Chapter 15 7. A Brief Discussion on the Thoughts of Taoism and the Patriarchs of Taoism (2)

(3) The momentum of Yin-Yang Schools and alchemists in the Warring States Period In order to be as concise and concise as possible, we have no choice but to explain in detail the Taoist academic thoughts recognized by the world during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, such as Lao and Zhuang. for reference.We need to know that the background of the Warring States period, whether it is an individual or a state of the princes, is permeated with an atmosphere of emphasizing profit and reality, just like the modern society and the world situation. Sima Qian wrote in "Biography of Mencius" In describing Mencius' thoughts, he mentioned the situation in the academic and ideological circles at that time, such as: "At that time, Qin used Shang Jun to enrich the country and strengthen the army. Chu and Wei used Wu Qi to defeat the weak enemy. Qi Wei Wang, Xuan Wang , use the disciples of Sun Tzu and Tian Ji, and the princes face Qi in the east. The affairs of the world are to unite vertically and horizontally, and to attack and conquer is virtuous, but Meng Ke is describing the virtues of the Tang and Yu dynasties, so those who do not agree." It can be seen from this that, under the accumulated habits of the real environment, it is the natural trend of the times to pay attention to profits up and down. Because the customs of the world pay attention to profits and pay attention to reality, it further causes the phenomenon of chaos and disputes in the chaotic world. This is the inevitable result of mutual cause and effect.Confucius and Meng Yuan followed the ancient kings and sang the political ideals of the Tang and Yu Dynasties, which is extremely difficult to achieve. However, it is necessary to imitate the ancestors, carry forward, evolve at any time, and preserve the spirit of traditional culture for more than three generations.Taoist figures, such as Lao, Zhuang, Jieyu, etc., believe that the trend of the times is irresistible. It is the best policy to seize the opportunity first and make the best use of the situation. The practice of "doing nothing" is too difficult.Therefore, after middle age, Confucius and Mencius could understand the importance of grasping the current situation. Confucius praised the concept of "time", which was mentioned in "Zhouyi" and "Book of Changes".Mencius later said succinctly: "Although you have wisdom, it's better to take advantage of the situation. Although you have gongziji, it's better to wait for the time." This emotion is just like what Tang Dynasty poet Dou Gong said: "I am sad and want to ask about the past. I can only see the river flow. No return. Sunset, east wind, spring grass green, partridges fly up to Yuewangtai."

But at the same time as Mencius, the academic situation of the Yin-Yang Schools was very lively. Sima Qian said in the biography of Mencius: "My lord, when he first saw his technique, he was afraid of it, and he couldn't practice it later. Junzi is more important than Qi. Shiliang, Liang Hui Wang Xiaoying, and the ceremony of the guest and host. Shi Zhao, Pingyuan Lord walked sideways and left the table. Ruyan, Zhao Wang Yonghui pioneered, please take the seat of disciples and accept the job, build Jieshi Palace, body Go personally to teach him. Be the master. When he travels to the princes, he sees the respect and courtesy. How can it be the same as Zhong Ni's dish, Chen Cai, and Meng Ke's trap in Qi and Liang!" Now let's try to read Sima Qian's "Historical Records", It is recorded that Zou Yan, the Yin-Yang family, was famous at that time. He was indeed a well-known scholar who was famous internationally, and the feudal lords scrambled to welcome him. Nor was it as glorious as his.But this is the style admired by another group of Taoists and others in later generations, but it is not the Taoist spirit of the old and Zhuang people.However, Zou Xing only went to the areas of Yan, Qi, Zhao, and Liang, and did not reach the areas of Qin and Jin, let alone went south between Wu and Chu; The education of academic thought is not like that of political strategists, who use their interests to move people's minds and gain a position in political application, and they are self-satisfied for a while.For example: "Your Majesty, when you first saw his skills, you were afraid to change them." That is to describe his theories. At first, they were welcomed by the powerful and upper class, but during the welcome and study, they still felt that they could not fully believe it. So it is said: "I can't do it later." It means that they can't implement it later. The impossibility of "impossible to do it" does not mean that Zou Yan's academic thought is unworkable. It is really impossible to do it. .How can I see it?Let’s look at the main points of Sima Qian’s record of his theory, like this: “Zou Yan sees that those who have a country are prostitutes and extravagant. The change, the beginning and the end of the chapter of the great sage, has more than ten thousand words. Its language is not classic, and it must first experience the small success, and push it to the big, as far as the limitless. The preface to the present and above, to the Yellow Emperor, the scholars have shared their skills, and the big and the world Prosperity and decline. Because of its auspiciousness, system, push and go, until the world is not born, it is unrecognizable and the original. First, the famous Chinese mountains, great rivers, valleys, animals, water and soil are reproduced, and things are treasured. Therefore, it is extended to overseas. People cannot see it. It is said that since the analysis of the world, the five virtues have been transferred, and each governance is appropriate, and it should be like this. Those who think that the cowardly so-called China are one of the eighty-one in the world. Ear. The Chinese name is Chixian Shenzhou, and Chixian Shenzhou has its own Kyushu. The Kyushu is the order of Yu, and it cannot be counted as the number of states. Outside of China, such as Chixian Shenzhou is the so-called Kyushu. Therefore, there is a kind of sea ring People, animals, and beasts cannot communicate with each other, such as a district, it is a state. In this case, there is a big sea around it, and the sky and the earth. The techniques are all like this, but if they want to return, they must stop. Benevolence, righteousness and thrift, the generosity of the monarch and ministers, superiors and relatives, and the six relatives, began to be unreasonable." Sima Qian also said: "It may be said: Yi Yin bears the tripod and encourages Tang to be the king. Baili Xifan gets off the ox cart and the public uses the tyrant. First cooperate , and then lead to the Dao. Ruoyan’s words, although it’s not right, does Tang also have the meaning of a cow?” Now, we will synthesize Sima Qian’s records about Zou Yan’s deeds, and then explain it in modern language, and at the same time, by the way, we will also discuss the Yin-Yang family at that time Thought, which was later incorporated into the common learning of Taoism, will be briefly explained.

