Chapter 84 The Attempt to Revaluate All Values ​​The Will to Power Section XVI

the will to power attempt to revaluate all values Section 16 <353> Criticism of good people. ——decency, dignity, sense of responsibility, sense of justice, humanity, honesty, integrity, kindness—are these beautiful words affirming characteristics for the sake of characteristics themselves?Or, here, are the general properties and states of value acting only guided by the view that properties acquire value?Is the value of these properties in these properties?Or, is it among the benefits and advantages that they bring (as if they come with it, and one hopes to come with it)? Of course, I am not talking about the antithesis of ego and castration in the argument here.The question is whether this is the result, either in terms of those who embody these properties, or in terms of the environment, society, "human beings" (thus properties have value); or, whether the properties themselves have properties... in other words : Is this the utilitarianism condemned, attacked, denied (—as unreliable, hypocritical, eccentric, self-doubting, inhuman—) by the opposite nature?The nature of these properties?Or is it just the result of these properties that have been condemned? —Another way of asking: Is it desirable that man with the second quality should not exist? —In any case, some people believe this... But here lies the fallacy, myopia, and bias of narrow egoism.

In other words, is it also desirable to simply create a state of affairs in favor of decent people--to bring about the demoralization and slow death of opposite natures and instincts?Ultimately, it is a question of aesthetics and aesthetics: is it desirable to keep the "most respectable," that is, the most boring, kind of man?What about the gentleman, the moralist, the honest person, the decent person, the fool? If one assumes that there is no excess of "others", then the honest man has no right to exist at all.For there is no need for such a man—here, one sees, what makes this intolerable morality respectable is only its crude utility.

Desirability may be just the opposite.To create the state in which the "decent man" is reduced to the pathetic status of a "useful tool"—as the "ideal herd," or, at best, the shepherd of the herd.In short, in this state, the decent man falls short of a higher order, which requires the same character. <241> Humor in European culture: People think it's true, but people do something else.Of what use, for example, are all the arts of reading and criticism if the ecclesiastical interpretation of the Bible, the Protestant interpretation of the Bible, and also the Catholic interpretation persist indefinitely!

<849> future stuff. — against the romanticism of the great "crucifixion." —Recognize why all "classical" aesthetics are assigned a certain amount of indifference, sobriety, harshness: this is mainly a logical reason.Spiritual bliss, the Trinity, concentration, they hate sensibility, emotion, wit, multitude, uncertainty, hesitation, premonition, as much as they hate perishability, pinnacle, beauty, goodness.People should not take the artist's formula as a joke, people want to transform life, and in the future, life should write itself. It is a hilarious comedy, which we have learned to laugh at today and see only now: contemporaries such as Halder, Winckelmann, Goethe, and Hegel demanded the rediscovery of the classical ideal . . . and the same Time also demands to rediscover Shakespeare! —the same kind of people who in a mean way declare a clean break with the French classical school! ...but people would have liked "naturalness", "naturalness"

what!What a brain!People actually think that classicism is naturalness! Without any prejudice, don't be indecisive, and think carefully about the soil in which classical aesthetics was born.To harden, to simplify, to intensify, to deteriorate: it is of the same kind.Logical and psychological simplification.Disregarding details, generalities, inaccuracies. The Romantics in Germany were not against classicism, but against reason, enlightenment, aesthetics, and the eighteenth century. Wagner's Romanticism has a sensibility which is the antithesis of classical sensibility. The will to unity (for unity is brutal, to torment listeners and spectators), but not to be cruel to oneself in great matters.That is, to take into account the work itself (with regard to abandonment, shortening, interpretation and simplification).Win by quality (Wagner, Hugo, Zola, Taine).

<106> Why did German music reach its peak during the period of German Romanticism?Why is there no Goethe in German music?And in Beethoven there is Schiller, how many "carats" to be precise!Schumann itself contains Eichendorf ③, Uhland ④, Heine, Hoffmann ⑤, Tieck ⑥, Richard Wagner has Fleischtz ⑦, Hoffmann, Grimm ⑧, Romantic tradition, instinct Mystical Catholicism, Symbolism, "free thought of the Passion" (Rousseau's intention). "The Flying Dutchman" has a very French taste, where "The Man Who Was Fearful of Light" (1830) had been the model of the seducer.

