Chapter 34 Section 5 Buddhism spreads to China

(1) The first transmission of Buddhism in China When did Buddhism spread to China?There are different records in various ancient books throughout the history, and there are about ten kinds.Most people agree that it was introduced to China in the 10th year of Emperor Xiaoming Yongping of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 67).It is said that Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty had a dream one day. In the dream, he saw a golden man with a solemn appearance and golden light, holding a bow in one hand and two arrows in the other, flying back and forth over the Golden Luan Hall.After waking up from the dream, he asked the minister Fu Yi about what he saw in the dream.Fu said, I heard that there is a sage in the West whose name is Buddha, and the golden man in your majesty's dream holds a bow and two arrows, which is the word Buddha.Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent 18 people, including Zhonglang General Cai Yin, Qin Jing, Dr. Wang Zun, to India to ask for Buddhism.On the way through the Great Yuezhi Kingdom, I happened to meet two masters, She Moteng and Zhu Falan, who rode two white horses and brought Buddha statues, Buddha relics, and Sanskrit scriptures of 600,000 words, and came to China from India. Dharma.Therefore, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty welcomed the two venerables to Luoyang with the most solemn ceremony, first lived in Honglu Temple, and soon built a large-scale White Horse Temple outside the Yongmen Gate in Luoyang to support the two masters.Later, he translated the "Forty-two Chapters" in Baima Temple.After Buddhism was introduced to China, it was first believed in the king's court, and then gradually spread to the people.It was Master Zhu Shixing who first decided to become a monk among the Han people, and he was also the first monk in China.Later, Liu Jun, Marquis of Yangcheng, and others also became monks, and A Pan, a woman in Luoyang, became a nun, which was the beginning of Chinese nuns.At that time, the monks and nuns who became monks only shaved off their beards and hair, and did not receive the three altar precepts.It was not until the second year of Caowei Jiaping in the Three Kingdoms (250 A.D.) that Master Tan Kejialuo, a monk from the Central Tianzhu Kingdom, came to Luoyang, translated "Monk's Precepts", and established a precept altar to teach monks and nuns the precepts of the three altars.Therefore, Chinese Buddhists Tuitan Kejialuo lawyer, as the first ancestor of Vinaya.From this time on, Chinese Buddhism has real monks and nuns.

The scriptures discuss the teachings of Tripitaka, compiled in Pali and Sanskrit in ancient India.Since it was introduced to China during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, the "Forty-two Chapters" was first translated by Shemo Teng and Zhu Fran, and later in the late Han Dynasty, An Shigao of Anxi State, Lou Jiaxian of Yuezhi State Branch, and Kumara of Kucha State of Yao Qin Shi, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Faxian, Daoan, Tang Dynasty Xuanzang and other eminent monks worked together to translate the Sanzang teachings in Sanskrit and Pali into Chinese.These eminent monks have made indelible contributions to the spread and translation of Chinese Buddhism, and they are worthy of eternal commemoration by Buddhists.The Tripitaka of the Chinese and Tibetan scriptures is the Tripitaka that is currently being circulated in China.

