Chapter 69 Appendix III Poetry General Knowledge

This refers to the ancient music office. The name "Yuefu" began in the Western Han Dynasty, and there was already a "Yuefu Order" in Emperor Hui's time.It was not until Emperor Wu that the Yuefu was established, which was in charge of the music used in court feasts and road parades, as well as folk poetry and music.As a style of poetry, Yuefu initially refers to the songs collected and created by the Yuefu government office, and later used to refer to the poems that can be entertained from the Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties and the works that later generations imitated the ancient titles of Yuefu.Ci, Sanqu and drama after the Song and Yuan Dynasties are sometimes called Yuefu because they are combined with music.

A body of ancient poetry.In the Yuefu poems below the Han and Wei Dynasties, there are quite a few titles of "Song" and "Xing". Although the two names are different, there is actually no strict difference between them.Later, there was a "song line" as a whole.Its syllables and meter are generally relatively free, and the form adopts the ancient style of five words, seven words, and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. "Xing" means music, see "Suoyin" by Sima Zhen in "Historical Records Biography of Sima Xiangru". All poems whose titles are extracted from ancient sentences are usually prefixed with the word "Fu De".Emperor Liang Yuan of the Southern Dynasties already had a poem "Fu De Lan Ze Duo Fang Cao".In the examination post poems in the imperial examination era, because the titles of the poems were mostly taken as sentences, the word "Fu De" was prefixed before the titles.The same applies to should-made works and sub-themes of poet gatherings.Later, "Fu De" was regarded as a poetic style, that is to say, Jing Fu poets often used "Fu De" as the title.

The title of the ancient poem. "Slogan, or four, or eight sentences, the grass is connected, and it's just expressive and expressive." (Volume 1 of Wang Changhui's "Shihua Leibian") Volume 15), not carving.There have been many poems with slogans as their titles in the Six Dynasties, such as Bao Zhao's "Huandu Slogan", Emperor Liang Jianwen's "Heweiwei Xinyu Hou Xuncheng Slogan", etc., and there were more in Tang Dynasty.During the Spring and Autumn festivals and birthdays of the emperors in the Song Dynasty, they often held banquets, musicians gave speeches, and then presented a chapter of poems to sing praises, also known as slogans (see "Song History · Le Zhi" 17 "Jiaofang").

One of the old ways of writing poetry.Refers to poets who write poems without drafting drafts, and recite them casually after a little thought. One of the old ways of writing poetry.Also known as "sentence".Two or more people write a poem together, and they are connected into a piece.It is said that it began with "Bailiangtai Poems" (suspected to be a false entrustment by later generations) during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.There is no fixed pattern at the beginning, there is one person who has one rhyme for one sentence, two sentences for one rhyme, or even more than two sentences, and they will follow in order.Later, it is customary to use one person to make the last sentence, and the continuation must form a couplet, and then make the last sentence, successively in turn.In the old days, it was mostly used for upper-class banquets and entertainment among friends, and there are very few masterpieces.

One of the old ways of writing poetry.Refers to restricting the use of characters in a certain rhyme to compose poems, which was often used in ancient imperial examinations or poet gatherings.It is divided into two categories, one is limited to rhyme but not limited to characters, and the other is limited to both rhyme and limited characters.The latter can be divided into two categories, one is that the rhyme of the whole poem is stipulated first; the other is that one word is limited, and the rest of the rhyme can be selected from the limited rhyme. One of the old ways of writing poetry.Also known as "four body".Intercept the poems of a generation, one family or several families of the predecessors, and assemble them into a poem.The earliest surviving collection of sentences is the "Seven Classics Poems" written by Fu Xian in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Poetic name.That is, "ancient poetry" and "ancient style poetry".The people of the Tang Dynasty called the works written by the people of the time after imitating the poems of the previous generation as Gufeng.The meaning of "wind is song" is derived from "national style".Li Bai has fifty-nine poems in ancient style, and Ming Hu Zhenheng said that the content "not referring to current events, but sentimental about one's own suffering", and there are many famous poems in them. Also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style".Poetic style name, as opposed to modern style poetry.produced earlier.There is no limit to the number of sentences in each article.There are four words, five words, six words, seven words, and miscellaneous words.Later generations used five or seven words more.Don't ask for confrontation, and the rhyme is relatively free.

A poetic style proposed and actively created by Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty.It is called because it inherits the Han Yuefu’s tradition of “feeling sorrow and joy, and responding to events” in spirit, and uses new inscriptions to write current events, does not follow the score, does not enter the music, and is different from the ancient Yuefu in terms of system.There are many excellent works in this style of poems that reflect the reality and concern for people's livelihood, but sometimes they are unavoidably straightforward and lack of emotion. Poetic name.Each sentence in the whole article is four-character or mainly four-character sentences.It is the earliest form of poetry in ancient Chinese poetry.First seen in ancient ballads and rhymes in "Book of Changes", poems before the Spring and Autumn Period, such as, are mostly four-character.After the Han Dynasty, the style changed slightly.Since the Song and Qi Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, there have been fewer and fewer authors.

Poetic name.A poem composed of five syllables.Originating from folk songs in the Han Dynasty, the earliest surviving literati five-character poems should be "Ode to History" by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, it developed greatly and became one of the main forms of classical poetry, including five-character ancient poems, five-character regulated poems, and five-character quatrains. Poetic name.The whole article has six characters per sentence.According to legend, it began with Gu Yong in the Western Han Dynasty. It is said that Dongfang Shuo already had "six words" (see Li Shan's note in "Selected Works Zuo Si <Ode to History>").None of his poems are passed on.The six-character poems written by Kong Rong in the late Han Dynasty are the earliest.After the Tang Dynasty, there were more ancient styles and modern styles.But neither is very popular.

