Chapter 66 Land of Peach Blossoms

During the Taiyuan period of the Jin Dynasty, people in Wuling engaged in fishing, walking along streams, forgetting the distance of the road.Suddenly there is a peach blossom forest, hundreds of steps across the bank, there are no miscellaneous trees in the middle, the grass is delicious, and the fallen flowers are colorful, and the fishermen are very different.Going forward again, I want to make the forest poor. If the water source is exhausted in the forest, then there will be a mountain.There is a small mouth in the mountain, as if if there is light, the boat will enter through the mouth.At the beginning, you are extremely narrow, and you are able to understand people.Go back dozens of steps, suddenly see the light.The land is flat and open, and the houses are like ⑥. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, and mulberry and bamboo.Qian Mo ⑦ traffic, chickens and dogs hear each other.Among them, the clothes of men and women are like outsiders ⑧; they have yellow hair and hair ⑨, and they are happy and happy.When he saw the fisherman, he was shocked. He asked him where he had come from, and he gave him an answer.Then I want to return home, set up wine and kill chickens for food.The village heard about this person, so I came to ask him.Since Yun Xianshi avoided the chaos of Qin⑫, he led his wife Yiren to this desperate situation, and never came back, so he separated himself from outsiders.Ask what is the present age, but I don’t know that there is a Han⑬, regardless of Wei and Jin⑭.One by one, this person was all sighed and heard.The rest of the people went back to their homes, and all went out to drink and eat.Stop for a few days and resign.There is a saying among people ⑰: "If you are not enough ⑱, you can understand it for outsiders."

Once you get out and get your boat, you will help you to the road⑲, aiming for it everywhere.And the county ㉑, ㉒ prefect, said so ㉓.The prefect immediately sent people to follow him, looking for what he wanted, but lost his way, and could no longer find the way.Nanyang Liu Ziji ㉕, a noble scholar, heard about it, and happily went to ㉖, but failed, and died in search of illness.Later, there was no one who asked about it. ① Taohuayuan: According to legend, it is 15 kilometers southwest of Taoyuan County, Hunan Province. "Changde Mansion Chronicles": "Thirty miles southwest of the county, south of Wutou Village, Taoyuan Cave, is a place for Qin people to avoid chaos." Around the time of Qiliang in the Southern Dynasty, this place was written as a fairyland.It was mentioned in Liang Ren'an's "Wu Ling Ji".

② Taiyuan: Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty Sima Yao's year (376-396). ③Wuling: The name of the county, where the government is located in Changde, Hunan today. ④ Luoying: Luohua.It is said to be the first flower. ⑤ The source of water at the end of the forest: It is said that the end of the peach blossom forest is the source of Taohuaxi. ⑥Like: Neat appearance. ⑦ Qianmo: Field paths, the north and south are the fields, and the east and west are the fields. 8 Outsiders: Refers to people outside Taoyuan. ⑨Yellow hair hanging down (tiao strip): the elderly and children.髫, children's hair hanging as decoration.

⑩To (yao waist): pass "invite". ⑪Salty: All, all. ⑫ Qin: Qin Dynasty (before 221-before 207). ⑬Han: Han Dynasty (206 BC to 8 BC is the Western Han Dynasty, 25-220 is the Eastern Han Dynasty). ⑭ Wei: Wei State (220-265) during the Three Kingdoms period.Jin: Jin Dynasty (265-316 is the Western Jin Dynasty, 317-420 is the Eastern Jin Dynasty). ⑮ "This person" sentence: It is said that the fisherman is a person in Taoyuan and elaborates on the historical changes in the world that he knows. ⑯Delay: Invitation. ⑰The person in this place: refers to the person in the peach blossom garden.

⑱ Insufficient: No, no. ⑲Fu: edge, along.Xianglu: the old road, referring to the way when it came. ⑳ Chi: Make a mark. ㉑ County: Refers to Wuling County. ㉒诗: To, to. ㉓Say it like this: Said the scenes like the ones written above. ㉔Looking for the aspirations: the mark made when looking for the return. ㉕Nanyang: Today Nanyang, Henan.Liu Ziji, whose name is Luzhi, likes traveling in mountains and rivers.I once went to Mount Hengshan to collect herbs, and I forgot to go deep. I saw two stone warehouses on the bank of the stream, one closed and the other open. Because the water was deep and difficult to cross, I lost my way when I wanted to return. Fortunately, I met a logger and gave me the way.Later, I heard that there was an elixir in Shicang, and I wanted to go there again, but I didn't know where it was (see "Book of Jin · Hermit Biography").Tao Yuanming may have heard about it and thought about it, because it is written in this article, it is not necessary to actually have it.

