Chapter 58 Reading Thirteen Poems of the Classic of Mountains and Seas (Part 6)

On Xiaoyao Wugao, I look at Fumu.Hong Ke million search ①, Sen San ② cover Yanggu.Spiritual beings serve the Danchi, bathing in the sun from day to day.③When the god scene reaches the sky, why can't you see the candle! ① In ancient times, eight feet were used as a search. ② Sensan: The appearance of lush branches and leaves. ③ Shenjing: Refers to the sun. Tao Yuanming's "Thirteen Poems of Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas" is a group of special lyric poems created with mythological materials.According to Mr. Lu Qinli's textual research (see Appendix 1 of "Tao Yuanming Collection" annotated by Lu's collation), this group of poems was written in the third year (407) or fourth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin'an.At that time, after Huanxuan failed to usurp the throne and before Liu Yudai's intentions were revealed, the Eastern Jin regime had not yet completely collapsed although it had been severely damaged.This is the basis of this poem.

"Xiaoyao Wugao" is the sixth poem in the "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas".This poem is based on the articles about Wugao (that is, "Wugao"), Fumu (also known as "Fusang", Several myths and legends about "榑木"), Tanggu (namely "Yangu"), Xihe, and the sun.In these myths and legends, Wugao is a very high mountain where you can see the distant sea, Fumu is a majestic mulberry tree that can be inhabited by ten suns, and Tanggu is a vast god mountain that can be bathed by ten suns. At the same time, the abyss is also the starting point for the sun to survey the sky, and the majestic fumigum grows in the middle of its water (according to the phrase "jushui" in the "Overseas Eastern Classics"); Xihe is a goddess who bathes the sun.Based on these myths and legends, the poet made a unique artistic conception, created a magnificent, simple, luxuriant, and bright artistic conception, and wonderfully expressed the grand theme of wishing the country a revival.

According to the characteristics of the subject matter and the requirements of expressing the theme, the poet adopts symbolic techniques and at the same time writes himself into the poem.The first two sentences describe Yixing who looks far away.The poet fantasizes that he stands leisurely on the top of Wugao, which was born out of the sky, overlooking the strange posture of supporting trees at the end of the sea and sky. "Xiaoyao" sees the wind and spirit are unrestrained and relaxed, and "Yaoran" sees the vastness of clouds and water, and the boundless sky and earth. When you write down the pen, you write a visionary, contemplative and reverie image, implying your deep concern for the future of the country, and naturally leading to the following Describe the scene and situation.

The two sentences of "Hong Ke" describe the majesty of Fumu.In the eyes of the poet, a mulberry tree soaring into the sky appeared. This mulberry tree stood upright in the vast Yangu water, with huge branches stretching hundreds of thousands of feet across, and layers of green leaves like heavy mountains, covering the entire Yanggu.What a magnificent landscape this is!The poet wrote such a magnificent landscape with a giant pen like rafters, which has a deep meaning, that is, he hopes that the Jin Dynasty will be rejuvenated, and it will be as vigorous and prosperous as a buttress.It turns out that the mulberry tree is a symbol of the Jin family.When Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty Sima Yan served Wei as the general of Zhongba, he planted a mulberry tree in front of the court of the official office.Later, Sima Yan became the founding emperor, and this mulberry tree was deified as an auspicious object for showing virtue and Zhaoji.Famous fu writers Lu Ji, Pan Ni, Fu Xian, etc. all wrote poems for it, and tried their best to promote its omen significance (see "Tao Yuanming Collection" annotated by Lu Qinli on the ninth poem of "Nimu" "Planting mulberry along the Yangtze River, looking forward to harvesting in three years "The explanation of the two sentences and the "Sang Fu" and the preface of the Fu written by Ouyang Xun in Volume 88 of "Yiwen Leiju" recorded by Lu, Pan and Fu).Among them, Fu Xian's "Ode to Mulberry Trees" has compared the mulberry trees planted by Sima Yan to the buttresses on Yanggu, saying that "with the greatness of the Jue tree, it will climb to the sun in nine days".Obviously, Tao Yuan was inspired by this fu, so at the beginning of the chapter, he expressed his deep affection for the country's prospects by looking at Fumu from afar, and here he entrusted Fumu's majestic appearance to express his sincere wishes for the country's rejuvenation.