Poetic name.Each sentence in the whole article has seven characters or mainly seven characters, which should start from folk songs of the Han Dynasty.The old saying is that it began with "Bailiangtai Poems" (see "Bailiang style"), which may not be credible.Wei Caopi's "Yan Ge Xing" is an earlier pure seven-character poem.In the Tang Dynasty, it developed greatly.There are seven-character ancient poems, seven-character regulated poems, and seven-character quatrains.Together with the five-character poem, it is the main form in classical poetry. Poetic name.Refers to the sequence of three, five, and seven words in an article, each consisting of two sentences, a total of six sentences.Song Yanyu's "Canglang Poetry Talk · Poetry Style" and Ming Hu Zhenheng's "Tang Yingui Sign" volume 1 say that this style originated from Zheng Shiyi of the Sui Dynasty, and it is also believed that it originated from Tang Li Bai's "Autumn wind is clear, autumn moon is bright. Fallen leaves gather and disperse, jackdaws Habitat and surprise. Lovesickness and reunion know when it will be, and it is embarrassing at this night."Because the style is close to small words, it is not the traditional style of poetry.

Poetic name.A type of ancient poetry, originally from Yuefu.The number of sentences in poems is mixed in length, there is no fixed standard, the shortest is only one word, and the length of sentences can reach nine or more than ten words, and most of them are mixed with three, four, five, and seven words. Also known as "modern style poetry".Poetic name.The general term for regulated poems and quatrains formed in the Tang Dynasty, as opposed to ancient poems.There are strict regulations on the number of sentences, the number of words, the level, and the rhyme. That is, "modern style poetry".

Poetic name.A kind of modern poetry.The metric is strict, hence the name.It originated in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty.Eight sentences, four or five rhymes.The two couplets in the middle must face off.The second, fourth, sixth, and eighth sentences rhyme, and the first sentence may or may not rhyme, usually in a flat tone.It is divided into five characters and seven characters.Referred to as five laws, seven laws.There are also six laws.If there are more than ten sentences in each first sentence, it is called rhythm.Occasionally there are six sentences with three rhymes, which are called "three rhymes" or "small rhythms".In regulated poems, where two sentences match, it is called a "joint".The first couplet (one and two sentences) of the five rhythms and seven rhythms is called "the first couplet", the second couplet (three and four sentences) is called "the jaw couplet", and the third couplet (the five and six sentences) is called the "neck couplet". The fourth couplet (seventh and eighth sentences) is called "tail couplet".The upper sentence of each couplet is called "out sentence", and the next sentence is called "pair sentence". A kind of poetry.The form has certain specifications, and the phonology has certain rules. If there is any change, certain rules must be followed.Common forms in Chinese classical metrical poetry include five-character and seven-character quatrains and verses.The number of words, sentence patterns, and rhymes in each tone of words and music have certain specifications, which can also be called metrical poetry. Also known as "Long Law".Poetic name.A type of verse.It is laid out and extended based on the fixed frame of the verses, hence the name.Each song has at least ten sentences, and there are as many as a hundred rhymes.Except for the first and last couplets, both the upper and lower sentences need to be confronted.There are also opposite sentences, which are called "fan pairs". That is, "absolute poetry".Also known as "cut sentence", "sentence sentence".Poetic name.Cut off, cut off, and absolutely have the meaning of truncation, because the fixed frame is only four sentences, hence the name.The five words and seven words are the main ones, referred to as Wujue and Qijue for short.There are also six character quatrains.The popular ones in the Tang Dynasty are close styles, and there are certain rules for flat tones and rhymes.Some people say that Jue Poetry is formed by intercepting half of Rhythm Poetry.But before the formation of regulated poems in the Tang Dynasty, there were already quatrains, although they also rhymed and were relatively free, for example, "Ancient Quatrains" were contained in "New Songs of Yutai".Later generations use "ancient quatrains" to distinguish them from similar quatrains. In the feudal era, the officials and bureaucrats wrote and reconciled poems under the orders of the emperor.After the Tang Dynasty, most of them were composed of five characters, six rhymes or eight rhymes.Most of the content is praises, and a few also state some expectations for the emperor. Poetic name.Also known as "examination-oriented poems" and "decent poems".Originated in the Tang Dynasty, it was produced under the influence of "Tie Jing" and "Tian Tie", and was adopted in the imperial examination.Most of them are five-character six-rhyme or eight-rhyme rhythms, with ancient poems or idioms as the title, with the word "Fude" as the title, and the rhyme is limited, and the content must be relevant.The Qing Dynasty was particularly restrictive. Poetic name.Refers to the kind of works that are ingenious in terms of shape, syntax, rhythm or rhyme.There are quite a lot of titles. According to Ming Xu Shizeng's "Preface to Discrimination of Styles", it is said: "According to the poems, there are miscellaneous styles, one is called obtrusive style, the second is called bee waist style, the third is called broken