① Schiller (1759-1805) - an outstanding German poet, dramatist, and one of the representative writers of the Hurricane Movement. He wrote "The Robber", "Conspiracy and Love" and so on. - translator ② The legendary girl martyr, Paul's disciple and entourage. - translator ③ Joseph Eichendorf (1788-1857) - German Romantic poet, baron. - translator ④ Ludwig Uhland (1787-1862) German late romantic poet. - translator ⑤ Ernst Theodore Amadeus Hoffman (1776-1822) - German Romantic poet and composer. - translator ⑥ Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853) - German Romantic poet. - translator

⑦ The magic bullet shooter in German legend. - translator ⑧The Brothers Grimm (1785-1863) (1786-1859) - a famous German linguist and fairy tale writer. - translator The cult of music, the Romantic cult of form, Wagner synthesized Romantic German and French— <387> The whole notion of the hierarchy of passions: as if the guidance of reason were natural and normal—while the passions seemed abnormal, dangerous, half-brutal. Besides, as far as the object of the passion is concerned, it is nothing but the desire for pleasure... The dignity of the passion is compromised: 1.As if passion is an inappropriate method, unnecessary, and not always the driving force; 2.For the passion longs for that which has no precious value, that is, music. . .

To deny passion and reason, as if the latter were essences for themselves, and especially if the latter were not a proportionate state of passions and longings; as if not every passion had a rational element...   <425> "Objectivity" in the philosopher: morality is indifference to itself, and blind obedience to consequences, good or bad; I have a profound indifference to myself.Because, I do not want to gain any advantage from my knowledge, and at the same time, I do not want to avoid the disadvantages that these knowledge must bring. —Here also includes what is called the detriment of character; the perspective is external, for I have my character.However, I neither want to figure it out nor change it. —I never thought about personal conduct.It seems to me that as soon as a man becomes interested in personal matters, he closes the door of knowledge to himself--or, as soon as he is concerned with "saving souls"! …People should not overemphasize their own morality, and at the same time, they should not give up their basic rights to moral opposites…

A moral heritage may be presupposed here, for one has a presentiment that much can be squandered and thrown away from it, without being particularly impoverished by it.Never try to admire such feelings as "beautiful souls"; be good at appearing superior to them; deal with moral monsters with an inner mockery.Violation of virginity--that is a mystical pleasure. To revolve around itself; there is no desire to be "good", or to be "wrong".Take extra care not to let things get the slightest bit of moral tentacles and webs—. <242> People have not yet summed up well what kind of barbaric age we Europeans live in.One might think that "saving souls" is all about a Bible! . . . and, I am told, the common people still believe it to this day.

Of what use is all scientific education, all doctrine of criticism and interpretation, if there is no shame in such absurd interpretations of the Scriptures upheld by the Church? <777> Love—see you: this is love, this feminine sympathy—is there anything more egoistic? . . . If they make a sacrifice, sacrifice their honor, their name, for whom do they sacrifice?For the husband?Or, for wanton pursuits? —This is also an out-and-out selfish desire: Are they thinking of others too, and looking for something in return... How can such a dismal valuation save all others! ! <264> How hypocritical and absurd it is to think that human beings have always transcended the basic facts of their inner world!There are no eyes here, this is nonsense— <342> A. Consistent types.Here, one has to ascertain that perhaps one does not hate evil; one does not fight evil, one does not wage war against oneself; Listen to their words and watch their deeds; people will make the soil of other states barren through the super embryo of peaceful, kind, harmonious, affectionate, helpful, and lovely states... , people need persistent practice.What progress has been made here? — the Buddhist kind, or the perfect cow. The above view is only possible if morality does not prevail, and if evil is not resented for its own sake, but only because it points out to us states of distress (turbulence, toil, , worry, confusion, dependents). This is what Buddhism holds.Because no one here