Chapter 4 Resentful Poetry Chu Tuo Instructs Master Pang to Book Deng Zhizhong

The way of heaven is secluded and far away, and ghosts and gods are in a daze.Ended up doing good deeds for six or nine years.A weak crown is hindered by the world, and the first room loses its side.The flames are repeatedly burned like fire, and the borers are in the middle of the field.The wind and rain are coming, and the convergence is not full.The summer is full of hunger, and the cold night is sleepless.Thinking about the cock crowing at night, and wishing Wuqian in the morning.Why do you blame the sky, and leave the sorrow and desolation at present.The fame behind you is like floating smoke to me.Generous elegy, Zhong Qi believes in being a virtuous man.

In the "Xianghe Ge" of the Yuefu of the Han Dynasty, there is "Chu Tune", and in "Chu Tune", there is a title "Poetry of Complaint".This is a poem Tao Yuanming wrote to his friends in that style.Both the master book and Zhizhong are official names, and they were the secretary and assistant of the governor of the state at that time.Master Pang refers to Pang Zun, but Deng Zhizhong is unknown.Because there is the word "僶俛六九年" in the poem, it is known that this poem was written when the poet was fifty-four years old, which was the fourteenth year of Emperor Yixi of Jin'an (418).

The work is divided into two paragraphs, and the first paragraph has fourteen sentences. Starting from the difficult experience of his half life, the poet raised doubts about the existence of heavenly ghosts and gods that have been said since ancient times.The first two sentences are the conclusion and run through the whole paragraph.The following twelve sentences are the factual basis for this conclusion.He said, from the time when I was just an adult (jiefa), I have been thinking of doing good deeds with all my heart, and I have been a coolie (僶俛), and I am now fifty-four years old.What about your own experience?At the age of twenty (weak crown), the world was chaotic, and Fu Jian invaded the south; at the age of thirty (the first room), the family was unfortunate and his wife died.Afterwards, natural disasters occurred repeatedly, and the climate was abnormal. First, there was a drought, and there were overgrown moths; up.Looking at this kind of reality, does this mean that there are some ghosts and gods that "good fortune, good fortune, evil misfortune"?There are six sentences in the latter paragraph, describing his ideological activities in the face of the current difficult situation.He said indignantly, I am in such a poor and desolate situation today, it is all my own fault, and I can’t blame any other destiny or man-made; the sages of the past did not always teach people to be virtuous, to make meritorious deeds, to be famous, to be famous in history, like a unicorn Well, but in my opinion, these are as insignificant as passing clouds. I am here to sing a elegy generously. I have nothing else to ask for. I am gratified and proud to have you two bosom friends like Zhong Ziqi .

This is an extremely important work expressing Tao Yuanming's living conditions and thoughts and emotions in his later years.Tao Yuanming is known as a "pastoral poet". His works are the most widely spread and popular: "The Biography of Mr. Wuliu", "Returning to Come", this kind of essay, and "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Field", "He Guo Zhu Poems such as "Book" and "Drinking Wine".Later, after Mr. Lu Xun's criticism and reminder, people began to pay attention to "Ode to Jingke", "Du Shan Hai Jing" and a few so-called works with a bit of "King Kong's glaring" style, but readers who really understand Tao Yuanming's life and thoughts in his later years are still not enough many.Therefore, we feel that it is necessary to recommend the poem "Complaining to the Poetry Chu Tiao Shi Pang Master Book Deng Zhizhong" to readers.

