Chapter 6 Volume 5 (2)

Chapter twenty one The meaning of Bingfu (feeling) is (1) those qualities for which a thing can be changed, such as white and black, sweet and bitter, heavy and light, and the like. (2) It is the realization of these changes—the above-mentioned changes that have been realized. (3) It specifically refers to harmful changes and activities, especially painful injuries. (4) Unfortunate encounters and painful experiences, the greatest of which are called "Bashus" (πHθHs). Chapter Twenty Two We say "deficient" <deprivation>, (1) If a thing should have an attribute, but it does not have it (it is not born; or it will be lost later); for example, a plant is said to be "deprived" of its eyes. (2) If a thing itself or its genus (genus) should have the quality, it does not; for example, a blind man and a mole are both blind but have different meanings; Everyone can see but the other is blind. In terms of a blind person, he originally had eyes to see, but later became blind. (3) If a thing should have the quality, but it does not have the quality during the time when it should have this quality; for example, blindness is a "missing", but a person may not be completely blind all his life, he should only be blind when he can Blindness is called blindness if you are within the age of seeing.Similarly, there is blindness to the mediator, blindness to the function, blindness to the object, and blindness to the environment. Corresponding to these, it is only when he cannot see when he should be able to see. "blindness. (4) Taking away anything by force is called "queuing" or "deprivation".

Actually, we should have as many kinds of "missing" as there are prefixes of "not" (α-) <or "nothing">; It should have equality; for another example, "invisible" should be because it has no color at all, or only has inconspicuous color, or "footless" should be because it has no feet at all, or only Unhealthy feet.A word "missing" can be applied to something that is not good in spite of its properties, such as "nuclear"; It can't be cut, it can also be said that it is difficult to cut. The word "missing" can also be applied to those who have nothing of it; thus what we call a blind person refers to the one who is blind in both eyes, not to the one-eyed.Therefore, not everyone is either "good" or "evil", or "righteous" or "unrighteous", and there are people who are in the middle state.

Chapter Twenty Three "Have" 〈"hold"〉〈Ai Xiyin〉 has many meanings; (1) to deal with a thing according to one's own disposition or intention; thus, a disease "has" its body, a tyrant" has" its city, and the people "Have" the clothes he wears. (2) Those who can accept and persist things are also called "being", such as bronze "having" the shape of a statue, and the body "having" disease. (3) Things that can be tolerated and persisted; for example, we say that a bottle "has" water, a city "has" people, and a ship "has" sailors; the whole "holds" its parts as well. (4) Preventing another thing from acting according to its own intention is also called "holding", such as a pillar holding the weight of a roof; and like a poet who said that Atlas "holds" (has) the sky, otherwise the sky It is about to collapse, and some natural philosophers have said so.Extending the meaning of "holding", those who make things combine without being scattered by their own impulses are also called "holding" the combined thing.

"Being in something" has a meaning similar to and corresponding to "holding". Chapter Twenty Four The meaning of "come from" (1) is from certain things, such as from matter, there can be two types, or from the highest family and genus or from the lowest variety; Water comes, and another meaning comes like a statue from bronze. (2) It comes from the first motive; for example, where does fighting come from?From quarrels, for quarrels are the origin of fights. (3) From the synthesis of matter and form, as the part from the whole, the verse from the Irie, and the stone from the house (in all these the whole is always the synthesis of matter and form; for form is the ultimate, Nothing is perfect until it reaches its ultimate).

(4) General formulas from parts, for example, people come from "two-legged" animals, syllables come from phonetic notes, which is different from the meaning that statues come from bronze; because synthetic entities come from sensible substances, general formulas It comes from the general formula material.Some things come from other things, that's all. (5) Some other things come from a part of other things; for example, children come from their father and mother, plants come from the earth, they only "come" from their parents and a part of the earth. (6) There are other "from whereabouts" that come after one thing in time, such as night from day, storm from sunshine, because one thing follows another.Regarding these, some are like the two examples cited above indicating the change of sequence; 〉The festival "comes" Chai Qili's <First Fruit Festival>, because the First Fruit Festival is after the Dionysus Festival.