When Buddhism was first introduced to China, the main translator was An Shigao. An Shigao, nicknamed Anqing, is the prince of Anxi Kingdom.He is proficient in Zen and teaches people to practice Anpan and keep mind.Adjust the breath we breathe in and out, and subdue the delusional mind.With one mind and mature kung fu, you can get samadhi meditation.This method of practicing meditation is equivalent to the meditation of the Six Wonderful Gates.Undoubtedly, this is completely different from the wall-facing meditation practiced by Master Bodhidharma in Shaolin Temple in Songshan.This prince is Suzhi Linggen, Jiupei Deben, and has obtained the special function of destiny.He has been the prince of the Anxi Kingdom since the third generation. When he was the prince for the first time, he decided to become a monk.He knew that he had owed a life debt in his previous life and hadn't paid it back. According to his observation, the creditor was in Luoyang, China.So he came to Luoyang. It happened that he had just arrived in the wilderness of Luoyang when a young man came across him.Due to the unjust karma in his previous life, when he saw him, his heart burned with anger and great hatred. He immediately drew his sharp knife and killed him head-on. At that moment, Master An Shigao was killed.But after his death, the bardo body went to Anxi Kingdom again, and was reincarnated as a prince.When I grew up, I made up my mind to become a monk and practice Taoism.Knowing that there is still a long-term debt to be paid off, and the creditor is still in Luoyang, China, so he sailed to Luoyang, China, and stayed at the house of the young man who was killed in his previous life.The strange thing is that the life debt was not paid last time. When he saw the anger, now the life debt has been paid. After meeting, he happily stayed with him and entertained a banquet. During the banquet, the mage asked the young man: Do you know me?The boy said, "I don't know."So the mage told him, I am the monk you killed on your way in the wilderness on a certain year, a certain month, and a certain day. The young man was shocked when he heard these words, because the murder happened many years ago. , and no one else knew, so I suspected in my heart that it must be a ghost coming to ask for my life, it was very scary.The mage said to him: You don't have to be afraid, I'm not a ghost.Because I was killed by you at that time, it was to pay your life debt.After death, I went to Anxi to reincarnate and become a monk to practice. Now I come to Luoyang again to pay my life debt.I will be beaten to death again tomorrow, but I hope you will accept my entrustment and tell the government not to mispronounce the crime of the murderer.In this way, my life debt can be paid off, but the young man was very surprised when he heard the prince's words. The next day, after breakfast, he went to the neighborhood with the prince.What a coincidence, there was a firewood picker walking in front of the prince, and the prince followed behind. After walking for a while, the firewood in front of the firewood picker loosened.The firewood at the back fell on the ground, and the elbow of the shoulder pole was knocked backward immediately, which happened to hit the mage's brain and killed him immediately. Come out to explain to the government, so the government will not deal with it.However, the third Master An Shigao went to Anxi Kingdom to be reincarnated as a prince, and later became a monk. He was proficient in the teachings of Tripitaka and came to China for the third time. , Master An Shigao, the classics he translated, according to the Sanzang Jiji, have a total of thirty-five volumes, amounting to as many as forty-one volumes.The "Buddha Says the Eight Great People's Enlightenment Sutra" is a translation by the master.

(2) The founder of Chinese Buddhism 1. Master Kumarajiva (344-413 A.D., 350-409 A.D.), a native of Kucha, is now Kuqa County, Xinjiang.Originally named Kumara Jivashi, his father was named Kumarayan, his mother was named Jiya, and even his parents were named, so he was named Kumara Javashi, which translates to Tongshou in Chinese, which means that although he was a child, He has the moral energy of an old man.The master's mother has already become a monk and has attained the first stage of the first fruit of the stream. Master Luo Shi has been very smart and wise since he was a child.When he was seven years old, he could recite a thousand gatha a day. Once, he followed his mother to the main hall of a temple, and saw a copper chime. The child was very playful. He raised his hands like a hat. I was very happy to wear it on my head, but then I thought that this copper chime was very heavy, how could I pick it up and put it on my head?Thinking about it this way, I immediately felt that the copper chime was very heavy, so I quickly took it down, and thus realized the principle that all dharmas are based on one's heart.