㉖Regulation to: plan to go. ㉗ Failed: Not realized. ㉘ Wenjin: visit and seek. In China, there is a tradition that "mountains and rivers win with people", so-called "beauty does not come from itself, but from people", and "land does not win from itself, but people make it sound".Wang Bo is in Tengwang Pavilion, Li Bai is in Jingting Mountain, Cui Hao is in Yellow Crane Tower, Liu Zongyuan is in Yongzhou, Fan Zhongyan is in Yueyang Tower, Ouyang Xiu is in Zuiweng Pavilion, Su Shi is in Huanggang Chibi, all of them are like this.But what they wrote are all real scenes, while Taoyuan Wonderland is fictional.It is rare both at home and abroad to fascinate tourists with a fictional fairyland in a poem.Wuling Taoyuan was originally a little-known remote place. Since Tao Yuanming wrote "Peach Blossom Spring Poems and Records", it has been valued by literati and poets. Poets have set foot in the mountains and streams during the Liang and Chen Dynasties to search for spiritual mysteries.During the Kaiyuan Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, Taohuayuan suddenly became famous and even attracted the attention of the imperial court.In the seventh year of Tianbao, an edict was issued that "thirty households will be exempted from taxes and taxes, and they will always fill and sweep, and guard the mountains and forests."Since then, there have been more and more tourists, and it has become a scenic spot that everyone admires, and the chanting works have continued through the ages.

Why did Tao Yuanming fabricate Taoyuan Wonderland?It starts with his time and thoughts.At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming’s hometown of Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was in dire straits due to frequent wars.Until the Jin and Song Dynasties, the situation of people fleeing became more serious. "Book of Songs Jingzhou Man Biography" said: "The taxes and labor of the Song people were harsh, and the poor were no longer able to bear their lives, and many fled to the barbarians", because "the barbarians had no corvees, and the strong did not pay official taxes."These historical facts are the historical background and social foundation of the fictional Taoyuan Wonderland.In terms of thought, Tao Yuanming was deeply influenced by Taoism, and also pursued Ruan Ji's social ideal of no ruler, no minister, no wealth and no honor, and accepted Bao Jingyan's thought of no monarch. Qiu Shan hated officialdom, and once called himself the Master Xihuang, fantasizing about being a citizen of the Wuhuai and Getian clans.The accumulation of these ideologies has become the ideological root of his fictional fairyland. In "Book of Jin", it is said that Tao Yuanming thought that his great-grandfather was the chancellor of the Jin Dynasty, and he was "ashamed to return to his descendants". Therefore, He Wenhuan said that he wrote about Taoyuan people's avoidance of Qin with "avoiding the feelings of Song Dynasty", which can also be used as a reference to analyze his creative motivation .

From the perspective of Chinese literature history, the emergence of the Taoyuan story is also a very striking and strange phenomenon.Its wide spread and great influence are beyond the reach of ordinary poetry.Exploring its reasons is certainly closely related to its artistic achievements, but also has an inseparable connection with our nation's literary ideals and aesthetic psychology.In Peach Blossom Spring, there is a harmonious and perfect unity between people and between people and nature.There is no oppression, no disputes, no sorrows, peace and harmony everywhere, and everyone is honest and simple.This is the ideal state that the ancient poets who felt the suffering of life and full of sense of urgency dreamed of, and it is also the ideal society that the disaster-ridden ancient people asked writers to express and praise.Tao Yuanming lived in the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, experienced the turmoil of Liu Yu's usurpation of the Jin Dynasty, and deeply experienced the darkness of society and the misery of life.Judging from the literary tendency at that time, he could express his virtues like the poets of his generation, entrust his thoughts to Xuanzhu, indulge in chasing Song Qiao, and ascend to immortality.However, Tao Yuanming, who had a deep relationship with the people and a deep understanding of social life, refused to do so.He has no dream of longevity, nor does he want to seek relief by means of Xuantan Youxian, but treats life with a realistic attitude.He left the filthy officialdom and lived in the countryside for a long time, living a poor and simple life by working hard for his own food.The picture constructed is an artistic reflection of his ideal of life after fleeing from salary and returning to farming, and after experiencing rural life.Although it is impossible to have such an alien world under the system of exploitation, it should exist in the hearts of the people.As early as 3,000 years ago, the "Book of Songs Shuo Shu" was already strongly calling for this paradise on earth.It should be said that it is in the same line of thought as "Shuoshu", both of which show hatred of exploitation and denial of monarchy. Therefore, Song Wang Anshi's "Taoyuan Xing" said: "Children and grandchildren grow up separated from the world. Your Majesty."