1.Motivation and Purpose of Zou Yan Yin-Yang Theory He also said: "Zou Yan sees that people in power and state are becoming more and more profligate and extravagant, and can't advocate virtue; just like the spirit of Daya culture, they can repair their body and mind, and then generally bestow virtue on ordinary people. This is a deep observation. Yin and yang change, news about heaven and earth, physics, and human affairs. The works point out the weirdness and twists and turns of the world, and explain the sage's way, and the relationship between cause and effect. There are about ten thousand words. "The focus of this article is "to make trouble We need to have a deep understanding of the role of Sima Qian in writing the biography of Zou Yan. Why should it be compared with Mencius?Moreover, he first said that the purpose of Zouyan's theory of yin and yang was to advocate morality. At the same time, he also explained that Zouyan was dissatisfied with the reality at that time, so he wrote the principles of the ebb and flow of yin and yang to explain the path that life should take in history; The sentence "and making strange and roundabout changes" shows that Zou Yan's works used the strange phenomena of social abnormalities at that time to prove the significance of the mutual transformation of yin and yang, not that Zou Yan deliberately created weird theories to use dazzle the crowd.When later generations read this article and took it out of context, they took the six words "to make strange and roundabout changes" and concluded that the theories of Yin and Yang schools such as Zouyan were all strange talks. Lao Tzu's academic thoughts were buried alive, and then the academic content of Yin Yang School and Zou Yan was buried alive, so that the spirit of China's original theoretical science could not be fully developed. It is for this reason that Tongtong is included in Taoism.

2.Contents of Yin-Yang Theory For example: "His words are exaggerated and there is no basis for them. You must first be sure about small things and small things, and then expand and promote them to reach limitless. He first testifies with modern things, and gradually pushes back to the ancient Yellow Emperor. The era is something that most scholars believe in, know, and worship. His academics are very broad, and he follows the events of the times to prove the truth of success or failure." This shows that his theory of yin and yang is a A theoretical and scientific philosophy of history, used to explain the inevitable trend of the evolution of human affairs and world affairs, the theory of prophecy (prophecy) of the Yin-Yang family in the Han Dynasty, the Najiayi study of Jiaogan and Jingfang, the knowledge of Guice and the Japanese, and the knowledge of Shao in the Song Dynasty. The academic thinking of Yong's "Huangji Jingshi", as well as the legendary Tuibei map and biscuit song from the Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, etc., the study of prophecy about China's destiny for two thousand years, all come from this kind of Yin-Yang school. Academic thought system evolved.So Sima Qian said: "Therefore, he recorded the phenomena of natural disasters and man-made disasters in every era in history, speculated on the evolution of future historical eras, and traced back to the time before the creation of the world and the beginning of the universe, which is unverifiable. Period, as the root of the theory." This is to explain his theory, which is proved by historical facts and based on the theoretical physics of yin and yang interchanging. metaphysical ontology.

3.Zou Yan's thoughts on geophysics For example: "He first listed China's geographical environment, such as famous mountains, great rivers and other interconnected valleys." Explain the original idea that the cave in the center of the earth and the whole country can communicate with each other.For example, according to Taoist legend, there is a cave from the place where the Yellow Emperor asked in Kongtong Mountain, Gansu Province, and the bridge tomb where the Yellow Emperor’s tomb is located, which can directly lead to Jurong Mountain (Maoshan) near Nanjing. This is the function of the lungs of life on earth. The same, so the passage of this cave is called "earth lung".When we hear it now, we will find it grotesque and ridiculous, but if you know that the emerging geophysics in the modern United States has spent a lot of money to dig tunnels on the coast of the United States, to drill into the center of the earth for exploration, and to observe You will think that this is the great spirit of science when you read the facts of geophysics. Why do you laugh and leave when we think about the theory of geophysics that our ancients ideally studied?This kind of grotesque psychology is the fault of not understanding the scientific spirit. If it is compared with Zouyan's grotesqueness, it is even more serious.A scientist is the same as a philosopher. He can find a problem on any problem.