hates evil, there is no concept of "evil" at all. B. Volatile types.Wars will be waged against evil—wars, it is thought, in the interests of the good, should not have the moral and character consequences that wars in general necessarily entail (which is why wars are abhorred for their evil).In fact, this qualitative change in the war against evil is more thorough than any hostility from man to man.Often the "man" (at least the imaginary man) who is the enemy sneaks in again (the devil, evil spirits, etc.), which is hostile, spies, and detects the origins of ungood and possibly evil in us, all in the form of To end in a state of misery and turmoil, so that "miracles," rewards, ecstasies, solutions from beyond are desirable today... This is the kind of Christianity: or a complete hypocrite. C. Types of Stoics.Firm, self-abnegated, unwavering, it is a long peace of unyielding will—deep calm, defensiveness, barriers, belligerent suspicions—firmness of principle; unity of will and knowledge; respect for self.Kind of retreat.What a fool. <170> From the very beginning, Christianity made the symbol into something vile: 1. The opposition between "real life" and "false life": Misunderstood as the opposition between "life on this shore" and "life on the other shore"; 2. The concept of "immortality" is opposed to personal life, and the perishability of personal life is said to be "personal immortality"; 3.According to Hebrew-Arabic customs, sworn brotherhood through sharing food and drink is considered "the miracle of transubstantiation"; 4. "Resurrection—" is considered to be the beginning of "true life," a "rebirth"; thus: The historical probability that there will be some time after death; 5.The Son of Man is considered to be the "Son of God" and is the life relationship between man and God.From this arises the "divine second personality" - and it is this which is to be purged.For everyone, even the humblest, is a father and son to God; 6.Faith in soteriology (that is to say, that there is no path to the Sonship of God other than the living practice of Christian teaching) has turned instead into some kind of belief in the strange installment atonement not by man but by Christ. behavior is realized.In this way, "the suffering Christ" must be reinterpreted.Death itself is not a fact at all... rather it is a sign - of the attitude one should have towards the authorities and the laws of the world - which is to be defenseless...the example is here. <196> At first, Christianity was merely a struggle against classical and noble religions. In fact, this whole change is a transformation to the needs and understanding level of the congregation at that time.It is those masses who believe in "great mothers" such as Isis ①, Mithras ②, Dionysus, etc., and require religion to have: 1.Hope on the other side; 2.3. The magic (mystery) of animal blood as a sacrifice;Acts of salvation, sacred legends; 4.4. Asceticism, world-weariness, superstitious "purification"; 5.Hierarchy, organization of parishes.In short: Christianity has to adapt itself to the existing and all-pervasive anti-paganism, to the cult that Epicurus has long since refuted... to be precise, to the lowly people, women, slaves, non-noble classes religion. ①The name of the goddess in Egyptian mythology, who is responsible for fertility and motherhood. - translator ② Persian (one said from India, Iraq) the god of light, spread from Persia through Rome to Germany and Great Britain, the religion began to decline in the 4th century AD. - translator In this way, we have misunderstood: 1.the immortality of man; 2.The so-called other world; 3.Absurd notions of punishment and atonement at the center of the interpretation of life; 4.De-deified, not deified.The distance is completely opened, relying on miracles, relying on the collapse of extreme self-contempt cannot fill this gap; 5.The whole world has become a destructive imagination and morbid desire, not a lovely and simple practice, not a Buddhist paradise that can be realized in the world; 6.Ecclesiastical institutions with missionary communities, theology, worship, sacraments; in short, everything that Jesus of Nazareth objected to; 7.The ubiquity of miracles, superstition, and what distinguishes Judaism and the oldest Christianity is the aversion to miracles, which is relative rationality. <352> The concept of power, no matter whether it is God's or human's, always includes the ability to gain and lose.So it was with the Arabs; so it was with the Hebrews.This is true of all powerful races. If one separates these two faculties in a dualistic way, then this