When he was nine years old, he followed his mother from the state of Kucha to the state of Kubin to study. He worshiped Pantou Daduo as his master and studied the Hinayana teachings.At the age of 21, he went to Beishan to study in Yuezhi Kingdom. At that time, an Arhat saw the Master and felt that this person was very strange. He immediately said to his mother: You must protect this child well.At the age of thirty, if you still adhere to the precepts, you will gain the faith of the public.The sentient beings to be saved will definitely surpass the Venerable Upasawadha.Upawu saved one extra person, so he counted them with a moso bamboo chip.His counting chips actually filled a room full.Later, when he passed away, these chips were used to raise fire for him to become an incarnation.This shows that he saved many sentient beings.If Master Luo Shi breaks the Buddhist precepts, he can only be a wise and intelligent mage.But master Luoshi, he can understand the wisdom books of India, the four-surrounding Tuo Dian, the theory of the five Mings, the calculation of yin and yang, and has profound knowledge. Shariah.So he vigorously promoted the Mahayana teachings, and after a while, his mother had supernatural powers after she certified the Three Goanahan.Before he went to Tianzhu, he repeatedly told Rosh: The Buddha's method and other great methods will be spread to the capital of Qin in the future.But what if it is not good for you?Luo Shi said: Bodhisattva practice is all for the benefit of sentient beings. As long as Buddhism can be popular in the world, for me personally, even if I suffer from the pain of burning charcoal from the wok, I am willing to accept it.He still carried forward the sacred teachings at the Xinwang Temple in the Kucha Kingdom, and later went to the Kubin Kingdom to preach the profound and wonderful meaning of the highest vehicle for his Theravada master Pantou Daduo.After Pantou Datta heard the Dharma, he became greatly enlightened and realized that what was right was wrong yesterday, so he worshiped Luo Shi as the master of Mahayana.Therefore, Luo Shi's fame spread far and wide, and the Han area also admired Master Luo Shi very much.The former Qin Fujian sent General Lu Guang to the country of Qiuci with 100,000 soldiers to invite Master Roshi. The King of Qiuci persuaded the Master to go to China to promote Buddhism. Later, Fu Jian was killed by his nephew Yao Chang, and Lu Guang separated Liang. Zhou made himself king and detained Luo Shi for seventeen years.When Yao Xing succeeded to the throne and attacked Liangzhou in the third year of Hongshi (AD 401), Lu Guang surrendered, so he invited Master Luo Shi to Chang'an to treat him with the etiquette of a national teacher.In the fourth year of Yao Qinhong's reign (AD 402), at the request of Yao Xing, he lived in Xiaoyao Garden and opened a large-scale translation field. He translated many Mahayana scriptures. Many of the old translations were out of order, so 500 monks from Xuanyi School gathered together. Re-translated the seventy-four scriptures, three hundred and eighty-four volumes. (According to "Kaiyuan Buddhism Record")

Lawyer Daoxuan said: Master Kumarajiva has deep roots, and he will come again with a vow. For the past seven lives, he has been a master of Buddhist scripture translation. When he was dying, he made a vow to the public. The translated scriptures can deeply conform to the original meaning of the Buddha, and the root of the tongue will not rot after cremation.After cremation, the root of the tongue did not rot, and it was as bright red as life.This proves that many scriptures translated by Master Kumarajiva indeed fit the Buddha's heart. 2. Master Faxian: As early as the fourth century AD in our country, there was an eminent monk named Master Faxian (340-423 AD) who went to Central India to seek the Dharma.He is from Pingyang, Shanxi, and his common surname is Gong.He became a monk at the age of three and received full precepts at the age of twenty.Later, because he lamented the incompleteness of the monks and scriptures, he set off from Chang'an with four classmates, Huijing, Daozheng, Huiying, and Huiwei, in the third year of Emperor Long'an of Jin'an (399 A.D.), and went through Liusha River and many other difficulties. The treacherous road, after suffering all kinds of hardships from wind, frost, rain and snow, arrived in Tianzhu in the first year of Jinxing (402 AD).Lived in various parts of India for six years.I lived in Sri Lanka for another two years, intensively studied the precepts and Sanskrit, and experienced a total of more than 30 countries. Tan Xin, returned to China in the ninth year of Yixi (AD 413), first went to Jiankang Daochang Temple, and jointly translated six volumes of "Dapan Nihuan Sutra" and other scriptures and scriptures with Master Juexian.In Chinese translation, played a very important role.Finally, at the age of eighty-six when he became a mage, he passed away in Xin Temple in Jingzhou.He is the author of "Biography of Traveling to Tianzhu", which describes in detail his experience of traveling west and the situation of Buddhism in India and Central Asia, and records a lot of information about the ancient history and geography of India, which is still valued by Oriental scholars all over the world.Master Fa Xian can be regarded as the first Chinese monk to visit Buddhist holy places in India, seek scriptures, and achieve great achievements.