Let's look at Zouyan's theory again. Is it Christmas, and to what extent is it weird?For example: And research on the reproduction of animals and other creatures, the importance of the relationship with water and soil, and then spread it to overseas regions, which was not seen by ordinary people at that time.He said: Since the beginning of the world, the five virtues of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth, the geographical environment and people they belong to, are related to the success or failure of the entire history and politics. Same.And he believed that the China that the Confucians said at that time was only one-eightyth of the whole world. He said: China is called Chixian Shenzhou, and the country is divided into Kyushu, which is the Kyushu separated by Dayu. called states.Because outside of China, there are nine states like China in Chixian Shenzhou, and these are the real nine states in the world.Every state is surrounded by the sea, and the people, animals, and beasts cannot communicate with each other; those that are in the same area are called a state.In addition to such nine states, there is also the largest Yinghai surrounded, leading to the place where the sky and the earth meet.Sima Qian said: "Most of his academic thoughts are like this." According to Sima Qian's pen, Zou Yan's academic thoughts on earth geography, can you say that he is absurd?However, in the eyes of the scholars of the Warring States Period at that time, it was indeed grotesque and unbelievable, so Sima Qian said that the princes and ministers worshiped him with fear at first, but later they couldn't do it, so they did not believe it. People at that time did not have the exaggerated spirit of superstition and worship of scientists like modern people. Only Sima Qian, who is really a historical biographer, wrote here without adding a commentary, not saying that he was right or wrong, just Said: "All his skills are like this", let you people of later generations study him. She wrote a commentary on Zou Yan, which was attached to Zou Yan's biography, and said: "However, roughly speaking In conclusion, the purpose of Zouyan theory is to make people's behaviors, necessarily, stop at benevolence, righteousness, frugality, thrift, monarch, minister, upper and lower, and relatives, and implement the morality of life's duty. It's just that he At the beginning, let’s start with a far-reaching theory. It’s just to attract everyone’s attention.” So he said: “Some people say: When Yi Yin has no ambitions, he is willing to be a cook, so he has to get close to Shangtang. Encourage each other to form the Wangzheng of Shangtang. When Bailixi was not successful, he herded cattle for others and fed cattle under the cart, so he was appointed by Qin Mugong, and he single-handedly made Qin State hegemony. They all have their own way of selection Only after the monarch and his ministers trust each other and unite with each other, will they gradually lead to the Dao. Although Zou Yan’s words are not in line with the general thinking, maybe there is also the meaning of Yi Yin being a cook and Baili Xi herding cattle!” A paragraph is Sima Qian's defense of Zou Yan, not just not making suspicious remarks.However, although Zou Yan possessed the thoughts and theories of natural science, he started from the point of view of natural physical science, and finally attributed to the morality of life ethics.

4.Qi State's academic spirit During the Warring States period, besides Zou Yan, there were many other scholars who gathered under the gate of Ji (city name) among the yin and yang families of Qi. Shen Dao, Huanyuan, Jiezi, Tian Jiao, Zou Shuang and others, Sima Qian said: "Everyone writes a book about the chaos, and it is the way to be the lord of the world!" Shen Dao, Zhao Ren, author of "Shen Zi" ", which was later included in the legalist studies.Tian Jiao and Jiezi, from Qi, wrote two chapters of "Jiezi" and twenty-five chapters of "Tianzi", which were later included in Taoism. Twelve chapters of "Zou Shuang" were included in the Yin-Yang School.Zou Yan is good at talking about the world, and a Taoist who travels in Jixia, there is a person called Tiankou.Huanyuan, a native of Chu, wrote two chapters.However, "all learn the art of Huang and old morality, and order their meanings because of the invention." These Taoist disciples who studied comprehensive academics had a great momentum in Qi State at that time, and were respected by the King of Qi and the upper class, and enjoyed a lot of respect. Ronghua, for example: "When Chunyu Kun saw the King of Liang, he never tired of speaking for three days and three nights. King Hui wanted to treat him as a gentleman, and Kun thanked him. So he sent him a chariot, a horse, a bundle of silk, and a wall. With a hundred pieces of gold, he will not be an official for life. "Since Chunyu Kun and below, such as Zou Shuang and others," they are all ordered to be a doctor. They are the thoroughfare of Kaidi Kangzhuang, and they are respected and favored by high-ranking and big houses. Looking at the world's princes and guests, Ji Qi can To the sages of the world." "The Qi people sang: talk about the sky, carve the dragon's mouth, burn the hub (some say it is a chaotic vortex) and pass the Kun." When Xunqing was young, he traveled to Qi to study, and got along with Chunyu Kun for a long time Therefore, Xunzi's thoughts have already infiltrated into Taoism in many places. Later, Tian Jiao and others died. When King Xiang of Qi, Xunqing was respected as a teacher. I have done the leading "sacrificial wine" three times.