string style, the fourth is called interval style, and the fifth is called stealing spring style. , the sixth is the first and last Yin style, the seventh is the Panzhong style, the eighth is the Huiwen style, the ninth is the Zheju style, the tenth is the folded font, the eleventh is the font, the twelve is the Gaoan style, the thirteen is the two-head slimming style, and the tenth is the double-headed slimming style. The fourth is the Sanyan Fu style, the fifteen is the Wuzazu style, the sixteen is the Wuping style, the seventeen is the four-tone style, the eighteenth is the double-tone rhyme style, and the nineteen is the question-and-answer style, all of which are variations of poetry. He also belongs to this category, such as Tibetan acrostic poems and spiritual and intellectual styles.Most of this style was created by literati in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and there were trial works in the Tang Dynasty.Because of the nature of word games, it is less good. Refers to the rhyme used in the poem or the rhyme book on which it is based.Lu Fayan in the Sui Dynasty wrote "Qie Yun", which is divided into 206 rhyme parts, and the parts are too detailed to be inconvenient to rhyme.In the early Tang Dynasty, similar rhymes could be used together.In the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Yuan, a native of Pingshui, compiled the "Renzi Xinban Libu Yunlue", combining the same rhymes into 107 rhymes, which are called "Pingshui rhymes".The Qing people reduced it to 106 rhymes and renamed it "Peiwen poetry rhyme", which is the poem rhyme still in use today.The rhyme actually used in the Tang Dynasty is roughly the same as that compiled by Ping Shuiyun. Also known as "press rhyme".When writing poetry, it is called rhyme at the end of a sentence or at the end of a couplet.Rhyme in the old days, for example, the rhyme must be the same or similar, but there are also a few declinations.Poetry rhyme is not only easy to recite and remember, but also makes the work have the beauty of rhythm and tone. Rhyming requirements for modern poetry are strict.Regardless of quatrains, regulated poems, or rhythmic rhythms, level rhymes must be used, and the rhyme ends at the end, and adjacent rhymes are not allowed to rhyme. Archaic poetry has a wider rhyme.It can turn to rhyme, or it can rhyme with adjacent rhyme; it can rhyme with flat tone or rhyme with flat tone.In the oblique rhyme, it is necessary to distinguish the up, down, and entering tones. Generally, different tones do not rhyme together, and only the up and down rhymes occasionally can be combined. It is also known as "harmonic rhyme", "cooperative rhyme" and "cooperative sentence".Rhyme terms.It is said that if some rhyme words are pronounced in the original pronunciation, they will not be in harmony with other rhymes in the same poem, and a certain sound must be changed to coordinate the sound and rhyme, so it is called.Some scholars in the Southern and Northern Dynasties read according to the pronunciation at that time, and felt that the rhymes of many poems were not harmonious, so they temporarily changed the pronunciation of certain words in the works to a certain pronunciation.Chen Di of the Ming Dynasty used the principle of phonetic evolution and believed that the so-called Ye Yun's sound is the original sound of the ancient times, and the pronunciation of the ancient sounds can be harmonized, so it should not be changed at will. Rhyme terms.It means that two or more rhymes can be connected, or part of them can be connected.When composing poems, rhymes can rhyme with each other.For example, in "Pingshui Rhyme", "Yidong" and "Erdong", "Sizhi" and "Wuwei", "Fourteen Cold" and "Fifteen Delete" can be combined.The rhyme of ancient style poetry is relatively wide, while that of modern style poetry is strictly restricted. Also known as "turning rhyme".Rhyme terms.Refers to two or more rhymes in a poem.Except for rhymes and quatrains, rhymes are not allowed to be changed in ancient style poems, especially long ancient style poems, the rhyme change is relatively free, neither limited to level rhyme, oblique rhyme, nor adjacent rhyme.When turning to rhyme, the sentence in the couplet that changes the rhyme is often changed first, and then the rhyme at the end of the couplet is followed by the rhyme.For example, Cen Shen's "Bai Xuege sends Judge Wu back to Beijing": White grass in the north wind, (nine crumbs) Hu Tian will fly in August. (nine crumbs) Suddenly like a night of spring breeze, (ten grays) Thousands of pear trees. (ten gray) Scatter into the bead curtain and wet Luo, (ten medicines) Fox fur is not warm brocade quilt. (ten medicines) The general's horn bow cannot be controlled, The iron clothes of the capital guard are cold and difficult. (ten medicines) The vast sea is hundreds of feet long, (ten steamed) The clouds are gloomy. (ten steamed) The Chinese army buys wine and drinks back, (Eleven Street) Huqin, lute and Qiang. (twelve tin) One after another, the snow falls to the courtyard, (thirteen yuan) The red flag is not frozen by the wind. (thirteen yuan) Sending you off at the east gate of Luntai, (Six Royals) When I went there, the mountains were covered with snow. (seven encounters) I can't see you in the mountain circuit, Leave the horses in the snow. (six royals) The above "mo" and "xi" rhyme together, so "ke" and "di" rhyme together in a couplet; "yu" and "yu" rhyme, so "go", "place" and "road" can be connected bet.In the poem, "ash", "steam" and "Yuan" are flat rhymes, "Yu" and "Yu" are falling rhymes, "crumbs", "yao", "mo" and "xi" are entering rhymes, and flat and going are rhymes. , Enter three times to change. Also known as "secluded rhyme".Rhyme