3. Master Dao'an (312-385 AD), from Fuliu, Changzhou (Zhengxuan, Hebei). Coolies work, but he works very hard.Later, when he asked the master to show him the scriptures, the master took a Buddhist scripture with a length of 10,000 words and asked him to recite it.Unexpectedly, this unattractive-looking master Dao'an has a strong memory. In just one day, he could memorize a Buddhist scripture with a length of 10,000 words by heart. .After passing such a test, he finally changed people's contemptuous views on him, thinking that he was a magic weapon of Buddhism, and taught him the great precepts of monks.Later, I met Master Fotucheng and admired him very much.Chang Daicheng said that people at that time praised "Indo people, amazed the neighbors".In the fourth year of Xiaowu Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 379), King Fu Jian of the Qin Dynasty conquered Xiangyang with 70,000 soldiers, and said happily: "The biggest gain I have gained from taking Xiangyang is to get Master Dao'an alone."There is also Xi Chiuchi who is half a person, a total of one and a half people.It can be seen that Master Dao'an's moral knowledge is greatly admired by Fu Jian.Later, he promoted the sacred teachings and benefited all living beings. Thousands of disciples studied with him. Master An was proficient in Buddhist scriptures, and the Buddhist scriptures were judged as three points.First, sequence score, second, authentic score, and third, circulation score.At that time, many people expressed doubts about Master Dao'an's view of dividing the Buddhist scriptures into three parts, and slandered them as being smart and holding their own opinions.Later, there was a treatise on pro-light Bodhisattva in India, which was translated into China. When I opened it, I found that there was actually a three-point division in this treatise, so I believed that Master An's wisdom was superior and deeply connected with the Buddha's heart.There is indeed a prophetic insight, so the three-point judgment of the preface, authenticity, and circulation of Buddhist scriptures was started by Master Dao'an and confirmed by Qinguang Bodhisattva.Everyone knows, why are we monks called Shizi?This is what Master Daoan affirmed.According to Indian Buddhist regulations, the four surnames of Kshatriya (nobility), Brahman (sacrifice), Vaisha (craft), and Sudra are all called Shizi, and he judged that all monks in China have the surname Shi.In the tenth year of Jin Taiyuan (AD 385), he passed away at the age of seventy-four.When Master Dao'an was born, there was a strange thing. There was a piece of flesh on the left arm, which was raised up, like a stamp, so everyone called him Yinhand Bodhisattva. When meeting the master, he asked, "May I ask your name, but the arrogant and conceited writer replied unceremoniously: "I am the only one in the four seas."When Master An heard this, he thought to himself, this person is really arrogant.When Xi said that he asked Master An for his name, Master An replied consciously, "Mi Tian Shi Dao An", which means that in the whole world, there is only one Dao An who specializes in the Tripitaka.You are bigger and I am bigger than you.Therefore, the sorcerer and Xi Jijiao are equal, and they meet their opponents in chess, and they debate and argue endlessly.But Xi Chiu Chi is nothing more than a world wise debater, of course it is not as good as Master Dao'an's wonderful observation wisdom.The ancients said that if you don't fight, you don't know each other, but Xi Zouchi proposed that "mustard seeds can be contained in the mountain of Sumeru, and a small tip can reveal the temple of the treasure king", which is really incomprehensible.That is to say, why can a tiny mustard seed reach Mount Sumeru?Why can the slender ends show the treasure king's brake?Master Dao'an went deep into the scriptures and his wisdom is like the sea.He replied casually: "I heard that you have read the books in the thirteen buildings. May I ask where are the books in the thirteen buildings?"This is the unimpeded realm of "Avatamsaka" in Buddhism. It is an incredible method. For example, we take a one-foot-large mirror, climb up a high mountain, and take a picture up and down in all directions. All the mountains, rivers, land, vegetation, and forests are all here In a one-foot mirror!What Xi Chiu Chi enlightened is the principle of endlessness and harmony of Dharma and Dharma.Therefore, he was overwhelmed by Master Dao'an, and he was willing to bow down.After a debate, the two respected each other and became friends with each other. Both the monk and the layman were admired by Fu Jian and the people.