The buttresses and the Yanggu covered by them are not only the living environment of the sun, but the activities of the sun are naturally transcribed below. The two sentences of "spiritual man" exaggerate the wonder of bathing in the sun. "Spirit man" means God man, referring to the goddess who attends the bath. "Danchi" refers to the bath of the sun.In ancient times, the residences of emperors were mostly decorated with dancai, which were called "Danju", "Danque" and "Danqi". The ancients used to regard the sun as the image of the emperor. Tao Yuanming also used the sun as the image of the emperor in this poem, so the words are so .The poet fantasizes that there is a goddess who waits for the sun and washes the sun's dirt every morning in the bath decorated with Dancai, so that the sun is always so bright and bright. The original text of the myth of Xihe bathing in "Shan Hai Jing Da Huang Nan Jing" only said that "there is a woman named Xi He who bathes the sun in Ganyuan". Changing "Fang Yu Day" to "Zhao Chao is a sun bath" is more vivid and meaningful.The deep meaning implied in this is to hope that there are virtuous ministers to assist the emperor, and often punish the emperor for his mistakes, so that the government will be peaceful and the country will be prosperous. The original meaning of the word "bath" is to wash away the dirt on the body, but it can be extended to the meaning of cultivating virtue. "Book of Rites Confucianism" has the words "bath the body and bathe virtue", which shows that these two poems can be understood in this way .Tao Yuanming praised Ziche’s three sons in his poem "Ode to Sanliang" when they served Qin Mugong, "When they go out, they accompany Wenyu, and when they enter, they must serve Danwei. The similarity of people serving Danchi, and day and night bathing in the sun" also shows that these two lines of poems should be understood in this way.

The last two sentences eulogize the splendor of the sunrise.In addition to implicitly covering the myths and legends of the sunrise Fusang contained in the "Shan Hai Jing Da Huang Dong Jing", these two sentences also used Cao Cao's "Autumn Hu Xing" "Tomorrow's sun and moonlight, what is not so bright" and Fu Xuan's "Song of the Rising Sun" There are verses such as "The Yijing is so swaying, the rising sun shines in all directions. The emperor's virtue matches the heaven and the earth, and the gods learn from the wilderness".This is the summary of the whole poem and also the climax of the whole poem.With boundless passion, the poet warmly praised the bright scene at sunrise: "When the divine scene ascends to the sky, why do you not see the candle!" Be illuminated by it!The vigorous speech and the high-spirited voice create a majestic image of "the horizontal waves flow sideways, and the dry clouds rise straight" (Xiao Tong's "Tao Yuanming Collection Preface"), which more forcefully expresses the desire for national rejuvenation. Generosity.Of course, the "divine scene" in the poem is still a symbol of the emperor.Limited by history, Tao Yuanming could only place his hope on the emperor's wisdom.A wise ruler can use virtuous ministers, only virtuous ministers can implement good government, and only good government can lead to ZTE: this is the logic of Qu Yuan and Zhuge Liang (see Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" and Zhuge Liang's "Previous Teacher List"), and it is also the logic of Tao Yuanming.

Su Shi said that Tao Yuanming's poems "are beautiful in quality, but rich in substance" (Su Zhe's "Chasing and Tao Yuanming's Poetry Introduction" paraphrases Su Shi's words).This poem is indeed such a treasure.The language of the whole poem is very simple and the length is very short, but it contains many wonderful images and contains extremely profound emotions, which makes people read it as if flying out of the sky, witnessing the poet standing on the dangerous peak and looking at the sea in the distance, soaring up to the sky and falling down. The celestial trees in Yanggu, the long-serving Danchi, the goddess who bathes in the sun, the brilliant and spouting sun, obtain all kinds of special aesthetic pleasure, and are deeply loved by "full of prosperity and seen outside" (Su Shi's "Before Traveling South") Inspired by patriotism.This poem has truly achieved the perfect unity of the ordinary and the strange, the plain and the wonderful, the refined and the plump, and thus has a high artistic value.

Liu Xizai said: "Tao Yuanming's "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas", the words are in the appearance of the eight wildernesses, but the affection is very kind, especially the poetry is profound and profound" ("General Introduction to Art" Volume 2).This poem is such a masterpiece in dealing with the relationship between myth and reality.The poet first obtains a feeling that reflects his own ideals and feelings from myths and legends, and thus has a strong creative impulse.Then, "Absolutely concentrated, wandering ten thousand feet", injecting one's own subjective feelings into the myth, making Fumu's "Scattered forests cover Yanggu" have symbolic meaning, and let the spirits embrace the loyalty of "bathing in the sun". , transforming the original non-textual mythological materials into "secret sounds bypassing, burying hidden hairs".These relatively independent aesthetic images, through the poet's miraculous enlightenment, are organized into a mysterious cloud brocade of "external literary beauty, internal meaning and pulse".As a result, the spiritual creatures on the surface of the Eight Desolation have the charm of the real world, and the weird and weird legends have intriguing meanings, which really make people feel fantastic and kind. Don't feel that "there is a deep and simple part of it that cannot be everywhere." (Shen Deqian's "Speaking Poetry and Morning Language").