terms.Refers to rhymes with difficult words in poems, or choose rhymes from rhymes that contain few words. People feel that it is alarming and dangerous, but it can turn difficult and remote into smooth, without the disadvantage of rhyming.Among the poets of Tang and Song Dynasties, there were some who deliberately rhymed dangerous rhymes to show off their strangeness.Tang Han Yu likes to use dangerous rhymes.Su Shi of the Song Dynasty once used the word "Jincha" as a rhyme, which was regarded as a famous work in dangerous rhymes in the old days. Also known as "lost rhyme", "falling rhyme" and "going rhyme".It means that the rhyme of the poem violates the meter and uses words that are not in the same rhyme.Because the first sentence of a modern poem can use adjacent rhyme, it is a rhyme that uses adjacent rhyme in other sentences.As a big taboo for modern style poetry, people in the Tang Dynasty rarely committed it.But there are also intentional ones. For example, the rhyme of "Erdong" in the second sentence of Li Shangyin's "Youth" poem does not match the rhyme of "Yidong" in the whole poem. Also known as "singing pay" and "paying to sing".It is called writing poems to reciprocate with others.There are roughly the following methods: ⑴Heshi, only make poems for reconciliation, without using the original rhyme of the poem; Use rhyme, that is, use the words of the original rhyme without the order; (4) sub-rhyme, also known as step rhyme, that is, use the original rhyme and the original characters, and the order must be the same.The latter three correspond to "harmony poems" and are commonly called "harmony rhymes". One of the old ways of writing poetry.It means that when composing a poem, a certain number of characters are first stipulated as rhymes, and each person divides the rhyme words, and composes poems according to the rhymes, which is called "fen rhyme", and one is called "fu rhyme".Ancient poets often used it in couplets, but later it was not limited to couplets.Bai Juyi's "Flower House Wangxue Destiny Banquet Fu Poems": "The plain wall couplets are divided into rhymes, and the red furnace is patrolling to drink warm and cold cups." One of the old ways of writing poetry.Several people get together and find topics to write poems, which is called sub-titles, also known as "exploring topics".Most of them take each object as the topic and assign one thing together.Song Yanyu's "Canglang Poetry Talk · Poetry Style": "The ancients divided the titles, or each wrote an object, just like sending someone to divide the titles to get things." The sub-titles sometimes have rhymes, but there is no limit. Also known as "advance and retreat rhyme".Rhyme terms.It is a special format of adjacent rhyme.Song Yanyu's "Canglang Poetry Talk · Poetry Style": "Those who have a potter's wheel rhyme, double out and double in. Those who have an advance and retreat rhyme, one advances and one retreats." Wei Qingzhi's "Poet Yuxie" quoted "Xiansu Miscellaneous Notes" said that Zheng Gu of the Tang Dynasty Together with monk Qi Ji, Huang Sun, etc., he determined the style of modern poetry, saying: "There are several forms of rhyme in every poem: one is called gourd, the other is called pulley, and the other is called advance and retreat." The six sentences use the A rhyme, and the fourth and eighth sentences use the B rhyme that is compatible with the A rhyme, such as "cold", "deletion" or "fish", "Yu", etc., one advances and one retreats, rhyming alternately, so say. Also known as "roller's wheel rhyme".Rhyme terms.The same rhyme as the advance and retreat form, see "advance and retreat form" for details.Those who rhyme with the potter's wheel, double out and double in.That is to say, the second and fourth sentences of the regulated poems use the Jia rhyme, and the sixth and eighth sentences use the B rhyme that is compatible with the Jia rhyme. For example, "Qi Yu" is used first, and then "Liu Yu" is used. It rises and falls, like a potter's wheel, so it is called. Also known as "Gourd Rhyme".Rhyme terms.It is the same as the forward and backward frame, which uses rhyme.According to the style of poetry established by Zheng Gu, Qi Ji and Huang Sun, the rhyme of gourd is first two and then four.For example, "Dong" and "Dong" rhyme together, the first two rhymes with "Dong", and the last four rhyme with "Dong".It is small at first and then big, like a gourd, so it is called. One of the antithesis of rhyme poetry.It refers to "There is no antithesis in the mandibular couplet, but it is a cross narration, but the meaning runs through the above two sentences, and the neck couplet has a clear antithesis. It is called the bee waist style, and it is repeated if the words are broken." (Song Weiqingzhi "Poet Yuzhu" Volume 2 quotes "Xiqing Shihua") Poems written in this style are called "Fengyao Style".Such as Zhang Jiuling's "Watching the Moon and Huaiyuan", Jia Dao's "Xiadi" and so on. One of the antithesis of rhyme poetry. "Although the mandibular couplets in the method are not limited to antithesis, they are doubtful about the rhythm, but the title is correct. It is called "stealing the spring pattern", which is like plum blossoms stealing the spring scenery and blooming first." "Qing Poetry Talk") refers to the fact that the first couplet starts with a confrontation, but the mandible couplet is wrong.Poems written in this style are called "stealing spring style".Such as Du Fu's "One Hundred and Fifteen Days and Nights to the Moon". Proper name.Ancient Chinese tones are divided into four tones: level, up, down, and into.Ping refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including Yinping and Yangping two tones; Zhe refers to the oblique tone among the four