(3) Great translators Among the great virtuous monks in the translation of Buddhist scriptures, the most outstanding one can be regarded as Master Xuanzang of Tang Sanzang. (602 AD).Born in Goushi County, Luozhou, Henan Province (Yanshi, Henan Province), he was the fourth son of Chen Hui, with a common surname of Chen and a first name of 袆. He studied Confucianism when he was young. The virtue of Zeng Zi's avoiding the table immediately stood up and stood in the study. The father saw this scene at that time, thought that this son was very polite and filial, and was very happy in his heart.At the age of thirteen, Xuanzang's roots of goodness had matured. He thought in his heart, in order to spread far away the Dharmakaya, wisdom and destiny of my Buddha Tathagata, and to lighten the magnificent teachings left by my Buddha, he followed his second elder brother Changjie to become a novice monk. .When he was twenty years old, he was fully ordained in Chengdu, Sichuan.After obtaining the precepts, I went to various famous mountains and ancient temples to visit great virtuous teachers.At the same time, he worked hard to promote Buddhism, especially the "Great Prajna Sutra", and he was more active in promoting it. He had a deep understanding of the "Nirvana Sutra", "Mahayana Theory", and "Tanbi Miscellaneous Heart".But at that time, Master Xuanzang went to various places to listen to the Dharma for many years, and there were many different opinions.I really want to get the "Yogi's Land Theory" which summarizes the three vehicles, so as to understand everything.So I made up my mind to go to the West to learn Buddhist scriptures. At the same time, I thought of Master Faxian and Master Zhiyan. In order to spread the Dharma and benefit people and seek the truth, they went to India to seek the Dharma and learn the scriptures.After I should also inherit the sages, I made up my mind to go to India to learn Buddhist scriptures. It just so happened that at this moment, a Buddhist master Popomitha who came to China from India (AD 626) introduced Xuanzang to India at that time. Master Jiexian of Nalanda Temple preached Dharma there and taught "Yogi's Land Theory".It is affirmed that this theory is the system principle of Mahayana, the three vehicles of Buddhism.Therefore, in the third year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 629), he revised the book and asked for a play, and decided to make his own decision, but he was not approved. In order to seek the Dharma, he had to sneak out of Chang'an, hiding during the day and traveling at night.At that time, it was a good time in the high and refreshing autumn of August. I started to embark on the journey of thousands of miles, went through difficulties and obstacles, and tasted the wind and ice swords.With amazing perseverance and indomitable ambition, he spent a long time in the ice and snow and desert.According to the "Biography of Kindness", when Master Xuanzang was in Sichuan, he saw a patient on the road with sores all over his body. Take him to the temple, ask a doctor to treat his illness, give him clothes and food, and take care of the patient in many ways.The patient deeply felt the master's compassion, so he taught him a volume of "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra".After Master Xuanzang got the Heart Sutra, he felt very happy in his heart, so he decided to practice this volume of "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra".Moreover, he benefits himself and others, proclaiming wonderful meanings everywhere.Master Xuanzang went to India to learn Buddhist scriptures. After leaving the customs, he passed through Moheyan. Whenever he was in a difficult and dangerous situation, he often chanted the name of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva and the "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra".Respectfully, concentrate on chanting, so I feel that Taoism is inconceivable, all disasters must be eliminated immediately, and the crisis will be turned into safety.Make the "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra" popular in the world, and won the acceptance, reading and recitation of the majority of believers, believe in and practice, eliminate disasters and avoid difficulties, and obtain great benefits.Therefore, the merits and virtues of the "Maha Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra" are really immeasurable and inconceivable.We Buddhist believers should recite it all our lives, and we will surely gain great inspiration.It is also said that Master Xuanzang suddenly met a sick monk in the Konghui Temple in Yizhou. The monk knew that the master would continue to go to India to seek the Dharma, so he was very happy and praised. There is a lot of quicksand and weak water in the middle of the long road. This road is really very difficult, and there will be many dangers and fears.The sick monk, out of compassion, dictated the heart essentials of the Buddhas of the three generations, a volume of "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra".He has repeatedly told Master Xuanzang that if he encounters various hardships and dangers, he should recite the "Heart Sutra" wholeheartedly and respectfully. On the way to and from, he will definitely get inductions to ensure safety and avoid all sufferings.Strangely, the next morning, the master went to look for the monk again, but he had disappeared.Later, the master left the country. During the journey, whenever he encountered hardships and adversities, or encountered food shortages, and at critical moments of life and death, the master sincerely recited the "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra" anytime, anywhere. all over.Because of the sincerity and empathy, you can get spiritual response immediately, turn danger into peace, and get happiness from suffering.On the way of going west to India to learn Buddhist scriptures, after going through thousands of mountains and rivers and cliffs, I finally arrived in Central India. In the Magadha country where the Buddha became enlightened, there was a Nalanda Temple. When the master was worshiping around the altar, Suddenly, I saw the monk I met in Konghui Temple last time.Master Xuanzang said: "You have dictated the Dharma door of the Buddhas of the three generations. Whenever I encounter all kinds of hardships and adversities along the way, I always recite them wholeheartedly, relying on your protection, and I get success everywhere, so that I can reach the Western Paradise safely. , fulfill my wish, and express my sincere thanks.” This volume of "Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra" is not only the Dharma door of the three Buddhas, but also the compassionate inspiration of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. roll.

