Chapter 19 Returning to Sonoda ranks among the top five (Part 1)

There are few suitable vulgar rhymes, but sex originally loves hills and mountains.Misunderstood into the dust net, one went for thirty years.The birds love the old forest, and the fish in the pond think about the old abyss.Opening up the wasteland and the southern wilderness, keep the humble and return to the garden.The square house is more than ten acres, and there are eight or nine thatched cottages.The back eaves of elm and willow shade, the front of peach and plum hall.Warm and warm in the distant village, the smoke in Yiyixu.Dogs bark in the deep alley, chickens crow on top of mulberry trees.Houses and courtyards are free from dust and miscellaneous, empty rooms have leisure.After being in a cage for a long time, I can return to nature.

In 405 A.D. (the first year of Yixi, Emperor An of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Tao Yuanming served as the county magistrate in Pengze, Jiangxi Province. After more than 80 days, he claimed that he did not want to "bow down to the children in the village for five buckets of rice" and went home with a seal.From then on, the life of being inactive and involuntary from time to time ended, and he died in the countryside.After returning, he wrote a group of five poems, "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Field", depicting the beauty of the pastoral scenery and the simplicity and loveliness of rural life, expressing the joyful mood after returning to hermitage.This is the first one.

Tao poetry usually presents a plain and plain appearance, without the work of organization and carving.However, Su Dongpo said: "The quality of his poems is beautiful, and they are thick and plump." ("Book with Su Zhe") and said: "Tao Yuanming's poems seem to be loose at first glance, but there are strange lines when he is familiar with them." ("Lengzhai Poetry Talk") "quoted) Dongpo prefers Tao Gong as a man, especially his poems, thinking that no one has been able to match them since ancient times.Let's take this song as an example, and mainly talk about the profound taste in its simplicity and the delicacy in its slowness, and we will not discuss other issues.

In the first four sentences, let's talk about the conflict between personality and past life path.Rhyme and sex both refer to a person's character and spiritual temperament.What is the so-called "vulgar rhyme"?It is nothing more than the attitude and skill of catering to the world, dealing with social affairs, and taking advantage of others. These are things that poets have never learned.As a sincere and straightforward person, his nature seems to have something in common with the simple countryside and the quiet nature, so "Love Qiushan".The first two sentences reveal the author's aloof and uncommon character, set a tone for the whole poem, and at the same time serve as a foreshadowing, which is the fundamental reason why the poet finally resigned after entering the officialdom.However, life often has to.As a child of an official family, entering an official career is the usual choice; as an intellectual who is familiar with Confucian classics and wants to seek success in society, he must also enter the power organization of society; Comfortable daily life, also need to be an official.Therefore, he had to violate his own "rhyme" and "sex" and run around in the officialdom.Looking back, it was a mistake, into the dirty and boring worldly net that binds humanity. "One to thirty years" should be a mistake of "thirteen years".It was exactly thirteen years from Tao Yuanming's official career to his retirement in seclusion.This sentence seems to be just a plain account, but it has a profound meaning after careful appreciation.To the pastoral, the poet sighed like an old friend with deep friendship: "Oh, it's been thirteen years since we left!"But it is still hidden when written.

The following four sentences are the transition between the two lives.Although it was "mistakenly entered into the dust net", the sentiment has not changed. "The birds love the old forest, the pond fish think about the old abyss", the two sentences focus on describing the mood when I was an official, from the above to the next, the tone is smooth and there is no barrier.Because two similar metaphors are used in succession, and the sentence pattern is antithetical, it strengthens the emotion of being tired of the old life and yearning for the new life; and then the following is transferred from here: "opening up the wilderness and returning to the garden", it seems natural and appropriate , without a trace. "Shouzhuo" responds to "less and no suitable rhyme" - because you don't know how to exploit, it is better to stick to your own stupidity, and you don't have to force yourself to be in the secular world; "Return to the garden" responds to "sex is originally love hills" - with this nature , then follow this nature to make this life stretch naturally and get what you want.The conflict that was written at the beginning was resolved here.

Get rid of the conflict, be happy in your heart, and open up your emotions. The following eight sentences will sing the scenery around the residence with Xinxin's pen.Everything described here is extremely ordinary.You see: the land, thatched cottages; elms and willows, peaches and plums; villages, cooking smoke; dogs barking, cocks crowing.But it is these ordinary things that, in the poet's pen, constitute a very quiet, beautiful, fresh and gratifying picture.In this picture, the pastoral scenery presents us with its plain, unaffected natural beauty, which makes people fascinated leisurely.Isn't this a bit like a paradise? "The land is flat and open, and the houses are like houses. There are fertile fields of mulberry and bamboo. The traffic on the rice paddies, the chickens and dogs hear each other. Among them, the plants are planted, and the clothes of men and women are like outsiders; they have yellow hair and hang down their hair, and they are happy..." ( ) In fact, Whether it is the imaginary Taoyuan or the real village, they all express Tao Yuanming's ideal: a reasonable society should be a society where there is no competition, no hypocrisy, and no extraneous restraint of etiquette, and everyone feeds on their own.This kind of society is of course impossible to realize; Tao Yuanming's villages also intentionally ignore the difficult and cruel side of life.But as a poetic structure, it comforts people with beauty. — Literature often plays this role.

