Chapter 57 Reading Thirteen Poems of Shan Hai Jing (Part 1)

Meng Xia has long grass and trees, and the trees are sparse around the house.The birds are happy and trustworthy, and I also love my hut.I have plowed and planted, and I still read my books from time to time.The poor lanes are separated by deep ruts, and they are quite back to the old man's car.Drink spring wine happily and pick vegetables in my garden.The light rain comes from the east, and the good wind goes with it.Take a broad view of the biography of the king of Zhou, and view the mountains and seas.Looking up at the universe, how happy it is! Eighteen volumes, mostly about ancient mountains and rivers at home and abroad, as well as myths and legends.Both Wang Chong's "Lunheng" and "Wuyue Chunqiu" said that this book was recorded by Boyi, who was ordered by Dayu to control the water. Like the title picture, the "Mountain and Sea Picture" read by Tao Qian is this kind of picture like. "Du Shan Hai Jing" "The thirteen poems all record the differences in the things recorded in the two books (and "Mu Tianzi Biography"). This is the beginning of an article, especially for the fun of living in seclusion." (Yuan Liu Lu "Supplementary Notes to Selected Poems") In fact, this poem not only shows Tao Qian's joy in life, but also reflects his attitude towards reading and his artistic attainments in poetry creation.Chen Zhongchun said: "Yu said that Tao Yuanming's poem is the best. You can think of Tao Ran's interest in singing songs again and again. The sentence of 'wanting to distinguish and forget words' (referring to "Drinking Wine") is a little tricky, but there is no need to heal it." (quoted in "Tao Shihui Comment").The poem has sixteen sentences and one rhyme to the end, but roughly four sentences can be explained.

Let's talk about the good times and the good times together, and the joy of "getting what you want". "Mengxia" April is the time sequence immediately following late spring. "In late spring and March, the grass grows in the south of the Yangtze River, the trees are mixed with peanuts, and the warblers are flying around" (Qiu Chi's "Book with Chen Bo"). In April, although the flowers on the trees are gone, the grass and trees are more dense and green. . "Mengxia's vegetation is long, and the trees are sparse around the house." "Fushu" is the appearance of the branches and leaves of the trees. Tao's mountain dwelling is caged in the shade of trees. What a secluded environment.Birds are naturally happy to come to this forest to nest. The sentence "All the birds are happy and trustworthy" is a Fuxiang.However, the couplet "I also love my hut" is another kind of Xingxiang—it seems to have a magical effect caused by Xingfa. The word "Xintuo" is the profound reason for "I also love my house".It's not about enjoying the splendor of "My House" and the height of the house, but as Zhang Jiying said: "Life is too expensive to be comfortable."At this time, Tao Yuanming has abandoned the "Ming Jue" and returned. In this "housing" (shabby room), he can "introduce the pot and cup for self-drinking, and the court can be beautiful. He leans on the south window to express his pride, and the ease of judging his knees is easy." ” ("Returning to Come") He already felt that today is right and yesterday is wrong, and he deserves it. "I also love my hut", is usually five words, full of joy and infinite wisdom.Only when the poet pushes himself and things does he feel that "all the birds" are "rejoiced".Therefore, the phrase "all birds" can also be regarded as a metaphor.Comparing with the poet's own two sentences "every race has its own support, but the lonely cloud alone has no support" ("Ode to the Poor"), "all the birds appreciate their support, and I also love my hut" can better reflect Tao Yuanming's mental state of psychological balance , "Looking at things and looking at me is purely based on vitality" (Shen Deqian's "The Source of Ancient Poetry"), which has a pantheistic philosophical interest and is a famous saying.