This volume, in the four chapters between the 401st and 405th volumes of the "Great Prajna Heart Sutra", is the question and answer between the Buddha and Shariputra. A section of the book circulated as a single line, that is, the second chapter of the "Maha Prajna Sutra" translated by Master Xuanzang, the chapters of the scriptures "Depending on Origin", "Happiness", "Consideration", and "No Waiting". The heart is the most simple method, only two hundred and sixty words, this volume is really the core of the six hundred volumes of the "Maha Prajna Sutra".So it is called.This volume was translated by the master in the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649 AD).Master Xuanzang studied at the Master Jiexian of Nalanda Temple for five years, and gained a further understanding of the theory of yoga.Finally, I studied at Zhilinshan Shengjun Layman for two years, and thoroughly understood some difficult problems in yoga theory. Master Xuanzang studied in various places, and he has a deep understanding of various theories of Mahayana and Mahayana. very deep.It has a high reputation in India and has the honorary title of "Mahayana Heaven".Master Xuanzang later traveled around India, setting up forums everywhere.Because of his profound knowledge and eloquence, he defeated many Brahmans and became a famous theorist.Master Xuanzang traveled to one hundred and twenty-eight countries, large and small, and spent seventeen years in India, proficient in Sanskrit and the essentials of the Buddha.When I returned to Chang'an on the 24th day of the first lunar month in the nineteenth year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 645), I brought the Sanzang holy religion, a total of 520 clips, and a total of 657 volumes. Four llamas came back with a load.

In February, Master Xuanzang visited Tang Taizong's residence in Luoyang. Taizong greeted him with an extremely grand ceremony, and he was ordered to open a translation center in Hongfu Temple in Xijing.At the same time, he called many great virtue monks to work with him on translation.After 19 years of tireless efforts, he translated a total of 75 Buddhist scriptures with more than 1,330 volumes.Master Xuanzang, Kumarajiva, Truth, and Bukong are known as the four major translators of Chinese scriptures.In particular, the "Great Prajna Sutra" was first translated on the first day of the first lunar month in the fifth year of Xianqing (AD 660) in the translation field of Yuhua Palace in Xijing. There are a total of 200,000 verses in the Sanskrit version.The Buddha preached this sutra in four places, the first being Jiufeng Mountain in Rajagaha City.The second is the only tree in the country of Savatthi to the Lonely Garden.The third is He Hua Zi Zi Tian.The fourth is the Bamboo Forest Garden in Wangshe City.There are four sixteen meetings.It was not until the winter of the third year of Longshuo (AD 663) that the translation of all six hundred volumes of the Great Prajna Sutra was completed.The master put his palms together and happily said, this "Great Prajna Sutra" is the foundation of the town and the great treasure of heaven and earth.At the age of sixty-nine, due to more than twenty years of translation work, the merits and virtues were completed, and he passed away peacefully.Master Xuanzang is the most outstanding writer, traveler, translator and thinker in Chinese history.Everyone is very familiar with him, calling him "Tang Monk" and "Tang Sanzang".The teacher wrote twelve volumes of "Da Tang Western Regions", which contained the history, geography, religion, myths and legends, customs, etc. of the Western Regions, India, Ceylon, and the 138 countries.There are 110 countries who have practiced it, and 28 countries who have heard it.This book is of extremely high value in Buddhist historiography and the history, geography, and culture of ancient Western Regions, India, Central Asia, and South Asia, as well as in the historical materials of Chinese and Western transportation. .