step is fatal... Morality becomes thus a compound of life... <195> The behavior and thinking of "Christianity" are fundamentally different from those of its founders.This great anti-pagan movement of ancient cultures was expounded on the life, doctrine, and "words" of the founders of Christianity, an extremely arbitrary interpretation according to an entirely different pattern of needs.Because, it has been transformed into the language of all existing underground religions—— This is the rise of pessimism (--and Jesus wanted to bring peace and happiness to the Lamb), and of the weak, the lowly, the suffering, the oppressed. Their sworn enemies are: 1.Power in character, spirituality and aesthetics; "worldliness"; 2.Classical "happiness," noble indiscretion and suspicion, he had once had the pride of the wise, the eccentric indulgence and the indifferent self-sufficiency, the Greek cunning in appearance, language and form.Their sworn enemies were the Romans, who were also the Greeks. Anti-paganism attempts to philosophically demonstrate that ancient cultures had a dual-personal sensibility, and this was first made possible by Plato, who was instinctively anti-Hellenistic and had a Semitic sensibility...same, Stoic The same is true of ism, because it is basically a Semitic cause (—to treat dignity as sanctimonious, to regard law and morality as greatness, to dare to act; to regard authority as the highest personal independence—this is all Semitic. Stoics are Arab sheiks wrapped in ancient Greek diapers and concepts). <917> Feeling more robust—or, in other words: happy—is always premised on comparison (but not necessarily with other people, but with yourself, in a state of growth, not really in the first place). know how to compare :-). Artificial reinforcement: either by stimulant chemicals or by delusions of excitability ("hallucinations"): For example, Christianity's sense of security; Christianity feels strong from its own sense of trust, patience and composure.For, he attributes this artificial reinforcement to God's patronage of the illusion; For example, the sense of superiority: just like the Moroccan Islamic leader only sees his three unified kingdoms occupying four-fifths of the earth's area; For example, the sense of uniqueness: just as Europeans subjectively assume that the cultural process evolves only in Europe, and they themselves are like a shortened world process.Or, as Christians make all beings revolve around "saving humanity." —The question is where do people feel pressured and not free.According to different situations, another sense of existence becomes stronger.For example, for a philosopher, doing abstract gymnastics in the cold and shade of a mountain gives him the feeling of a fish diving into the water; while colors and sounds can depress him, not to mention the vague longing—— Others call it "ideal". <885> As far as I know, if people really think that the production of great and special people depends on the consent of the majority, (including: they need to understand what characteristics belong to the category of greatness; at the same time, they also need to understand that all greatness depends on whose interests are sacrificed developed)——then there has hardly been a great man since ancient times! —— The course of things does not depend on whether the majority of people agree, but on what path the process takes.I say this because several amazing things have happened in the world. <773> Morphology of self-perception. One point of view: When the sense of personal self is completely unable to set personal value, empathy and a sense of community become a low-level preparation stage. Point 2: Why is the height of collective personality, pride in racial distance, sense of invincibility, aversion to mediation, equality, reconciliation, etc. To reflect overall pride. — because man must behave with the utmost respect for himself, if he plays the collective with his personality.Likewise, if the individual considers himself God's instrument and mouthpiece. Point Three: The various forms of egoism are actually of great importance to personality.For the higher forms of violence make use of these forms.Religious cowardice toward oneself is the state of mind of prophets and poets. The fourth point of view: the overall sense of responsibility, inculcating the personality to have a long-term vision, harsh and terrible tactics, prudent and indifferent behavior, and a graceful appearance, and allow the personality not to admit that it has the above characteristics for its own benefit. In summary: a collective sense of self is