Chapter 25 The meaning of "part" is (a) (a) a quantity can be distinguished; For example, two is a part of three, and what is taken out as a quantity in a quantity is called a "part" of the quantity. (b) This is called a part only in the first sense; therefore, two is called a "part" of three, and this can only be established when three is considered as a whole, and if three is not taken as a whole, two is Not counting three "parts". (2) A class of things is not divided in quantity, but in form, which is also called its "part"; therefore we say that the variety <family name> is the "part" of the genus <race>. (3) A whole is divided into several elements; or several elements form a whole, and this whole is a thing with a general formula; for example, for a copper ball or a copper cube, the substances they rely on to express the general formula, copper and arcs or regular Square corners,—these elements are part of these wholes. (4) The elements upon which the matter is interpreted in the definition are also parts of the whole; the family and genus may therefore also be called a part of the breed, although in another sense the breed is a part of the family and genus.

Chapter Twenty Six The meaning of "whole" (whole) (1) is to say that as a natural whole, there is no lack of any part that should be, (2) this includes the things that must be included to become a whole; Each is one and combined into a whole, or it may not be one but combined into a whole. (a) It is true to regard the species as the "whole", and all things of the same kind are originally one thing, but it is also true to say that the whole species is a whole. For example, humans, horses, gods, etc. are each a living thing, so Use a common noun to make a collective name for it.But (b) a whole is composed of various parts, which continue and have limits, and the parts are only latent but unrealized things (it is also possible for realized things to be included in the whole as parts).With regard to these things, the natural "wholeness" is higher than the man-made "wholeness". This is what we have said when we explained "one" above.In addition, all quantities have a beginning, middle, and end, and if there is no difference in each paragraph, these quantities are called "common".Where there is a difference in the position of each paragraph is called "full".Those with all aspects are called "community" and "full".

These things change their shape without changing their nature after the position of their parts is moved, such as wax or paint.They are both "total" and "total"; because they have two characteristics, water and all liquids and numbers are counted as "total", and people don't say "total water" or "total number", (except for the The meaning of the word "whole" is extended.) When things are gathered together as a whole, they are called "community"; when they are gathered together as separate and independent individuals, they are called "total". "Total" is the "total number of these units".

Chapter Twenty Seven There is no circumstance in which a quantitative thing can be said to be "tailored"; it must be a "whole" (whole) and distinguishable thing for the term to apply.When one is removed, we don't say "cutting" (because the part removed by cutting is always not equal to the remaining part), and the general "number" does not say "cutting"; whenever we say "cutting", How can the <element> still remain in the remaining part; if a cup is cut, it must still be a cup; but in terms of numbers, it is quite different.Also, even if things are composed of different parts, it cannot be said that these can be tailored; in a sense, numbers can be composed of the same part or different parts (for example, three can be said to be composed of three ones, It can also be said to be composed of one and two); generally speaking, all things that have nothing to do with their positions, such as water, cannot be cut;

All things that can be clipped must have a positional relationship among their elements.And they must be continuous; because a score is composed of different syllables, each syllable has a certain position, but this does not allow "cutting".In addition, cutting a whole thing does not mean that any part can be cut off; the cut off part should not be the part containing the determining factor, nor does it cut off any part regardless of its position; for example, a cup , if a hole is pierced, it is not "cutting"; only the stem or the protruding part of the cup is amputated, which is called cutting; a person is "cut" (amputation) does not mean that his muscles or spleen are cut off, This means that his limbs or fingers are dismembered, and the part that has been dismantled must not be able to regenerate.So baldness doesn't count as "cutting."