Brief deeds about An Shigao, Kumarajiva, Faxian, Daoan and Xuanzang introduced above.These five translators, travelers and writers.He has made great contributions to the communication of Chinese and Indian cultures, especially Buddhist classics, and deserves our Chinese Buddhists' eternal respect and admiration. I recalled that Master Yijing of the Tang Dynasty wrote a poem about seeking Buddhist scriptures from the West. "During the Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Tang dynasties, eminent monks sought the Dharma and left Chang'an. Hundreds of people went there, but none of them returned. The latter did not know the difficulties of the former. It is often easy to read the classics." This poem made me see Gude's dedication to the law.When we drink water and think about the source, we should learn from these eminent monks' minds of propagating Dharma and benefiting students by "turning through scriptures for future eyes".In addition to Xuanzang, translators in the Tang Dynasty included Bodhi Liuzhi, Shicha Nanda, Yijing, Vajra Zhi, Bukong and others.Master Yijing (AD 635-713) translated sixty-one scriptures with a total of two hundred and sixty volumes.Master Bukong Sanzang (705-774 A.D.) translated 104 scriptures with a total of 134 volumes.Xuanzang focuses on yoga, prajna, and big and small vehicle vitan.Yijing attaches great importance to the Vinaya classics.Not empty is to focus on Tantra.As for the classics translated by many other great translators, they also have their own strengths.During this period, a total of three hundred and seventy-two volumes of the Tripitaka were translated, covering as many as two thousand and fifty-nine volumes.It can be seen that he made a great contribution to the translation of Buddhist classics in the Tang Dynasty. (4) The engraving of the Tripitaka The trend of editing the Tripitaka is very popular, and in the north, it is included in the Canon according to "Zhenguan Shijiaolu".The south wrote scriptures according to "Kaiyuan Shijiaolu".It was also very popular in reading the scriptures. Many preaching masters at that time read all the scriptures, such as Master Zhenhai in the later Tang Dynasty.In order to master the Fahua, he taught thirty-seven scriptures and read the scriptures twice in more than thirty years.Since Master Yin is proficient in the Amitabha Sutra and Madhyamaka Sutra, he reads the scriptures once a day when he lectures for the public.Master Zhiquan specialized in "Hundred Laws", and he has spoken more than a hundred times. He has read the Tibetan scriptures three times.Master Yichu is proficient in "Jushe Lun", he has lectured on Yuanhui more than ten times, and has read the Tibetan scriptures three times.Master Wen Dai, who specializes in the practice of meditation, has also read the Tibetan scriptures three times.These are some of the situations in which eminent monks in the Tang Dynasty read the Tripitaka. In the history of Chinese Buddhism, there have been many versions of the Tripitaka translated into Chinese and Tibetan.The first Chinese Tripitaka carved on wood in our country was in 971 A.D., four years after the opening of the Song Dynasty. Later, it went through the Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. In a period of more than a thousand years, there were two successively. Tripitaka in more than a dozen engraved editions.Buddhism was protected by the ruling class in the Song Dynasty. In addition to building temples and teaching monks, many eminent monks went to India to seek the Dharma.At the same time, Zhang Congxin, the internal official, was ordered to go to Chengdu to carve the Tripitaka.This was the beginning of the engraving of the Buddhist Tripitaka. Later, the three masters Fatian, Faxian and Shihu who came to China from Central India were revered by the court and established a translation institute.Emperor Taizong also personally wrote the Preface to the Newly Translated Tripitaka. In order to cultivate translators, he changed the Institute of Translation into the court of transmission, and set up the Institute of Printing to manage and circulate the publication of the Tripitaka.During the Song Dynasty for more than three hundred years, there were two types of engravings for the Tripitaka: official engravings and private engravings, with a total of six engravings.The first official engraved edition took twelve years from the fourth year of Kaibao (971 AD) to the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo (983 AD). It was carved in Chengdu and is called the Shu edition. It contains a total of 650 Buddhist scriptures. Three parts, totaling more than 6,620 volumes.Second, private engravings of scriptures were engraved in Jueyuan, Dongchan Temple, Fuzhou.From the third year of Yuanfeng to the second year of Chongning (AD 