a great precondition for personal independence.Nobility is the teacher of this heritage. <166> Jesus proposes a true life, a life in truth as opposed to life in general.Because what he hates most is the "eternal Peter", the eternal life of personality.What he struggles with is "personality," this affectation.How does he make the "personality" eternal? Similarly, he also opposes the hierarchical system in the diocese, because he has never promised rewards for meritorious deeds, how can he talk about rewards and punishments on the other side! <167> Christianity was the prelude to the naive Buddhist peace movement, born of feuding herds... But it was transformed by Paul into pagan mysticism, and learned to work in harmony with the whole organization of the state... It launched War, setting up courts, torture, swearing against God, inciting hatred, doing all kinds of evil. Paul's starting point is that religion stimulates the popular need for the mystical.For he seeks a sacrifice, a bloody illusion sustained by the images of mystic worship.The Suffering God, the Blood Oath, unites himself with this "Sacrifice" by keeping secrets. He tries to make the perpetuity of existence (death of individual souls, perpetuity of cleansing) as resurrection causally related to the sacrifice (according to the type of Dionysus, Mithras, Osiris) . ①The sun god in ancient Egyptian mythology, later the Lord of the Underworld, the god of resurrection in nature. - translator He needs to bring to the fore the concept of fault and sin, not a new practice (as Jesus himself instructed and taught), but a new worship, a new faith, a transubstantiation equal to miracles (through faith and "redemption").He understands the great needs of the pagan world, and he talks about the facts of the life and death of Christ, stresses every sentence, and sets gravity everywhere... He abandons the original Christianity in principle. Missionaries and theologians were assassinated, thanks to Paul, and replaced by missionary societies and theology—a ruling hierarchy, the Church.The over-praised "personality" was murdered, which led to the belief in "eternal personality" (worrying about "eternal salvation"...), which led to the boasting of individual egoism, which led to contradictions. This is the humor of the matter, a tragic humor.Because, it was Paul who established what Christ disliked during his lifetime.In the end, when the church was full-fledged, it even dominated the destiny of the country. <335> Once people see people according to the following criteria, that is, how people understand struggle, persistence, use of the environment, and overcoming opponents, then they will not pay so much attention to people; It becomes an absurd beast... as if man needs a place for cowardice, sluggishness, weakness, tenderness, flattery and all kinds in order to restore his strong and masculine virtues.Please look at the "desirability" of people!Please look at the so-called "ideal" of people!The man who seeks is rejuvenated by his eternal treasure—his own deeds—for it is full of insignificance, nonsense, worthlessness, and childishness.In such an inventive and well-informed animal the poverty and inactivity of the mind reach an almost astonishing degree. "Ideal" seems to be like the payment that people have to pay for all practical and urgent tasks for themselves.If reality disappears, dreams, fatigue, and paralysis follow.For the "ideal" is a form of dream, fatigue, weakness... The most vigorous nature will be equal to the weakest nature, if the above-mentioned state comes to them.Because they deified the cessation of work, struggle, passion, tension, opposition, total "reality"...that is, the cessation of acquiring knowledge and accumulating knowledge. "Purity," that's how they call the ideal state of stupidity; "Bliss": the ideal state of indolence;In this way, people lift all phenomena that degrade people to the height of "ideal". <169> God who died for our sins; salvation by faith; resurrection after death—these are all counterfeit to the original Christ, and one should hold that sinister eccentricity (Paul) responsible for it. But the life of being a teacher consists in "love" and humiliation; in the fullness of a heart that embraces even the humblest; in deeds of triumph; in faith in the bliss here, despite all misery, strife, and death in this world; in understanding; in a state free from resentment, contempt; The most spiritual inactivity of the monk consists in living in poverty and under the will of man. Now that the Church has taken over the practice of Christianity as a whole, and