tones, including the three tones of up, down, and entering.The pronunciation of the characters used in old poems and parallel prose, the level tone and the oblique tone are adjusted to each other, so that the tones are harmonious and harmonious, which is called tuning flat and oblique. Popular formulas of metrical poems in flat and zigzag format.It is an abbreviation for "regardless of one, three, five, two, four, six."It is said that the first, third, and fifth characters of a seven-character poem can be flat or narrow, but the second, fourth, and sixth characters must follow the pattern, and the flat and narrow characters cannot be changed.By analogy, the five-character poems are one and three regardless, and two and four are distinct.This formula is concise and clear, but it is not comprehensive and accurate, and it is not applicable to some sentence patterns. Poetic terms.Yes, take the meaning of relative, which means that the inner pair of sentences in the same couplet and the outgoing sentence must be opposite to each other, that is, the opposite is opposite, and the other is flat.Such as (The sentence in this couplet: ping ping ping ping ping, the couplet in this couplet: ping ping ping ping ping) The seven words are opposite to each other Sticky, which means sticking and sticking, refers to the sentence in the back couplet and the sentence in the front couplet must be the same and sticky, that is, flat and sticky, flat and sticky.Such as: (The sentence in the front couplet: 喵喵平凡半平, and the sentence in the back couplet: 她営平平平满得) The seven words are the same and stick together The sign of right and stick mainly depends on whether the second and fourth characters of the five characters and the second, fourth and sixth characters of the seven characters are flat or not. The second character of the five characters, the second and the fourth characters of the seven characters must be clearly defined. As old style poetry term.When writing regulated poems and unique poems, there are mistakes in level and tones, and the sound and rhyme do not stick together.That is to say, use the level tone and misuse the level tone, or use the level tone and misuse the level tone.According to Song Chenhu's "Qi Jiu Xu Wen", if the parallel couplet characters such as Biao Qi are out of balance, they were also called loss of stickiness at that time. The provincial name of the five-character quatrains.Refers to the five-character law.Four sentences with two rhymes or three rhymes.The four forms of Ping-Zhe Dingge Fan: (1) The first sentence does not enter the rhyme pattern ("Ze" 她 平 平 精, 平 平 结 『Ping△]. .); (2) The first sentence starts with a rhyme pattern ("奇"她喵平『平△』, 平平结结『平△]. .); (3) The first sentence is flat and does not enter the rhyme pattern ("平" flat flat flat "flat △". (4) The first sentence starts with a rhyme pattern (Ping Ping Zhe Zhe "Ping △", "Zhe" Zhe Zhe Ping "Ping △". "Zhe" Zhe Ping Ping Zhe, Ping Ping Zhe Zhe "Ping △".).Note: The flat tone means that the second word in the first sentence is in a flat tone; the flat tone means that the second word in the first sentence is in a flat tone. "奇" means flat, "平" means flat, and △ means rhyme. The provincial name of the five-character verse.Eight sentences with four rhymes or five rhymes.The four forms of Ping-Zhe Dingge Fan: (1) The first sentence does not enter the rhyme pattern ("Ze" 她 平 平 精, 平 平 结 『Ping△]. . "奶"冷平平结，平平结结『Ping△』。"平"冷平结维, "印"结结平"平△".); "Ping, flat, flat, flat, flat △". "Ping", flat, flat, flat, flat "△".奇, "奶" 午半平 "平△"."); (3) the first sentence is flat and does not enter the rhyme ("平" is flat and "平△". Ping, Ping, Ping, Ping, "Ping△". "Ping", Ping, Ping, "Ping", "Ping". Pingqi into the rhyme style (Ping Ping Zhe Zhe "Ping △", "Zhe" Zhe Zhe Ping "Ping △". Zee Zee Ping "Ping △".Note: See "Five Uniques". The provincial name of seven character quatrains.Refers to the seven-character law.Four sentences with two rhymes or three rhymes.The four forms of flat and flat grids. (1) The first sentence is in the rhyme pattern ("平" 平 "奶" 午半平 "平△", "她" 午印她 "平△".平" 平 "営" 半喵 "平△".); (2) The first sentence is flat and not human rhyme ("平" 平 "奶" 她平平津, "奶" 午平川奶 "平△" . "奶"奇 "平" 平平结结, "平"冰 "奶"结结平"平△".); (3) The first sentence starts with a rhyme pattern ("奥"卤平平结结『平△] ", "Ping"Ping "Zhe"ZeZePing "Ping△". Entering the rhyme style ("奶"升 "平"冷平半喵, "平"半 "奶"半半平"平△". △".).Note: See "Five Uniques". The provincial name of the seven-character verse.Eight sentences with four rhymes or five rhymes.The four forms of flat and flat grids. (1) The first sentence is flat-rhythmic ("平" 平 "奶" 印半得平, "奶" 印印写奇 "平△".左" 左 「 平 △ 」. 「 」 「 」 「 」 「 」 「 」 」 「 」 「 」 「 」 「 」 「 」 ”她営平『平△』.); (2) The first sentence is flat and does not enter the rhyme (“平” 平, “奶” 她平平川, “奶” 印印形奇『平△]. "Ping" Ping Ping Ping, "Ping" Ping "Ping" Ping Ping "Ping△". "Ping" Ping "Ping" Ping Ping, "Ping" Ping Ping Ping "Ping △". "Ping" Ping Ping Ping Ping, "Ping" Ping "Ze" Ping Ping "Ping △"."); (3) The first sentence starts with a rhyme pattern ("Ze" Ping Ping Ping Ping, "Ping" Ping "Ping" "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping", "Ping" "Ping" "Ping△". "Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping "Zhe" is flat. "Ping" is flat "Ze" is flat. "Zhe" is flat.).Note: See "Five Uniques". Poetic terms.It is also known as "Sanping Qiejiao" and "Xiasanlian".Refers to the use of three flat tones at the end of a poem.It is a taboo of modern poetry and one of the typical characteristics of ancient poetry.For example, in Li Bai's poem "Going down to Zhongnan Mountain and passing Husi Mountain People Placed Wine": "The long song sings the pine wind (flat and flat), the song is full of river stars (ping flat)", the last three characters are