1078-1103).A total of 560 letters, totaling more than 5,800 volumes.The third is the Kaiyuan Temple version privately engraved in Fuzhou. It took forty years from the second year of Zhenghe in the Northern Song Dynasty to the twenty-fourth year in Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1112-1156), and it was carved according to the Dongchan Temple version.The fourth is the private engraving of Huzhou Sixi Yuanjue Temple.It is based on the Fuzhou edition, with a total of five hundred and forty-eight letters and a total of five thousand six hundred and eighty-seven volumes.Fifth, the edition of Zifu Temple in Sixi, Huzhou, engraved and printed from Jiaxi to Chongyou (AD 1237-1252) in the Southern Song Dynasty, containing 1,459 Buddhist scriptures.Sixth, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Qisha collection was compiled in Yanshengyuan, Qisha, Pingjiang (now Wuxing, Jiangsu), and later combined with the Tibetan scriptures compiled and inscribed in Puning Temple, Nanshan, Yuhang, Hangzhou during the Yuan Dynasty, a total of 500 Ninety-one letters, totaling 6392 volumes, this is called Qisha Zang.Buddhism in the Liao Dynasty was also very prosperous. In the first year of Emperor Shengzong's Taiping, due to the influence of the engraving of the Shu version of the Tripitaka in the Song Dynasty, a total of 579 copies of the Canon were engraved in Yanjing.It began in the 23rd year of Xingzong Chongxi and was completed in the eighth year of Daozong Qingning (AD 1054-1062). At this time, the Liao Dynasty restored the name of the Khitan Kingdom, so this Tibetan scripture is called the Khitan Collection.This engraved version was not spread to the south, but only to Koryo, so almost all Khitan collections are now lost. In the Jin Dynasty, there was a nun Cui Fazhen. In the southern part of Shanxi Province, she broke her arm and made a vow to raise funds to reprint the Tripitaka of the Northern Song Dynasty and supplement it. 1173), after more than 20 years, it was successfully engraved. In 1934, an engraved copy of this scripture was discovered at Guangsheng Temple in Zhaocheng, Shanxi Province. Now it has only 4,957 volumes, so it is called Zhaocheng Collection.Preserved in the present Beijing Library. In the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to the Qisha collection inscribed at the Dapuning Temple in Nanshan, Yuhang, there were also the Tripitaka in Xixia script, the Pilu Tripitaka carved in Jianyang, Fujian, and some classics are still preserved in Yongquan Temple in Gushan. The Ming Dynasty also attached great importance to the engraving of the Tripitaka. There were five kinds of block editions, three kinds of official editions and two private editions.As early as the Hongwu era (1368-1398 A.D.), it was engraved in Nanjing, and it was called "Southern Tibet".During the Yongle period, the one engraved in Beijing was called "Northern Tibet".Later, the Fangquan Tripitaka engraved in Hangzhou was called "Wulin Zang".These three types of scriptures are officially engraved and circulated.The latter two are privately engraved.The engraving began in the Wanli period, and the Tripitaka was completed in the early Qing Dynasty, called "Jiaxing Tibetan" (AD 1473-1619), which was issued at the Lengyan Temple in Jiaxing.However, this Tibetan scripture was engraved in Jingshan, Zhejiang, so it is also called "Jingshan Tibetan". Some key codes were reprinted and engraved as "Fanben" Tripitaka. The official collection of scriptures in the Qing Dynasty began in the 13th year of Yongzheng and ended in the third year of Qianlong. (A.D. 1735-1738) A total of four years before and after the completion of this revered Sanskrit book "Dragon Zang", a total of 724 letters, 1,670 volumes, 7,240 volumes roll.Later, in the second year of Yongzheng (AD 1724), Danjur's "Tibet Tripitaka" was published.During the Qianlong period, the Mongolian Tripitaka was published and the Manchu Tripitaka continued to be published.This is the case of the compilation and printing of the Tripitaka in the Qing Dynasty.In modern times, the one engraved in Shanghai Pinjia Jingshe is called "Pinjia Zang", with a total of 8,416 volumes.The one reprinted in Taiwan, China is called the Tripitaka.In addition, there are "Taisho Canon", "Continued Canon" engraved in Japan, and the Tripitaka in Pali.The introduction above is some main overviews of the Buddhist Tripitaka, editing, reading, translation and engraving circulation from the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, so as to understand the origin of the cultural undertakings of the Buddhist Tripitaka in the past dynasties.Our Buddhist Tripitaka contains rich materials in philosophy, astronomy, medicine, sculpture, art, translation, tourism, etc. It is a precious cultural heritage of the motherland.