(4) The ideological origin of the alchemists of Yan and Qi and the gods during the Qin and Han Dynasties 1.Qin Shihuang and Feng Chan Regarding the origin of Chinese Taoist academic thoughts, in our historical documents, there is a very reliable and systematic information, that is, how the academic thoughts of the "Eight Books" in "Book of Rites" and "Historical Records" changed from Taoism to Taoism?How to change from an alchemist of Yan and Qi to a god?The general historical materials have been recorded on a large scale in the "Book of Fengchan". Since the story is long, I will only choose a brief one, and explain the origin of Taoism and Taoism between the Qin and Han Dynasties for the sake of reference. refer to.

Fengchan, in the past Chinese history, was a ritual similar to Western religions, and it was also a grand ceremony for emperors in the Qin and Han Dynasties.The so-called Feng refers to building soil on Mount Tai as an altar to sacrifice to the sky, and the merit of repaying the sky is called Feng; under Mount Tai, removing the earth from the hills and repaying the merit of the earth is called Zen, and the so-called Zen has the meaning of God.In the Spring and Autumn Period, when Duke Heng of Qi was in power, he wanted to enshrine Mount Tai, but Guan Zhong tried his best to dissuade him. He said: "In ancient times, there were seventy-two families who enshrined Mount Tai, the father of Zen and Liang, and there were two out of ten reporters from Yiwu. "Sima Qian said: "More than a hundred years later, Mian Confucius discussed the biography of the Six Arts, said that he changed his surname and became a king, granted Mount Tai, and Zen was like Liang's father. There are more than seventy kings. It is difficult to describe the rituals of Zudou. "In the era of Confucius, the meaning of enshrining Zen, like the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, gradually dimmed, and King Ling of Zhou used Chang Hong's idea, adopted the method of superstition of gods and ghosts, shot the head of the raccoon, and even the princes came to court. The spirit of Feng Chan was transferred to the role of gods, ghosts and mighty spirits. As a result, Chang Hong was killed by the Jin people, and the princes rebelled even more. Therefore, it is said: "The one who speaks strange things from Zhou people comes from Chang Hong." After more than a hundred years, In the state of Qin, from Qin Linggong, the evolution of the spirit of enshrining Zen led to the establishment of shrines, which became the origin of Taoism worshiping multiple gods in later generations. The worship of the White Emperor and Lingbao in the Han Dynasty all began in the Qin Dynasty.

When Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, he toured the prefectures and counties in the east, commemorated Zoufeng Mountain, and praised Qin's achievements. "Therefore, seventy Confucian scholars and doctors from Qi and Lu were recruited, even at the foot of Mount Tai." When the first emperor heard this, he was very strange, and it was difficult to apply it, so he dealt with the small Confucian scholars. "These Confucian scholars were dismissed and ignored. When they heard that Qin Shihuang encountered a strong wind and rain when he went up the mountain, they laughed at him." So the first emperor went east to the sea to salute. , The temple is famous for its mountains and rivers, and the Eight Gods, seeking the genus of the immortals. The Eight Gods have existed since ancient times, or they say: It has been done since the Taigong, so it is equal, and the heavens are equal. It is absolutely impossible to know when it started. "The so-called eight gods: (1) God, who worships heaven.According to another theory: at the foot of the mountain in the southern suburbs of Linzi City, there is Tianqi Spring, and the five springs come out together. It is different from the usual superstitious concept, but it is said that it is like the belly button of the sky. (2) Landlords, ancestral to Mount Tai, father of Liang.Because the sky is very cloudy, the temple must be under the high mountain and above the hill, which is called (Tian Temple).Guiyang is the place where sacrifices must be made in Zhongyuanqiu and other places. (3) The master of the army, the shrine to Chiyou. (4) Lord of Yin, shrine to three mountains. (5) Yang Lord, Temple Zhifu. (6) The Lord of the Moon, the Lai Mountain of the Temple (7) The Lord of the Day, the Temple of the Mountain. (8) Lord of the four seasons, the shrine to Langya.This became the origin of later Taoist worship of many gods. However, Qin Shihuang's change of enshrining Zen as a hobby of gods was indeed based on the emperor's evening scene and the desire to live forever. It came from the drums, such as saying: "Since the time of Qi Weixuan, the followers of Zouzi have discussed the fate of the five virtues at the end, and the emperor of Qin, and Qi's wives, so the first emperor adopted it. Song Wuji, Zheng Bo Qiao, Chongshang, and Xianmen Zigao (all are called immortals in ancient times), and finally all Yan people, who are Fang Xiandao, form deconstruction and transformation, and depend on ghosts and gods. Zouyan uses yin and yang as the main luck. It is manifested in the princes. And The alchemists in Yan, Qi, and Sea could not pass on their skills. However, it is blamed for the flatterers, who have prospered since then, and there are innumerable ones." After reading this record of Sima Qian, we can understand the "alchemists" gods in the Warring States period , and the academic thoughts of the Yin Yang School influenced the situation between the government and the opposition during the Qin and Han Dynasties.However, the alchemists in Yan and Qihai must not be ignored. Although they taught the Taoism of the Yin-Yang and Five Virtues to govern the movement of Zou Yan, but the sentence "can't understand" is because they can't learn the academics of the Yin-Yang School, so there are "strange flatterers and flatterers" ", the number of those who prosper by relying on it to deceive the world and steal their reputation is gradually becoming incalculable.