Tao Yuanming is good at line drawing when composing poems.Jinyuan Haowen said that "one word is natural and eternal, and the luxury is full of true alcohol".Also has this art style.Although it is a fictitious fairyland outside the world, because of the use of realistic techniques, the imaginary scenes are described in real terms, giving people a sense of reality, as if there are real people and real events.The full text takes Wuling fishermen's whereabouts as clues, and describes three stories of fishing in the stream, fairyland in Taoyuan, and finding lost again like a novel.The first paragraph vividly reveals a series of psychological activities of Wuling fishermen with four consecutive words "forget", "sudden encounter", "very different" and "want to be poor". The word "forget" is written with one heart on fishing, and has no intention of calculating the distance, and it also implies that what has been done is far away.It focuses on one and forgets the rest of the mental state, which is similar to the wonderland of "Xu Xing does not remember the depth of the mountain". "Suddenly" and "very different" correspond to each other, writing about his surprise at seeing the peach blossom forest by accident, and highlighting the beautiful scenery of the peach blossom forest. The two sentences "the fragrant grass is delicious, and the falling flowers are colorful" are written with a wonderful pen, with gorgeous colors and beautiful scenery, as if there are bursts of fragrance overflowing from the tip of the pen, and the language is beautiful and easy to come by.The second paragraph first describes the process of discovering the fairyland in numbers. "If there is no water in the forest, there will be a mountain", pointing out that you have reached a secluded place; "There is a small mouth in the mountain, as if there is light", implying that you must go to an unusual place.The fisherman's searching gaze and eagerness are also reflected.When I passed through the small mouth and narrow road, I wrote "suddenly enlightened", and it has a deep charm of dark willows and bright flowers.After entering Taoyuan Wonderland, first write down the land, houses, fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry and bamboo, fields, chickens and dogs barking and other scenes one by one.Then, from far to near, from scenery to people, describe the people in Taoyuan's exchanges, planting, clothing and attire, and their happy life, and outline an ideal picture of rural life.Finally, the scene of the people in Taoyuan seeing the fisherman is written, from "surprise" to "questioning where it came from", from warm hospitality to parting instructions, written with sincerity and full of life.In the third paragraph, it first writes that the fisherman "remembers everywhere" on the way back along the way he came, implying that he intends to start again. "The prefect said so", writing that he violated the Taoyuan people's exhortation that "it is not enough for outsiders".The prefect sent people to follow "the road is no longer found" and Liu Ziji's past failed to come to fruition, both of which were intentionally arranged plots, expressing that the fairyland is hard to find, implying that the Taoyuan people do not want "outsiders" to come back.The secular people no longer care about Taoyuan Wonderland, but Tao Yuanming himself has never stopped pursuing it. At the end of "Peach Blossom Spring Poems", he revealed that "the words of the wish are light and the wind is high, and the deed of searching for me is held high." wish.He regards Taoyuan people as his like-minded friends, and eagerly looks forward to living with them in Taohuayuan.

Tao Yuanming successfully used the technique of virtual scenes and real descriptions to make people feel that Taoyuan Wonderland is a real existence, showing his superb artistic talent in narrative and scene description.However, his artistic achievements and charm are not limited to this, and Tao Yuanming is not just hoping that people will confirm him as a real existence.Therefore, at the same time that the fictional scene is real, there is also fiction in the real, intentionally leaving a few topics that seem nothing but nothing, seem to exist but not exist, and make people exhausted guesses and have no way to find the answer.The exhortations of the Taoyuan people and the plots of "no way to go" and "the past failed to come to fruition" arranged at the end of the story are the most intriguing of these topics.What it implies to the world is that it seems to be in the world but not in the world, and it is not that the world is better than the world. It can only be obtained unintentionally and cannot be sought intentionally. a subtle inner connection.This imaginary spiritual and mysterious area has always been covered with a veil of mystery, "If you ask a wandering alchemist, how can you measure outside the hustle and bustle", it is difficult for the world to reveal.Its opening and closing, and what the fisherman gains and then loses, are eternal mysteries intentionally left by Tao Yuanming, which "provokes poets to this day".However, he revealed a bit of news in "Peach Blossom Spring Poems", saying that the reason why "the world of gods once opened up" "turned back to seclusion" was because "pureness has a different origin"!It turns out that the folk customs of Taoyuan are honest and honest, and the customs of the world are weak. I am afraid that "the prefect of Wuling will come to Yan and turn it into a field of contention" (Su Shi's "He Taohuayuan Poetry Preface"), polluting this pure land outside of China, even if a noble man like Liu Ziji Even the most talented people will not get the chance to see the fairyland.

For more than a thousand years, in the hearts of Chinese poets, Taoyuan Fairyland has always been beautiful, yearning, and has eternal charm.Although Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty said that "the theory of Taoyuan is absurd", the ancient poets would rather believe in it than in nothing, and always seek the warmth of the dream with pious psychology and good wishes.They "do not doubt that the spiritual realm is unpleasant to see", they only blame themselves for being "sick of homesickness" (Wang Wei's "A Journey to Taoyuan"), and "the dusty heart is like dirt and cannot be washed away" (Liu Yuxi's "A Journey to Taoyuan").Perhaps, the more mysterious it is, the more it can touch the poet's heart. Therefore, even though "the fairy's family disappeared as soon as he went out", "I only saw the peach blossoms but no one", I had to leave with the melancholy of "hating the peach blossoms and a stream of water". It is still haunting and dreaming, relishing talking, unforgettable.Because it is different from the general utopian social theory, but an ideal, a symbol of beauty.