Immediately afterwards, the poet wrote about the joy of farming and reading and the relationship between "I" in "My Hut". The two sentences "I have plowed and planted, and I still read my book" are worth pondering. First of all, how Tao Qian arranges the relationship between farming and reading is reflected by the outline characters such as "now already" and "when still".Obviously, farming comes first, followed by reading.This shows the poet's honest, simple, and people-friendly outlook on life: "Life has its own way, and food and clothing are solid. No matter what is right, you will seek self-security, start a spring and manage your career, and your years will be considerable. In the morning Work hard, work hard every day, and pay back every day." "I hope it will be like this, and I will not regret it." ("Watching Early Rice in Xitian in September of the Gengxu Year") Passion for productive labor is Tao Yuanming's most valuable quality one.In Mengxia, the plowing is over, the harvest is still early, and it is the slack season, so he can read happily.Of course, he doesn't spend all his time reading, which can be seen from the word "Shi Huan".However, it is this kind of sneak reading that makes me most interested in reading.Regarding whether Tao Qian received guests, the answer should be yes.He is a man of music by nature. "In the past, he wanted to live in Nancun, not for divination of his house. He has heard a lot about a simple-minded person, and he enjoys counting mornings and evenings." is his confession. "Song Shu·Yi Yi Biography" says: "Those who are made by the noble and the humble will have wine." But if the other party is in trouble and does not come, he will not feel sorry.This kind of self-satisfaction is even more ephemeral than the poem "Plum Village" by Wu Weiye of the Qing Dynasty, "It's not easy to be greedy for guests".It is in this sense that readers should understand "a poor alley is separated by a deep rut, and it is quite a return to the car of the old man." Here, the poet has written a good sentence without intending to leave a problem, so that later commentators have two completely opposite interpretations.One kind thinks that these two sentences have the same meaning: "living in a back alley, often making old friends go back to the car, which means that there is little contact with the world" ("Reference Materials of Literature History of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" note); the other thinks that the two sentences Each has the same idea: "The carts are deep and the ruts are deep, and no nobles come to this poor alley. However, I return (recall) the driver of the old man, drink wine happily and pick vegetables to make fun of it." (Wang Shizhen's "A Thousand Golden Books of Ancient Studies") no matter what No matter what you say, it will not harm Tao Yuanming's poetry.But in comparison, Yan Yanzhi later said that "the banquet was held in the forest, and he returned (recalled) the car of the old man" to participate in the evidence, which is more in line with the actual situation of Tao Qian's life.It is also said that "it is better to be happy alone than to be happy with others", although there are also cases where "the door is always closed even though it is set up".

For example, from the point of "writing about friends for the second time" (Wu Song's "On Tao"), the following is to write about the countryside to entertain guests with the freshness of the season, and enjoy the scenery together. "Happy talk, drink spring wine, and pick vegetables from my garden" are very pastoral.Wine is brewed in the middle of winter in rural areas, and it starts to be produced in spring, which is called "spring wine" ("The Book of Songs Bin Feng July" "for this spring wine, to meet eyebrows and longevity"). In early summer, it is just time to open the urn for drinking.Lifting wine belongs to the guest, not without food.But the poet only wrote "Picking the vegetables in my garden", because it was true at that time.April is the peak season for vegetables, and picking vegetables from the ground is so fresh and pleasant.And the master's hospitality and joy are also full of pen. "Happy words" are still "happy words". "The light rain comes from the east, and the good wind goes with it" is a beautiful sentence.The wind is good, the rain is good, the face is not cold, the clothes are not wet, and both can help friends enjoy drinking.In places where it is easy to make couplets, Tao Yuanming wrote them in scattered lines. The rain "comes from the east" and the wind "goes with it". Especially good. For example, under the title of "I also love my hut", it is divided into two parts, and the volume of the game is small. Although it is good, it is not enough." In this sentence, we can see that "the scale is flat and far, so the supporting body is large".