flat. Poetic terms.Law poetry taboo.It means that the first word of the five-character sentence pattern "Ping Ping Zhe Ping" uses the oblique tone, and the third word of the seven-character sentence pattern "Ping Zhe Ping Zhe Ping" uses the oblique tone, and there is only one flat tone in the whole sentence except the rhyme, so it is called ."Guping" is the most taboo in Tang poetry.If the position of the first character of five characters or the third character of seven characters in the above-mentioned sentence pattern must be replaced by a flat tone character, the method of "rescue" must be adopted. There are regulations on the level and level of each sentence in the rhythm and Jue poetry, and those who misuse it are called "lost stickiness".Those who do not change according to the regular form are called "blunt style".The predecessors' so-called "拍" focused on the third character of five characters and the fifth character of seven characters, except sometimes changing the second, fourth and sixth characters.The two couplets are both obtrusive, called "oblique sentences", and the ones with the whole first part are called "obtrusive sentences".Some poets do it on purpose.For example, Qing Wangxuan's "Preface to Tone Spectrum" says: "Han (Yu) and Meng (Jiao) rose up, trying to imitate Li (Bai) and Du (Fu) to correct the disadvantages of contemporary sophistication." Poetic terms.In metrical poems, any word that does not conform to the flat or oblique format is called "拒".Where there is "抓", you must use "Save". If there is both, it is not a disease. For example, in the previous sentence, use 奇 for flat, and for the next sentence, use 左 for flat. To make it harmonious is called "rescue".Stubborn rescue can be roughly divided into two categories: (1) self-help in this sentence, that is, Guping stubborn rescue.In metrical poems, when the five-character "Ping Ping Zhe Ping" sentence pattern uses the zeptoon for the first character, and the seven-character "Ping Zhe Ping Ping Zhe Ping" sentence pattern "offends Guping" because the third character uses the oblique sound, In the third character of five characters and the fifth character of seven characters, a flat tone character is used as compensation. (2) Paraphrases help each other. ⒈The big one must be saved.Point out that the fourth word of the five-character sentence ""奇"她平平奇" is awkward, and the sixth character of the seven-character sentence ""平"奇"奥"平平奇" must be in the third word of the five-character sentence, The fifth character of the seven characters uses a flat tone character as compensation. ⒉ The small angle can be rescued or not. Point out that the third character of the sentence pattern of the five-character sentence is ""奇"她平平结", and the seven-character ""平"奇"奇"平" When the fifth character of the "Ping Zhe" sentence pattern is twisted, a flat tone character can be used as a compensation for the third character of the five-character sentence and the fifth character of the seven-character sentence, or it can not be saved. The self-help and the paired sentence are often used together at the same time. Poetic name.It can be found in "New Odes on Yutai" compiled by Chen Xuling in the Southern Dynasty.This book contains four short poems in five characters and four sentences, titled "Ancient Quatrains", and later it was used as a general term for ancient quatrains that are not about the level.Compared with the "legacy" in modern poetry.In ancient times, oblique sentences were often used, which can rhyme with flat or flat rhymes.Some quatrains use zhe rhyme, but the whole poem uses regulated sentences, or uses the declinations and obtrusions allowed by regulated poems. A general term for ancient poetry that uses the modern style of poetry.The characteristics are: (1) use all or basically regulated sentences; (2) change the rhyme, and mostly alternate between flat and narrow rhymes; (3) usually have seven words, change the rhyme every four sentences, and the first sentence after changing the rhyme Into the rhyme, the whole poem is like a combination of many "seven musts". An ancient term for the rhythm of poetry.It was proposed by Liang Shenyue in the Southern Dynasty that poetry should avoid eight disadvantages, namely, flat head, upper tail, bee waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, side button, and positive button.According to "Wen Jing Mi Fu Lun": flat head means that the first and second characters of five-character poems must not have the same sound as the sixth and seventh characters (same as flat, up, down, and into).The fifth character of the upper tail finger must not have the same sound as the cross (the rhyme can be ignored).Fengyao refers to the fact that the second character of a five-character poem must not have the same sound as the fifth character. The two ends of the word are thick and the center is thin, resembling a bee waist.Crane's knee refers to the fact that the fifth character must not have the same sound as the fifteenth character, and the two ends of the word are thin, and the center is thick, like a crane's knee. (From what Cai Kuanfu said in the Song Dynasty, recent people think that the first and last of the five characters are voiced and the middle one is clear, which is the bee waist, and the beginning and the end are unvoiced and the middle one is turbid, which is the crane knee.) Da rhyme refers to five-character poems such as "new" as the rhyme , the words "ren", "Jin", "neighborhood", "shen", and "Chen" should not be more safe in the upper nine characters (that is, they violate the rhyme).Small rhyme refers to those other than rhyme, which have repeated offenses (that is, nine characters offend each other).Pang Niu is named Da Niu, that