Immortal "alchemists" are not easy to come by, and the pure yin and yang school, such as Zou Yan's academics, is so difficult to understand. Therefore, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, ordinary Fangtu lived in the atmosphere of immortals.Because of human psychology, people often like to ask for fakes and despise the real, so those fake "alchemists" who rely on gods can deceive the emperor and the society, and at the same time deceive themselves, so.This forms an interesting history of human beings turning into immortals from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties.For example: "Since Weixuan, Yan Zhao, sent people to the sea to seek Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou. The three sacred mountains are said to be in the Bohai Sea, and they are not far away. When the disease comes, the boat will be led away by the wind. Gai Those who have tasted it, all the immortals and the medicine of immortality are there. The animals and animals are all white, and the gold and silver are the palace gates. Before it arrives, it looks like a cloud, but when it arrives, the three gods are under the water. When you come, the wind will If you lead away, you will never be able to reach the clouds. The Lord of the World will not be willing." Sima Qian wrote here, saying for a long time that the fairy palaces on the three mountains in the sea are all rumors and it is difficult to verify, but he used one of the most wonderful words, which is "The lord of the world is not willing to be willing", which also shows that the higher the status, the richer and more powerful the person, the more empty his mind will be.People's desires always have something to ask for, and there is no limit to what they want. It is an inevitable trend of people's hearts to be an emperor. A hero who conquers the world is an emperor of the world. Although he is smart all his life, he is still ignorant. For one thing, they were willing to accept the deception of alchemists. Therefore, he wrote the history of Qin Shihuang's seeking gods, such as: "When Qin Shihuang conquered the world and reached the sea, the alchemists said that there are countless. , but I am afraid that it will be too late, so people go to the sea with boys and girls to ask for it. When the boat crosses the sea, the wind is the solution. He said: "If you don't arrive, you can see it. Next year, the first emperor will return to the sea, arrive at Langya, and pass by." Mount Heng returned from Shangdang. In the next three years, Youjieshi was admitted to Haifangshi and returned from Shangjun. In the next five years, Shihuang went south to Xiangshan, and then he went to Kuaiji and joined the sea, hoping to meet the miracle medicine of the three sacred mountains in the sea. , Return to the sand dunes. Collapse." In this passage, Sima Qian tried his best to use his high-level literary style to write the truth about the desires of the gods and kings in history. Finally, he used a word of "collapse" to end all life rituals The ending that ends.According to ancient rituals, the death of the emperor is called collapse, and the death of princes is called death, whether it is death or collapse, anyway, the gods can't see it, and the medicine of immortality can't be found with all the efforts of the whole country.The wonderful career of Qin Huang and Han Wu.There must be a wonderful Sima Qian who wrote the extremely tortuous "Historical Records" for him, so that we who have read it for thousands of years think it is a wonderful philosophical novel that can be thought-provoking.In "Book of Feng Chan", Sima Qian not only satirized Emperor Qin and Han Wu to his heart's content, but also tried his best to write the ugly and hateful side of those fake "alchemists". Ridiculous and contemptible, such as: "Qin three years, and the second murdered to death, the first emperor was twelve years old after he was enshrined in Zen, and Qin died. All Confucian scholars blamed Qin for burning poems and books, and punished absurd literature. They all falsely said: When the first emperor went to Mount Tai, he was hit by a storm and could not be enshrined in Zen." He made the conclusion of the last sentence here: "Is this the so-called evil who uses things without virtue?" These "evil" are two substitutes. The questionable imaginary characters are also the tricks of Sima Qian's pen, which is equivalent to the modern saying: "Is this really the case?" Is it right? He doesn't make conclusions, and the readers can think for themselves. He just stood outside the pen and laughed. 2.Shinto and Immortals in the Early Han Dynasty Because of Qin Shihuang's superstitious belief in shrines and blind pursuit of immortals, it will inevitably lead to the phenomenon that "the one who is good at the top will be the one who goes down". , Wu Guang, using the yellow light wildfire to make fox language, as a call for uprising.At the beginning of Han Gaozu's rise, he also borrowed the slaying of the white snake to raise an uprising, and worshiped Chiyou to fight the drums. After Dingding, he issued an edict to establish the temple of the five emperors of heaven, advocating the way of God.Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty also once believed in the art of Wang Qi of Zhao Ren Xin Yuanping, and he believed in ghosts and gods and set up the Five Emperors Altar.When Emperor Wu of the Han came to the throne, he especially respected the worship of ghosts and gods. When he first saw the hometown of Qin State, Yongjiao Wu (Tian Temple), he made it a routine in the future to perform sacrifices once every three years.At the same time, he began to pray for the gods again, and he lived in the forest. Sima Qian said: "The one who watches the gods is the woman of Changling. After the death of the son, the gods are seen successively, just like the rooms of the shrine. Many people go to the shrine. Mr. Pingyuan Go to the temple. After that, the descendants will show their respect. When the emperor (called Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) ascended the throne, generous gifts will be placed in the temple. Hearing his words, he can't see his people. See the above, the superior. The young ruler, so Shenze Houhe, the main party hides his age and growth. He often claims to be seventy, but he can make things old. He travels in the direction. All over the princes. He has no wife. People have heard of him. It can make things immortal, and donate them to the legacy. People think that they will not cure their livelihoods and give them away when they have more money and food. They don’t know where they are. The more they believe, the more they fight for things." "The Shaojun said: Temple stove It will lead to things; to make things, dansha can be turned into gold; gold can be used as a food and drink vessel, and it will prolong life; prolong life, and the Penglai immortals in the sea can be seen; see it and enshrine Zen, and you will not die, the Yellow Emperor is also. The minister often travels to the sea , see An Qisheng, An Qisheng eats giant jujubes as big as melons. An Qisheng is a fairy. In the middle of Penglai, if you meet, you will see people, and if you don’t agree, you will hide. So Tianzitai kissed the stove, and sent alchemists into the sea to seek Penglai Anqisheng’s genus, And all the medicines that turn cinnabar into gold. After living for a long time, Li Shaojun died of illness, and the emperor thought that he would not die. He made Huang Hammer and Shi Kuanshu accept his prescription, and they couldn't get it if they asked for Penglai's safe life. But Yan Qi on the sea was strange and circuitous. The alchemist, let’s talk more about the beauty of the gods.” After reading this record of Sima Qian, we can know that the talented and bold Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had another psychological interest in him. , but it is as sweet as stuffing, and it is a pleasure.Later, there was a young man from Qi who met with ghosts and gods, so he worshiped the young man as General Wencheng. Decline, the spirit does not come. He used the silk script to feed the cow, pretending not to know it, and said: "There is something strange in the belly of this cow. The book is very strange. The emperor knows his handwriting. Ask the person, it is a fake book. So Zhu Wencheng was the general and hid it. Later, he became the genus of Bailiang, Tongzhu, and Chenglu cactus." Later, because of a serious illness, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was cured by praying to God because neither witchcraft nor medicine was effective.Fortunately, Oasis, put wine and longevity palace god, "what the god said, the god made people accept his book, calligraphy on the day of his life. What he said, the world knows it, there is no one special. But the emperor's heart is happy, and the matter is secret No one knows." Later, because of Le Chenghou's recommendation, he worshiped Luan Da as General Wuli. It's inexhaustible to cherish his side. When I saw Luan Da, he said a lot. Da is a beautiful man, he speaks a lot of tricks and dares to make big words. There is no doubt about it. The big words said: "I often travel to and from the sea. I see Anqi, and I am a member of the Xianmen. , Gu regards ministers as cheap and does not trust them. He also thinks that King Kang’s princes are not enough to give Fang. The ministers talked about Kangyu, but Kang Wang did not use ministers. The minister’s teacher said: Gold can be made, but the river can be blocked, and the medicine of immortality can be obtained. Immortals can do it. However, if I am afraid to imitate Wencheng, the alchemists will die, and they dare to speak out! The above said: Wencheng eats horse liver and dies, Zicheng can cultivate his prescriptions, how can I love it? Da said: Your teacher is not If someone asks for someone, the person asks for it. Your Majesty must send it to you, so you should honor your messenger, order relatives, treat them with courtesy, don't be humble, and make them all wear their letter seals, so that they can communicate with gods and men. Gods and people are still Are you willing to be evil? Not evil? Respect the envoy, and then you can do it. So, the envoy tested