since the life of the state is fully implemented, that is, the life that Jesus opposed and condemned, the Church has to change the purpose of Christianity to a certain extent, and become a belief in things that are not worthy of belief. into prayers, services, religious festivals, and so on. "Sin," "forgiveness," "punishment," "reward"—everything trivial and almost absent in primitive Christianity— Now it's all in full bloom. It's a macabre hodgepodge of Greek philosophy and Judaism; it's asceticism; it's protracted trials and sentencing; it's hierarchy, and so on. <193> ——“What should we do for the sake of faith?” ——This is an absurd question.What Christianity lacks is the adherence to what Christ said he would do. A poor life at that time can only be explained with contempt. <224> God created man, happy, at ease, innocent and immortal.And our actual life is false, depraved, sinful, a punishing life... Pain, struggle, toil, disability, all these are said to be a condemnation and questioning of life, and are considered unnatural Phenomena are things that should not last forever.To deal with them, potions are needed - there are! ... Man has been in an abnormal state since the beginning of Adam.For the natural character of life is a curse; Christ restores normality to his followers.Because, he makes people happy, leisurely and innocent. —But the world would not have been so terrible without labor; women have not given birth without pain; disease has not ceased to rage; believers and unbelievers alike are in a worse position.Man thinks that man has been exempted from death and sin—that is a lie—that is the arbitrariness of the Church. "He was freed from sin"—not by his deeds, not by arguments made by him, but redeemed by redemption—thus perfect, pure, heavenly... Real life is nothing but a belief (aka self-deception, cranky thinking).The whole life of scrambling and fighting, of light and of darkness, is but a poor, wrong life: Liberation, that is the mission. "The pure, the leisurely, the immortal and the happy man"—this model of the highest desirability must be criticized above all.Why should fault, toil, death, pain (knowledge, in Christian terms) come into conflict with the highest consonance? -- "Bliss," "Purity," "Immortality," due to the decadent concepts of Christianity -- <759> Man has no claim to life, nor to labour, still less to "happiness": for the case of the individual is no different from that of the lowest worm. <723> Reciprocity, the expectation of a reward, is the most disturbing form of devaluing a person.It brings about the so-called "equality" that reduces the sense of distance to immorality... <168> ——The church is the object of Jesus’ preaching and attack——He taught his disciples to fight against the church—— <194> To step into real life--men will save their lives from death, for men live the universal life-- <718> None of you have the guts to kill, or just to whip someone, or just—.But the vast machine of the state oppresses the individual so that the individual refuses to take responsibility for his own actions (obedience, swearing, etc.). ——Everything that an individual contributes to the country is contrary to the nature of the individual; ——In the same way, all the skills he learns to serve the country are also against his personal nature. This can be achieved by division of labor (so that no one does all the work): The legislator—that is, the enforcer; Disciplinary Teachers—that is, those who have become rigid and serious through the restraint of discipline. <191> Christians will never carry out the actions that Jesus prescribes to them, and the outrageous rhetoric of "justifying with faith" that faith is the noble and only great thing is nothing but the result of the church's lack of courage and will to admit to the cause that Jesus demands. Buddhists behave differently from non-Buddhists; Christians behave like everyone else, and their Christianity is full of rituals and atmospheres. European Christianity is profoundly, repulsively deceitful—.We deserve the contempt of Arabs, Indians, Chinese... Listen to what the leading German state activist has to say about Europe today 40 years later... <207> Primitive Christianity was all about abolishing the state.For it forbids oaths, military service, courts, self-defense and collective defense, the distinction between nationals and barbarians; likewise, it forbids hierarchy. Christ set the example, because he did not rebel against his offender; ?”, “And it is from this time that you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of Power, and see him come to the