What does this poem tell us?First of all, it depicts the tragic life of the poet in his later years. He has reached the point where he cannot sustain himself due to hunger and cold.He "has a long hunger in summer, and has no sleep in cold nights", so that he is so cold that "the rooster crows at night", looking forward to the dawn at night; black.What a hard time, what an unbearable time!Reflecting Tao Yuanming's tragic and difficult life in his later years, it can be used to correlate with "Resentful Poems Chu Tiao Shi Pang Zhu Bu Deng Zhizhong", and "Miscellaneous Poems", which said: "The generation of farming is not hopeful, and the industry is in the Tian Sang. I have never replaced my parents, and the cold and hunger are always bad. Is it too late to be full? I hope to be full of japonica grains. The winter is full of big cloth, and the rough rice is used to respond to the sun. You can’t get it, and it can hurt you!" There is also " "Drinking Wine", which said: "I hold on to the poor, hungry, cold and full, open the house to meet the sad wind, and the barren grass has no vestibule. Wear brown to guard the night, and the chicken refuses to crow in the morning." The words are almost the same.Thinking back to the early days when Tao Yuanming returned to the field, although his family was not very rich at that time, at least they maintained a well-off situation.His living situation is "more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine thatched houses. The back garden is shaded by elms and willows, and the peaches and plums are in front of the hall."His diet is as follows: "there are still plenty of vegetables in the garden, and the old grains are still stored today", "spring beetroot makes fine wine, and I pour the wine when it is ripe".It is naturally easier to be a hermit under such living conditions.But the good times didn't last long. When he was forty-four years old, a fire broke out in his home, "the whole house was completely destroyed", and everything was burned down.Since then, his life has become more and more impoverished, and his participation in labor has to gradually become the basic means of sustaining his life from the original ornamental and embellishment.It is precisely because of this that natural disasters have become an extremely closely related issue for Tao Yuanming.For example, Tao Yuanming's current predicament is caused by the reason that "the flames burn repeatedly, and the moths infest the middle fields. The wind and rain are raging, and the convergence is not enough."This kind of life is extremely rare in the experience of ancient Chinese writers, and we should pay full attention to it.

Secondly, it expresses the poet's great indignation and injustice towards the social reality in his later years. He was full of complaints, and even hated heaven and ghosts.He said: "The way of heaven is secluded and far away, and ghosts and gods are ignorant." From his own personal experience, it can be proved that these are all deceptive things.Similar to this, he also said in the poem "Drinking Wine": "Accumulated goodness will be rewarded, and Uncle Yi is in Xishan. Good and evil should not be reconciled, and nothing should be empty words!" Emotions are very intense.Here, on the surface, he is pointing at the ways of heaven, ghosts and gods, but in fact his criticism is directed at the dark society at that time, at the corrupt ruling group that controls the destiny of mankind.Tao Yuanming's thoughts and emotions at this time are quite different from his appearance in the early days of his return to the field. In the early days of his return to the field, he always liked to sing the high-pitched songs of "being happy with the fate" and "being happy with the poor". : "The teacher has a legacy, worry about Taoism but not poverty"; in "Return to Laici" he said: "Talking about multiplying and turning to end, happy husband's destiny will be ridiculed!" At that time, Tao Yuanming was peaceful and calm, Known for being invincible.Now it is different, there are more and more complaints and more and more emotions.Is his cultivation level lowered?no.Mr. Lu Xun said: "'Elegance' should be considered in moderation. 'Elegance' requires status and money." ("Miscellaneous Talk after Illness") No matter who wants to say "safety and poverty", he must first maintain a kind of at least not too much. poor economic conditions.Otherwise, it is very difficult to make people "safe" and "happy".Tao Yuanming used to always like to say, "Take care of leisure activities, lie up and play books and qin";But when he wrote "Ode to the Poor" in his later years, when he had already "dumped the pot to drain, peeping into the stove, there was no smoke", he also "stuffed poems and books, and studied them every day."The poorer and more miserable, the more ideological contradictions and more intense emotions, this is natural and true.Tao Yuanming's poems are famous for their authenticity, but if the later works, which are difficult to write about pain and anger, are compared with the earlier works, which are easy to write about happiness and tranquility, it is obvious that the thoughts expressed in the later works are more real and real. .We should also pay full attention to this.