is, there is the word "month" in the five-character sentence, and the words "Yuan", "Yuan", "Ruan", "Wish" and so on that have the same sound as the word "Yue" should not be used.Zhengniu is a small new name, that is, "ren", "ren", "ren" and "ru" are used as a newt. There is already the word "ren" in the five-character sentence, so "ren", "ren", and "ren" should not be replaced. The word "enter" causes the disease of four tones.Shen Yueci said that he was criticized by Zhong Rong and others at that time.Song Yanyu also said in "Canglang Poetry Talk · Poetry Style": "There is no need to stick to this when writing poetry, and there is not enough evidence for fraud." Rhyme term.For rhythmic poems and quatrains, if the upper and lower sentences in a couplet violate the relative and opposite rules, resulting in repeated similarities in sound and rhyme, it is called a mismatch.People in the Tang Dynasty made five-character rhythm and jue, and there were very few mistakes, and seven-character rhythm and juezhong were even rarer. Rhyme term.Also known as "sentence right". "Poetry and prose of the Tang Dynasty may form a dual in a sentence, which is called a pair of sentences." (Song Hongmai's "Rongzhai Continued Biography" Volume 3) For example, Du Fu's "Baidi" has "It is better to return to Mayi than to be a soldier and a horse. There are hundreds of families today. "Cun" couplet, in which "Rongma" is to "Guima", "Thousands" is to "Hundreds", and the two sentences before and after are paired in each sentence.People in the Tang Dynasty also used this pairing in all poems, such as Bai Juyi's "Ji Tao Guang Zen Master", but it is not common. Rhyme term.Also known as "fan pair" and "fan face".The third sentence of the verse refers to the first sentence, and the fourth sentence is opposite to the second sentence.For example, Bai Juyi's "Night Heard Playing the Zither and Sending the Divine Comedy to Xiaoxiang Feels the Old": "The misty Wushan girl has returned for seven or eight years. She is diligent in Xiangshui sleeves and stays on the thirteen strings." Rhyme term.Also known as "study pair", "intricate pair", "horn pair".It means that the two relative characters (or words) of the upper and lower sentences are reversed and intricate, and they are not in the same position.For example, Li Qunyu's "Poems Presented to a Beauty During the Banquet of Prime Minister Du": "The skirt drags six pictures of the Xiangjiang River, and the servant girl towers over a section of cloud in Wushan." Rhyme term.It means that the meanings of two sentences are interchangeable and form a pair.For example, in Du Fu's poem "Guests Arriving", the couplet "The flower path has never been swept by guests, but now the Pengmen has been opened for you", which means that the flower path has never been swept by guests, but now it is swept by you; the Pengmen was never opened by people, but now it is opened for you. , Intertextuality, is for intertextuality. Rhyme term.The antithesis of verses in rhythm makes the meaning of the poem folded into one layer due to the subtlety of thinking, which is called a clever pairing.For example, in Du Fu's "Qinzhou Miscellaneous Poems", the couplet "Water falls, fish and dragons night, mountains and sky, birds and rats in autumn" uses "water falling" to "mountains and sky", "fish and dragon" to "birds and mice", and "night" to "autumn". ", all of which are extremely stable posts, which have been called work pairs.In this couplet, the author even includes the place names of Yulongchuan and Niaoshugu in Qinzhou, which makes the whole poem more in line with the meaning of the title, and its meaning is further folded, which is a coincidence. Poetic terms.Refers to the duality of words in poetry.The two sentences can be opposite, or they can be self-aligned in the sentence.Antithesis generally uses the same sentence pattern and part of speech.As a metrical requirement, the middle two couplets of a regulated poem must be in opposition, and the first and last two couplets do not need to be in opposition.But there are also variations, or the neck couplet is not in opposition, or the tail couplet is in opposition; the first couplet is in opposition.Quatrains do not need confrontation, but sometimes they are used as couplets. Poetic terms.The antithesis must use the same part of speech, such as noun to noun, pronoun to pronoun, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb, function word to function word.In the old days, nouns were divided into categories such as astronomy, seasons, geography, utensils, clothing, food, stationery, literature, vegetation, birds, beasts, insects and fish, shape, personnel affairs, and human relations.In a good confrontation, the parts of speech and parts of speech must be relative, which is called a work pair, also known as a "strict pair".Such as Li Bai's "Crossing Jingmen Farewell": "Flying mirror under the moon, clouds grow to form a sea building." "Moon" and "cloud" are not only nouns, but also pairs of astronomical words.Another example is Li Shangyin: "Dawn mirrors but the clouds change, and night singing should feel the moonlight cold." "Xiao" and "night" are seasonal words in nouns. Poetic terms.In contrast to work pairs.Wide pairs can be relative as long as they have the same part of speech.For example, Yuan Zhen's "Morning Return": "Drinking horses and fish startled the water, wearing dew dripping clothes." "Horse", "fish", "water" and "flower", "dew", "clothes", noun to noun, Can be called a wide pair. Poetic terms.A word has more than two meanings. The poet uses the first meaning in his poems, and at the same time borrows the second meaning or the third meaning to form a working time, which is also called "false