Chapter Twenty Eight The term "genus" (race) is applied to (1) the reproduction of things, which are of the same type and continue. For example, "the race lasts forever" means "life continues" without cessation. (2) This term is applied to the ancestors of creatures; therefore, in terms of "race", some call the Greeks because they are the descendants of Heron, and some call the Ichonians because Ixon is their ancestor. The characters used for procreation are always mainly patrilineal, although sometimes they are also used for the matrilineal supply of reproductive substances, and people also have their clan surnames from the matrilineal.For example, we say that they are the descendants of "妣拉". (3) One of the meanings of family and genus is that the plane is the type of all planar shapes, and the three-dimensional is the type of all three-dimensional shapes; although the shapes of each plane and three-dimensional figures are different, they are similar to the plane and three-dimensional figures; It is the similarity that can be obtained among the aliens.Also, (4) The basic elements included in the definition of "what" are "genus", and the differences within the genus become the quality of varieties. In this way, "genus" is used for (1) the reproductive continuation of the same kind, (2) the initiator in the change of the same kind of things, (3) the bottom layer from which all differences and differences arise are called matter, so we also Use "genus" as the substance. Those things that are called "different from each other" mean that (1) they have different bottom layers, and the bottom layer of one thing cannot be analyzed as the bottom layer of another thing, nor can the bottom layer of two things be analyzed into the same thing, such as the general formula and Matter is "different in its genus"; and (2) things belong to different categories of reality; what makes a thing what it is is either from how it is, or from its essence, or from other things mentioned separately above. category; these cannot be exchanged for each other, and cannot be analyzed as the same thing (so the difference in category means "different in belonging">. Chapter Twenty Nine "False" means (a) as a thing, it is false, (a) because these do not fit together, or do not fit together, e.g., "The diagonal of a square can be measured by its sides" or "You are sitting"; for the former is always false, and the latter is sometimes false; in both senses, they are "no such thing". (b) There are things that exist, but the things they represent do not exist, or seem to exist but do not exist, such as a dream or a sketch; these are also things, but the scene they represent, we There is nowhere to find its whereabouts.We then say that these are "false" - either they do not exist, or what they represent does not exist. (2) A "false" record (a "false" sentence) is a record of something that does not exist, and since the thing is false, the record about it must also be a false record.Anything you record that is not what you actually refer to is also a false record; for example, if you make a "circle" record for a "triangle", this is "false".In a certain sense, a thing has only one record, which is the record of its noumenon; but in another sense, a thing can have many records, because the thing and the thing itself are still the same thing with its attributes, For example, "Socrates" and "civilized Socrates" are the same person (a false record is not a record of anything except some other explanation), so Antireni thinks that there is only one predicate for a subject, Things can have no other explanation than what is recorded in themselves—then he is too simple; according to him, there will be no contradictions in the world, and no mistakes.But we can describe each thing by itself, or we can explain it by other things.In this way, sometimes it may be completely false, but sometimes a true explanation can be made; for example, eight can be explained as a multiple by the definition of two.These things are called "false" and that's it. As for (3) a "false" person (liar) refers to such a person who likes to make "false" records. False impressions are produced, just as some false things make false impressions.So it is misleading to prove that the same person is "both false and true" in "Hibia".The article assumes that whoever can lie to others (that is, whoever is knowledgeable, intelligent and capable of lying) is a fake person; by extension, it is better whoever is willing to do evil, because a person who is voluntarily limp is better. Those with involuntary limp are preferred.This is a misunderstanding conclusion of the induction method.Here Plato uses the word limp to imitate lameness, "of course the voluntary imitation is better than the involuntary one", but if these are used for moral behavior, the voluntary imitation should not be better, But worse people. Chapter Thirty The meaning of "property" (accidental) is (1) Anyone who is attached to something can be determined to be attached, but the person who is attached to it is neither necessary nor frequent, such as someone digging soil for tree planting , found the pit gold. "Finding the gold" is an "attribute" (accidental) for "the person who digs the soil"; because finding the gold does not necessarily require planting trees, and planting trees does not necessarily lead to finding the gold; and the tree planter does not always seek Got gold.A civilized person may be white; but it is not necessary, nor often, so we call it an attribute.All attributes are attached to the theme, but some of them are only attached to a certain theme at a certain time and a certain place to become an attribute, not necessarily the theme, nor must it be here or now for its attributes.Therefore, there are only accidental causes for an attribute, and no definite causes.If a man is carried by a storm or hijacked by pirates into the Aegean, the unplanned voyage is an "accident"; it happens by chance,--but not by the master's will but by something else The reason—the storm is why he came here, this is the Aegean Sea, and that's not what he wanted to sail. "Property" has (two) another meaning. Those who come from things themselves rather than how things are are also called "properties". The sum of all three interior angles is equal to two-valued angles, which is an attribute attached to a triangle. .This type of attribute can be permanent, and other attributes are not permanent.This we explain elsewhere.