In this way, the poet writes about the comfort of Xintuo, the beautiful scenery on a good day, and the joy of meeting friends, and then falls back to the "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas" on the title, which is the end of the song. "Looking at the biographies of the kings of Zhou, browsing the maps of mountains and seas", although the point is limited, there is a lot of profound meaning that can be played.There are two completely different ways to cover reading.One is to read desperately for practical utilitarian purposes. Due to the great pressure, sometimes "the head hangs from the beam, the awl stabs the buttocks", which can be called "Su Qin style hard study".One is to read easily for the purpose of seeking knowledge and pleasure, with a strong sense of pleasure. ("The Biography of Mr. Wuliu"), it can be called "Tao Qian's music reading".Tao Yuanming said, "Young people are rare in human affairs, and they are good at the Six Classics" ("Drinking Wine"). Although he reads scriptures, he has a tendency to "read with pleasure".And after returning to Yuantian to live in, there has been great development.What I read here is not the biography of the sages in the Bible, but "The Biography of Mu Tianzi" ("Zhou Wang Biography").Although it is a source of ancient mythology, "Mu Tianzi Biography" is also a myth and legend ("Book of Jin Shuzhe Biography" contains "Taikang two years (221), Jijun people are not allowed to steal the tomb of King Wei Xiang, or Yan An In the tomb of King Li, dozens of chariots of bamboo books were obtained." There are five chapters in "Mu Tianzi Biography", which narrates the story of King Mu of Zhou driving eight steeds to travel around the world).They are artistic and readable.Maugham said: "No one is obliged to read poetry, novels, or other literary works that can be classified as pure literature. He can only read for fun." ("Book and You") It can be said that Tao Qian early I won the samadhi in it.You can see that he doesn't study hard at all, nor does he use books as a stepping stone; I don’t want to eat” (Jia Baoyu’s reading), so I feel a strong aesthetic pleasure.At the same time, he has such a wonderful reading environment managed by himself, a hut caged in the shade of summer, where the birds nest and sing, of course it is suitable for reading and wandering with the ancients.His study is also arranged in the spare time of farming, so he has no worries in life.If you read the scroll all day long, without physical labor to adjust, there will always be times when you read the pages full of words like ants crawling in a daze.But working is different. At this time, the limbs feel a little tired, but the mind is very useful. It is a kind of enjoyment to sit down, not to mention one or two good books that are not boring and can pass the summer.Furthermore, when you read something you understand, you need someone to talk to for a while, and the old man returns to the car to look at each other, just to "appreciate the strange texts together, and analyze the doubts and doubts" ("Moving").

"Looking up at the universe, how can you not be happy again!" The second sentence is the summary of the whole poem.It is directly related to the wonderful books of "Panlan" and "Liuguan".Meng Xia's sun and moon geometry?Even a hundred years of life is short.How can we "pitch the entire universe"? ("Huainanzi Qisu": "From ancient times to the present is called the universe, and the four directions are called the universe.") The magic of these five characters lies first in writing the feeling of "reading the classics of mountains and seas". What a joy it is to travel in and out of ancient times and around the world with the characters in the book in an instant.As far as Tao Qian's life philosophy with pantheistic tendencies is concerned, he is originally a part of nature, and spiritually he is a part of everything, and the past and the present are the same. This is a deeper joy of "pitching the ultimate universe".As far as the whole poem is concerned, the joy mentioned in these two sentences is not limited to reading.It also includes the joy of life, during which there is of course the so-called "clothes are warm, vegetables are fragrant, and poetry and books have a long taste"; The reason for the optimistic attitude towards life.Traditionally, it has inherited the ideal of spring clothing and bathing Yi once pointed out by Confucius; in practice, it is the result of participating in labor and being close to farmers.It is a spiritual heritage worthy of attention.

Although there is no shortage of clever words, this poem is purely based on nature.It belongs to the language of Anya, with occasional use of metaphors, thick accumulation and thin hair, deep heart and superficial appearance, soothing and moderate rhythm, and perfect integration of literature and emotion.Therefore, Wen Ru-neng's "Tao Ji Hui Comment" said: "This article is Tao Yuanming's occasional income, and it flows out naturally. It is said that there are no ax chisels. It seems that nature is the ultimate in the beauty of poetry. Tao's poems are close to nature, and this poem is even more impressive. It’s unbelievable, it’s amazing.”