pair".For example, "It's common to see in King Qi's house, and Cui Jiutang heard it several times before." (Du Fu's "Jiangnan Meets Li Guinian") "Ordinary" means ordinary;In addition to borrowing meaning, there is another kind of borrowing pair which is borrowing sound.For example, "the pearl of the moon in the sea has tears, and the sun in the blue field is warm and the jade produces smoke." (Li Shangyin's "Jinse") borrowing "cang" as "cang", which is opposite to "blue", is a "sound pair". Poetic terms.It means that the relationship between the two opposite sentences in a couplet is not opposite, and the meaning of a single sentence is incomplete. Only when they are combined to form a meaning, it flows down like water, so it is called.For example, Bai Juyi's "Farewell to the Ancient Grassland": "The wild fire is endless, and the spring breeze blows and regenerates." A kind of poetry disease.Refers to phenomena with the same meaning in confrontation.In a couplet, the antithesis, the sentence and the antithetical sentence are completely synonymous or basically synonymous, which is called joining hands.This is a taboo for poets. (Compiled by Ma Junhua, Zhou Hai, Du Chao, and Wang Yonghao) Ci is the poetic form of Hele.Liu Xizai's "General Introduction to Ci and Music" said: "The lyrics and music are inseparable, but the words are written in classical Chinese, and the music is spoken by the sound." "In fact, the words are the words of the music, and the music is the music of the words." , the name of the song is the name of the Ci tune, or "Ci Pai".Occasionally, some people write lyrics first and then compose music, and the tone of their lyrics is named according to the situation of the lyrics, the emotion in the words, or the words and sentences.The source of Tang and Song lyrics, according to today's induction, probably has the following aspects: 1. From folk tunes. 2. From a frontier area or outside the territory. 3. Create Zijiaofang, Dashengfu and other national Yuefu institutions. 4. Created from musicians and singing girls. Five, the poet's own music. Sixth, excerpted from Daqu and Faqu. In addition, there are still a few from qin music, Buddhist and Taoist music tunes, etc.Among them, the first and second categories are the so-called "Songs of Hu Yili Lane", which are the main source of the tone of the words.In the future, the sound spectrum of Ci was scattered and the music of Ci was lost. Lyric writers could only write according to the sentence reading and level of the previous works. As for the origin of the naming of Ci tunes, according to Zhan Antai's "On Ci Studies", there are roughly the following: 1. Use the thing chanted in the word as the tune name.For example, "Zui Gongzi" chanted the son's drunkenness, "Picking Lotus Seeds" chanted picking lotus, etc. Second, use the emotion in the word as the tone name.Such as writing about long-lost love, "Geng Louzi" writing about long nights and hard sleep.Tang and Five Dynasties poems mostly chant the original meaning of the name, and this is mostly the case for the first and second categories. 3. Use the words and sentences in the words as the tone name.或用起句，如韩翃之《章台柳》等；或用末句，如吕岩之《梧桐影》等；或摘句中之字，如毛文锡之《纱窗恨》等。 四、以句举词，因而名调。此类与创始之词取词中字句命名之例微有不同，乃就旧有词调易以新名，如后人因苏轼之而别名《大江东去》或《酹江月》，因晁补之之《摸鱼儿》而别名《买陂塘》等。至若贺铸、张辑之取自作词中语以改易调名，又与前者同中有异。由此而调名愈益繁复。 五、以全篇之字数为调名。如《十六字令》、《百字令》。 六、以篇中各句之字数为调名。如《三字令》。 七、以句法名调。如《字字双》，以句句皆有双字“斑复斑”、“山复山”等。 八、取古人诗语以为调名。此例甚多，如杨慎《词品》及都穆《南濠诗话》所举《蝶恋花》取梁元帝“翻阶蛱蝶恋花情”、《满庭芳》取柳宗元“满庭芳草积”等。后人对此一说法也有不同意见，不能以其有偶合者即认为是其调名所自出。 九、以非所咏事物为调名。此类盖就其时随所触发之事物以名词，而词之内容不必与调名相应。如唐明皇自潞州还京师，夜半举兵诛韦后，民间制《夜半乐》、《还京乐》二曲；宋教坊家人买盐，于纸角中得一曲谱，翻成曲调，遂名此曲为《双调盐角儿令》等是。 十、以地名作调名。如《氐州第一》、《石州慢》、《扬州慢》、《荆州亭》等是。 十一、以人名作调名。如、《何满子》等。 调名缘起，大略如此。词调至繁，异名亦多，命名情况颇为复杂，只能说其大概，亦不必一一推求其原始。清人毛先舒《填词名解》、汪伋《词名集解》，可以参看，但其中穿凿附会处亦不一而足，不必过信其说。 这里仅对本书涉及词牌加以简介。 又名《虞美人令》、《玉壶冰》、《忆柳曲》、《巫山十二峰》、《一江春水》。原唐教坊曲名，后用作词调名。本意为咏项羽宠姬虞美人事，调名取此。双调五十六字或五十八字，以上下片仄韵转平韵为正体，亦有全押平韵或上片全押平韵者。 又名《乳燕飞》、《贺新凉》、《风敲竹》、《金缕歌》、《金缕词》、《金缕曲》、《貂裘换酒》。为宋人常用长调之一。清毛先舒《填词名解》谓此调为宋苏轼首创。因苏词中有“晚凉新俗”句，故名为《贺新凉》。后误“凉”为“郎”。双调一百十六、一百五十、一百十七或一百十三字，仄韵。 又名《寿星明》、《洞庭春色》等。据吴曾《能改斋漫录》卷一六载，东汉窦宪仗势夺取沁水公主园林，后人作诗以咏其事，此调由此得名。双调一百十四字，另有一百十六、一百十三、一百十二字诸体，平韵。 又名《菩萨鬘》、《子夜歌》、《花间意》、《重叠金》、《梅花句》、《花溪碧》、《巫山一片云》、《晚云烘日》。原唐教坊曲名，后用作词调名。唐苏鹗《杜阳杂编》云：“大中（唐宣宗年号）初，女蛮国贡双龙犀，明霞锦。其国人危髻金冠，璎珞被体，故谓之菩萨蛮队。当时倡优遂歌《菩萨蛮》曲，文士亦往往声效其词。”双调四十四字，上下片各四句，两仄韵，两平韵。 又名《江月令》、《步虚词》、《白苹香》等。本唐教坊曲名。相传因唐李白《苏台览古》诗句“只今唯有西江月，曾照吴王宫里人”得名。双调五十字，亦有五十一字或五十二字。以宋柳永词五十字、上下片各四句、每片两平韵一仄韵为正体。 又名《清平乐令》、《醉东风》、《忆萝月》等。本唐教坊曲名。宋王灼《碧鸡漫志》云：“欧阳炯称李白有应制《清平乐》四首。”借用汉乐府“清乐”、“平乐”乐调名称为词调名。双调四十六字，上片四句四仄韵，下片四句三平韵，亦有全用仄韵。 又名《丑奴儿令》、《罗敷媚歌》、《丑奴儿》、《罗敷媚》。唐教坊大曲有《采桑》，后截取一“遍”为词牌。双调四十四字，上下片各四句，三平韵。又有《添字采桑子》，双调四十八或五十四字，平韵；《摊破采桑子》，双调六十字，平韵。 又名《宴桃源》、《不见》、《如意令》、《无梦令》、《比梅》等。相传为后唐庄宗李存勖制，初名《忆仙姿》，后苏轼嫌其名不雅，以李词中“如梦，如梦，和泪出门相送”句改此名。有单、双调二体，单调三十三字，仄韵，亦有押平韵者；双调为单调复加一叠而成，六十六字，仄韵。 又名《减兰》、《木兰香》、《天下乐令》。双调四十四字，上下片各四句，两仄韵，两平韵。 又名《黄金缕》、《卷珠帘》、《明月生南浦》、《鹊踏枝》、《凤栖梧》等。本唐教坊曲，名《鹊踏枝》，后用作词牌，取梁简文帝诗“翻阶蛱蝶恋花情”句而改此名。双调六十字，上下片各五句，仄韵。 又名《荆溪咏》、《吴门柳》、《游仙咏》等。《词谱》卷十四云：“此调始自晏殊，因词有'神仙一曲渔家傲'句，取以为名。”双调六十二字，仄韵。亦有上下阕各用二平韵三仄韵之作。 又名《苍梧谣》、《归字谣》，因全词共十六字，故名。单调，三平韵。 又名《秦楼月》、《双荷叶》、《蓬莱阁》、《碧云深》、《花深深》。相传因唐李白词中“秦娥梦断秦楼月”句得名。双调四十六字，另有三十七、三十八、四十、四十一字等。分平、仄韵二体。 又名《大江东去》、《酹江月》、《百字令》、《百字谣》、《赤壁词》、《壶中天》、《壶中天慢》等。念奴为唐天宝中名歌女，因以为名。双调一百、一百零一或一百零二字，有平、仄韵二体。 又名《谢新恩》、《雁后归》、、《采莲回》等。本唐教坊曲名。原曲多咏水仙，故名。双调，有五十四、五十六、五十八、五十九、六十、六十二字等，皆平韵。宋柳永演为《临江仙引》，七十四字或九十三字，平韵。 也作《浣溪纱》或《浣沙溪》。又名《小庭花》、《减字浣溪沙》、《霜菊黄》、《广寒枝》等。本唐教坊曲名。双调四十二、四十四或四十六字，有平、仄韵两体。 本唐教坊曲名。因唐白居易词有“却到帝都重富贵，请君莫忘浪淘沙”句得名。为二十八字、平韵七言绝句体。与五代、宋时之《浪淘沙令》、《浪淘沙慢》不同。 相传隋炀帝开汴河时制《水调歌》，唐人演为大曲。大曲有散序、中序、入破三部分，以截其歌头（中序第一章）另倚新声，故名。又名《元会曲》、《凯歌》、《台城游》等。双调九十四至九十七字，平韵。 又名《缺月挂疏桐》、《百尺楼》、《楚天遥》、《眉峰碧》、《黄鹤洞中仙》等。清万树《词律》云：唐骆宾王诗用数目名，人谓之卜算子。宋黄庭坚词有“似挟着，卖卜算”句，盖取以为词调名。双调，有四十四至四十六字诸体，仄韵。 又名《上江虹》、《念良游》、《伤春曲》。有仄、平韵二体。仄韵词宋人填者最多，双调九十三字，另有八十九、九十一、九十二、九十四、九十七诸体，仄韵，南宋姜夔改用平韵。