the small square, played chess, and the chess collided with each other. At that time, the worrying river above the river was broken and the gold was not there. General Li. He lived for more than a month and got four seals; Pei Tianshi General, Dishi General, and Datong General Seal... He entrusted 2,000 households to the Dishi General. He was the Marquis of Letong, bestowed the title of Liehou, and a thousand people, Chengkou, reprimanded chariots and horses, curtains, and utensils to fill his home. He also took Princess Wei as his wife. The funds were tens of thousands of catties, and he was ordered to be Princess Li on the day of the city. The son of heaven is like the first of five benefits. Belongs to the Tao. From the great master to the generals, they all put wine in their homes and donated it. Therefore, the emperor engraved a jade seal on the general of Tiandao, and made the envoys wear feathers and put on the white grass at night. General Wuli also wore feathers and put on the white grass at night. , received the seal, to show disobedience. And those who wear the way of heaven are also the gods of heaven. Therefore, Wuli Chang night shrine to his house, wanting to follow the gods, but before the gods arrive, a hundred ghosts gather. However, it is quite possible to make them Afterwards, he pretended to be governed, went east to the sea, and asked for his teacher. After a few months, he wore six seals, which shocked the world, and between Yan and Qi on the sea, they all said that there are forbidden prescriptions, which can be gods Hey. Later, Luan Da, the general of Wuli, was also punished for being untrue, so he began to use Gongsunqing. Gongsunqing said: "Immortals like to live in buildings, so Chang'an was ordered to be the temple of Feiliangui, and Ganquan was used as the temple of Yiyanshou. , so that the Qing will hold the festival and set up a tool to wait for the gods and men.It is made as a platform with a stem reaching to the sky, and if it is placed under the temple, it will attract the genus of immortals and gods. "We have read these more detailed records, and we can see at a glance the deeds of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty who loved the divine way and diligently sought the gods. How did academic thinking turn into the trend of Taoism, and how did these fake "Fang Tu" fabricate the facts of gods and defraud the world of historical materials. Let’s look at Sima Qian’s final conclusion and praise in "Book of Fengchan", and we can further understand the situation and results of the "alchemists" in the early Han Dynasty. It has been read all over the Five Mountains and four times. The alchemists waited for the gods, and went to the sea to seek Penglai, but there was no experience. But the Gongsunqing waited for the gods, and they still used the traces of adults as explanations. It was useless. It’s a pedantic language. However, the restraints are endless, and I hope to meet the truth. Since then, Fang Shi said that there are many people in the shrine, but its effect can be seen.” The praise is like saying: “Tai Shigong said: Yu Cong made a tour of offering sacrifices to the world. God, famous for mountains and rivers, is enshrined in Zen. Entering the Shou Palace, serving the words of the gods, studying the meaning of alchemists and temple officials. So retreating to the second, since ancient times, those who use ghosts and gods can see their appearance. Later, there are gentlemen, who can see it. .If you go to the details of Zudougui coins, and the gift of reward, there will be a store." We have a general understanding of the Taoist alchemists and gods from the Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty, nearly a hundred years ago, and the general outline of the worship of the shrines in the predecessors of Taoism. We can see the images left by the alchemists during the Qin and Han Dynasties. How bad it is.Later generations scolded alchemists, and all the real alchemists before and after the Warring States period were cast aside. They were all affected by this, which is really unfair and unfair. 3.An Outline of the Contents of Taoist Academic Thoughts Following the Han and Wei Dynasties Since Emperor Qin and Han Wu, the academic thinking of Taoism has repeatedly been mistaken in the hands of these fake alchemists and fake gods who seek alchemy and refine medicine, making people lose the true spirit of Taoist culture.In addition, Confucian scholars such as Dong Zhongshu and others in the early Han Dynasty, when the world was in peace, used the operation of Yang Confucianism and the dark way to describe the academic thought of Confucianism and Taoism above the Zhou Dynasty and Qin Dynasty, annotating the Five Classics, explaining the Holy Way, and using the unique method of reverence. Confucianism is advertised, resulting in the depreciation of Taoism, Lao and Zhuang's academic thoughts.Therefore, from the real alchemist's academics below the Warring States period, it developed into the method of learning the image and number of the I Ching academic system since the Han Dynasty; The frame of the theory summarizes the laws of astronomical science.It is combined with yin and yang, five elements, heavenly stems, earthly branches, twenty-eight mansions, the sun (choose time), turtle policy (divination), etc., and the theoretical sciences related to astronomy, geography, and physics, and there are such phenomena as Jiaogan and Jingfang. The study of number and Najia, the speculation of the opportunity of good fortune, and the establishment of the system of Yi learning.After differentiation, each became the specialty of a family, and then evolved into the theory of hexagram qi, flexibility, ascending and descending, and Yaochen in Yixue in the later Han Dynasty.