When I read this paragraph for the first time, I only felt it was natural and plain, but in fact, the conception and arrangement were quite subtle. "Fang (same as "beside") houses more than ten acres, eight or nine thatched cottages" is a simple outline, which shows the simplicity of the owner's life.But although there is no grandeur and grandeur of carved beams and painted buildings, there are green shades of elms and willows shrouded in the back of the house, peach blossoms and plum blossoms compete in front of the hall, and the simplicity and splendor are intertwined.The first four sentences constitute a close-up.But Tao Yuanming wants to describe the artistic conception of peace and tranquility, and the close-up view alone is not enough to show it.So then move the pen to the scene in the distance: "Warm and distant people's village, smoke in Yiyixu." Warm and warm, it is blurry, the villages are far apart, so it looks blurry, just like when a Chinese painter paints a distant scene , It is often the same as a few strokes of ink.Yiyi, describes the smoke rising gently and slowly.The scenery described in these two sentences gives people a sense of peace and tranquility, as if the world is not disturbed by any force.From four close-up sentences to two long-term views, it is like a movie camera slowly pulling away, melting a hut full of farmhouse flavor into the far-reaching background.The picture is very light and very light, but the taste is very strong and strong, which makes people open-minded and refreshing.After reading this, people may feel that something is missing.Yes, this scene is too quiet, it seems a little less angry.But the poet has not forgotten this point, please listen, "The dog barks in the deep alley, the cock crows on the top of the mulberry tree", all of a sudden, doesn't this beautiful pastoral painting come alive?These two sentences apply the Han Yuefu's "Chicken Crowing" "Rooster crows high on the top of the tree, and the dog barks deep in the palace" with slight changes.But the poet has absolutely no intention of using allusions to show off his richness, but just doing it at his fingertips.He didn't write about insects singing and birds singing, but he wrote the very ordinary crowing and barking of chickens and dogs, because the sound of chickens and dogs is the most characteristic of the rural environment, and it is also the most harmonious and unified with the whole picture.Faintly, does it also permeate the ideal social concept of "a small country with few people" and "the voices of chickens and dogs are heard, and the people do not communicate with each other when they grow old and die" in "Laozi"?That's hard to say.From the point of view of the poetic realm itself, these two strokes are indispensable.It properly expresses the atmosphere of rural life without destroying the peaceful artistic conception at all, and will not make you feel noisy and irritable.Comparing with Wang Ji's famous sentence "The noise of the cicadas makes the forest more quiet, and the singing birds make the mountains more secluded".

Turning from the description of the scene, there are two sentences: "The house is clean of dust, and the empty room has leisure." Dust refers to mundane and miscellaneous things, and the empty room is a quiet room.As an official, there are always many stupid things that I don't want to do, and many boring entertainments, right?But now they are all free, and they live a leisurely life in the quiet residence.However, the most pleasant thing is not to be leisurely here, but to be able to live according to one's own wishes from now on.The whole poem ends with these two sentences: "If you stay in a cage for a long time, you can return to nature." Nature refers to both the natural environment and a life that conforms to nature without distortion.These two sentences once again echoed the beginning "There is no suitable rhyme for vulgarity, sex is love for hills and mountains", and at the same time it is a point of reference, revealing the main theme of "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Field".But this echo and point of view is not forced at all.From the intense boredom of official life to the beautiful and moving pastoral scenery and the joy of new life, the whole poem expresses a feeling of relief naturally.Such an ending is both meticulous and logical.

Those who commented on Tao's poems often emphasized his natural and simple style, such as "Tao Yuanming always dumped everything, borrowed books from his hands, and didn't know it was a language at the beginning", "Tao Yuanming said that he didn't bother with ropes and cut it, but he was self-contained." and so on.In fact, poetry is always poetry, and "natural" art is still art, even an art that is not easy to obtain.It may be called "natural" to pour out freely without any grinding, but it is definitely not a "natural" art.Judging from this poem, in terms of planning the layout, advancing layer by layer, and even describing every detail, it is not done hastily, but it is the crystallization of careful conception, careful words and sentences, and repeated tempering.It's just that there is a kind of real emotion that runs through the poems and presents a complete artistic conception. The language of the poems is completely in the service of presenting the artistic conception, and does not seek superficial beauty, so the poems appear natural.In short, this is the nature achieved through artistic pursuit and artistic efforts.