psychological comfort in weak women.This is the same as his sacrificing his life to convert to Buddhism in his later years, and it cannot truly help the people of the world in the misery.Words are the voice of the heart, can you get a glimpse of Emperor Wu's intentions here?