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, scholars who practiced the Taoism of the Immortal Alchemy School followed Wei Boyang's ideological system and summed up the principles and principles of these theories, which became the norms of Danjing Taoism combined with Chinese medical theory.According to "Yugong" and other studies on the geographical shape of mountains and rivers, Guo Pu and others advocated the rise of the academic geography (geography) of mountains and rivers.As for the works of Huainanzi and Baopuzi, they are both Taoist and miscellaneous theories, and should be the integration of alchemists' academic thoughts since the Warring States period.During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, because the Northern Wei Dynasty advocated Taoism, these academic ideas probably put on the cloak of religion and became Taoist mysticism. However, after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they came to the fore again, except for the study of astronomy and calendar. In addition to gradually establishing a specialized and formal scientific system, other practical studies such as astrology, geography (including geomancy), divination, architecture, engineering, craftsmanship, art, etc., as well as rituals such as festivals in folk life, and local customs The habit of Taoism is closely related to the academic thought of Taoism.Such as medicine and other theories, as well as fortune-telling and equivalence academics, although they are far away from the cultural origins of Zhou and Qin, but in the Han and Wei Dynasties, they have been added to the academic thoughts of Indian culture and Buddhism, so there is progress in medicine in the Tang Dynasty , and the establishment of astrology (fortune-telling), divination, etc.For example, Li Chunfeng's prophecies, Tang Seng Yixing's astronomy and astrology, etc., all come from the academic thinking of orthodox Taoism.Mathematics in the Tang Dynasty, far away from the legacy of the Nine Chapters of Calculus, combined with the development of Xiangshu in the Han Dynasty, was influenced by Arabic arithmetic in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and has made considerable achievements in trigonometry, cube, geometry, etc. .As a result, it was influenced repeatedly, and between the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Taoist mathematical thought tended to the mathematical philosophy of Hetu and Luoshu, which produced Shao Kangjie's theory of image and number in the early Northern Song Dynasty. The philosophy of Mathematics and Physics in Hetu Luoshu is used to explain the creation of heaven and earth, predict the signs of historical personnel evolution, change the technique of divination in the Han Dynasty, and set a precedent for historical philosophy.From then on, during the Yuan Dynasty, Ming and Qing Dynasties, all kinds of scientific and philosophical academic thoughts of Taoism were not attached to the image and number of the Han Dynasty, that is, they were within the scope of Shao Kangjie Yixue. In the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties, apart from the well-known inventions of gunpowder and printing, in the history of world academics and science, there can be a big book and a special book. (1) It is the progress in the use of medicine: In addition to the traditional use of Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" in the Han Dynasty, there are theories of Jin and Yuan four masters of medicine, as well as the expertise in the study of pharmacology and alchemy, and the completion of the Yuan Dynasty.穴道的铜人图，奠定后世针灸治疗学的坚固基础，因此而辗转传授，才有今天德国、日本等世界针灸治疗学的发展，所有推拿、按摩等学，都是这一系统的余枝。 （2）便是用指南针构成罗盘的学术：利用一块大圆形的木板，中心嵌上指南针，外面圈以八卦、天干、地支、甲子等层次，加以天文星象的二十八宿，以中原做时间、空间的中心。用仰观天文星象的范围，辨别地理区域的划分，成为天文分野的作用，为世界上最早划分地球经纬度的先驱。一个完整的罗盘，它的层次圈圈，共计三十六层，层层之间，错综复杂，互相沟通为用，必须具有汉代象数、纳甲的基础，与宋代易学河图、洛书的基本观念，才能神而明之，融会贯通而相互为用。当明朝初期，西洋航海学术等，还未十分进步，而且也未传到中国，而在明成祖时代的太监郑和三下西洋，他所制造的巨型木船，与远离中国东南部海面，航行茫茫无际的天海之间，能够分辨距离与导航远海方向的，都是靠着这种罗盘的功效。因此，自明、清以来，便有专门制造标准罗盘的产地：徽州的，称为徽盘。可以与徽州的笔墨、宣纸，同为名产的权威。广东所制的，称为广盘。福建所制的，称为建盘。后来用在察看地理（堪舆）的，大多以徽盘为准。用在航海兼带堪舆作用的，也有采用广盘与建盘的。总之，徽盘的度数标准，适用于中原的地理环境，广盘与建盘，适用于东南临海区域。 （3）承接阐扬老、庄思想，天地造物互变的妙旨，专门研究生物互相变化的作用，说明人类能够利用自己生命的功能，修炼而成神仙的妙理，便有五代谭峭所著的《化书》，为最早专门研究生物变化的著作。此外，由宋代邵康节《皇极经世》纳甲系统的演绎，构成三元甲子以统率时、空的观念。从汉易纳甲的演变，发明奇门适甲的术数，在一般不知究竟者的想象中，认为仅是旁门小术，或为迷信的思想而已，殊不知其中含蕴理论科学的关键，可以由此发掘天地宇宙的奥秘，人事、物理的枢机，却存在非常重要的宝藏。因为时间的有限，以及我个人学有未尽之处，关于这些已经提到，或者临时尚有遗漏的正统道家学术思想的内容，略为提起研究者的注意而已，都到此为止，暂时告一段落。恕不多述了。