Third, the work shows Tao Yuanming's firm will in this extremely painful and difficult life, and he would rather die than move.He has made up his mind that no matter how poor he is, he will never be an official again, and he will never go with the dark upper class again.He said: "Why do I blame the heavens, and leave me sad and sad. The name after my death is like smoke to me." What does this mean?Zhang Han, a birthday party more than a hundred years earlier than Tao Yuanming, once said: "It is better to have a glass of wine in life than to have a reputation after death." Could it be that Tao Yuanming, like Zhang Han, unscrupulously despised the ancient teachings of previous sages?No, what he despised was exactly what the officialdom was chasing like flies chasing blood.He said that the reason why he fell into such a predicament today is all his own fault, not heaven, ghosts, gods or other human affairs.Is this the truth?No, this is a complaint. This is his mutual expression of his injustice to the politics at that time. At the same time, it also contains a kind of pride and pride that he has adhered to his integrity and won spiritual and moral victories.In the feudal society of our country for more than two thousand years, there were many people who did not cooperate with the dark official circles, despised fame and fortune, and lived in seclusion in the countryside to be leisurely landlords.But being able to endure the cold and starvation, to the point of "hungry drives me away, I don't know why. I travel to Sri, knock on doors and speak poorly." I would rather go to beg for food than look back, and keep going until I die of old age. The pastoral ones, but apart from Tao Yuanming, I couldn't find another one.Tao Yuanming's integrity is touching, and Tao Yuanming's bones are indeed harder than others.This point in particular deserves our attention.

The artistic style of Tao Yuanming's poems is famous for its simplicity and authenticity, so Liang Qichao once said, "Only Ruan Bubing and Tao Yuanming were the only poets before the Tang Dynasty who could really bring out his personality to us, and Tao was especially sweet and crisp" ( "Tao Yuanming's Literature and Art and Its Character").Today we come to read the poem "Complaining about Poetry Chu Tiao Pang Master Deng Zhizhong" written by him in his later years. Isn't it like listening to an old friend of ours telling us a series of misfortunes in the language of Lianzhu? Complaining, complaining there, is he expressing his indignation towards the real society?Compared with the serenity and blending of scenes in his early works of Guitian, this poem has obviously become more angry and straightforward, but the outstanding expression of true feelings in Tao Yuanming's works is always the same. consistent.He talks about happiness when he is happy, bitter when he is sad, and he never hides his complaints.His language is so simple, concise, vivid, and accurate, for example: "Summer is full of hunger, and cold nights have no sleep. Make evening thoughts and cock crows, and morning wishes go dark." Looking forward to the dawn in the long night, looking forward to the sunrise soon; the starving person looking forward to the dark in the long day of summer, thinking that going to bed and not moving, the stomach may feel better I can't write it, even if I think about it, I'm afraid it's hard to think of it.

Secondly, this poem expresses the author's psychological contradictions when he is in extreme hardship, and expresses the tone of his voice full of dissatisfaction when he confides to his old friends, which is also very realistic.Sometimes he is speaking, and sometimes he is talking back; sometimes he is high-spirited, and sometimes he is depressed;Huang Wenhuan, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said: "From 'mourning room' to 'Wuqian', the suffering situation is repeated, and there is nothing to complain about; suddenly a sentence is said, 'how can I blame the sky', and there is nothing to complain about; after 'what to blame' When I say again, 'Leaving sorrow and desolation at present', there is no complaint." ("Analysis of Tao Poetry") said it quite well.

The last two lines of the poem are "generous and lonely sad song, Zhong Qi believes in being a virtuous person", which is to express the close friendship between him and Pang Zhubu Deng Zhizhong on the one hand, so that the whole poem is consistent with the title "Show Pang Zhubu Deng Zhizhong". It echoes, and at the same time it has a more positive meaning.The poet said, today I met you two bosom friends like Zhong Ziqi, that's why I told you these words; if it were someone else, I wouldn't tell them!This shows the poet's extreme contempt for the secular society, and his incomparable detachment of "the world is turbid and I am alone, and everyone is drunk and I am alone", and his attitude of sticking to integrity and never looking back is self-evident. Metaphor.Resolute, resolute, stern, righteous, and imposing like a galloping horse, it ends with one stroke, leaving room for infinite contemplation and chanting.