clouds of the sky”).He does not allow his disciples to defend himself; he draws attention to the fact that he could have been helped, but he will not. ① Legend has it that Jesus ascended to heaven after his resurrection and sat at the right hand of God. - translator ②See Chapter 5 of the Gospel of Matthew: "Even turn the left cheek and let him slap it". - translator Christ would have abolished society too, because he gave priority to all those whom society discriminates against, and he made his fortune out of disreputable and condemned people—lepers of all kinds—"sinners," tax collectors, whores, The most stupid nation ("fisherman"), etc.; he is ashamed of the rich, the learned, the great, the virtuous, the "honest men" and the like... <748> Come get some fresh air!This absurd situation in Europe can no longer go on like this!Is there some kind of thinking behind this horned beast—nationalism?Especially now, when all phenomena portend a greater common interest in the sense of self that inspires reckless action?That is to say, in such a state: spiritual dependence and non-nationalization come into view, but the original value and significance of today's culture lies in the fusion and fertilization of both sides! . . . the "new empire" was built on an old and well-loved idea: equality in rights and elections. Struggle for priority within the state of inadequacy; the culture is metropolitan newspapers, fevers, and "aimlessness"—! A European economic grand unification is imperative - and, in response, a peace movement will emerge...   It's a party of peace, not the sentimentality that forbids itself and its children to go to war; it forbids the use of courts; Said so; and then turned into a big party.It opposes the emotions of revenge and resentment. It is a party of war, equally principled and serious about itself, but in the opposite direction—. <179> On the Psychology of Christianity. ——The driving force is still resentment, national uprising and scum rebellion. (This is different from Buddhism. Because, Buddhism did not come out of resentment movement. Buddhism is against resentment because it makes people blind). The Party of Peace knows that renunciation of hostility in thought and deed is the condition of distinction and preservation.This is why it is difficult for people to understand Christianity.Because the desire created by Christianity will force people to engage in a principled struggle against themselves. Such an insurrectionary movement can only succeed if it is a peaceful and pure party.For, it should win by extreme gentleness, sweetness, and tenderness, its instincts know that—.Artwork: Desire, condemned and negated because man is its expression, the opposite of desire is always revealed through words and deeds—. <39> It should be understood that: -- all forms of decay and sickness are always connected with the whole valuation.For decadence even predominates in valuations that leap to dominance.Today we do not simply oppose all degeneration as a consequence of poverty, but also all decadence hitherto, which remains but lives.Human beings have lost all basic instincts, and all value judgments have deteriorated. This is the real problem, and the animal "human" has become a real riddle for philosophers to guess. <1020> The main types of pessimism: sensitive pessimism (too much pain, overstimulation); "Unfree-willed pessimism (in other words: lack of resistance to stimuli); Skeptical pessimism (fear of curing, scratching, touching). All kinds of states of this kind can be seen in a madhouse, although this is an exaggeration.Likewise, "nihilism" (the sense of penetration of "nothingness") can be seen there. 巴斯噶的道德悲观主义属于哪一类呢？吠檀多派哲学的形而上学悲观主义呢？无政府主义者的社会悲观主义（或，雪莱①式的悲观主义）呢？同情式的悲观主义（列夫·托尔斯泰的，或阿尔弗雷德·戴维尼②的悲观主义）呢？ ①雪莱（１７９２-１８２２）——英国与拜伦齐名的浪漫主义诗人，著有《解放了的普罗米修斯》等。 - translator ②阿尔弗雷德·戴维尼（１７７９-１８６３）——法国浪漫主义作家。 - translator 所有这些不都是一模一样的颓废和病态现象吗？……过份看重道德价值，或虚构的"彼岸"，或社会紧急状态，或痛苦等等。任何对狭隘观点的夸大，本来就是病态的征象。看重否定，不注重肯定，也是一样！ 这方面切不可混淆：不语和无为的兴趣来自肯定，这个庞大的力和紧张局面——尤其是出自一切富有的、强壮的人和时代。像是奢侈；同样也是同可怕事物抗争的勇敢形式；也是对可怕和可疑的同情，因为人们有时也是可怕和可疑的：意志、精神和审美中的狄俄倪索斯式的东西。 〈３３９〉 认为人类要去完成一项总的任务，人类作为整体要遵循某个目的。这种含糊而随心所欲的观念还很年轻，也许在它尚未变成固定观念"之前，人们又不要它了……人类，它不是整体。因为，它是个没完没了的、升降不定的一群生命过程。——人类没有青年时代，没有继此而来的成熟期和最后的老年。而是各层次的混杂和重叠——而且经过若干世纪，总有一天会出现比我们今天所能设想的更为年轻的人的类型。另一方面，颓废也属于人类的各个时代。因为，到处都少不了残渣和废料，这是生命过程本身在排泄沉淀物和腐败产物。 由于基督教强烈偏见的影响，没人提出这样的问题。因为，重要的乃是拯救灵魂；至于人类持续过程，尚无人问津。最优秀的基督徒曾希望基督教尽快告一段落；——没人怀疑个别人理应干的那些事情……现在，给每个个人都规定了任务，即在未来的某时某刻如何为一个未来的人服务：价值、意义、范围一直是固定的、无条件的、永恒的、同上帝一致的……与这种永恒类型的人相左的东西，都是有罪的、魔鬼般的、该受谴责的…… 对每个灵魂来说，价值的重力在于自身：要么得到拯救，要么永堕地狱！拯救永恒的灵魂吧！这是非我化的极端形式…每个灵魂都有一个完美化过程；只有一个理想；只有一条通向拯救之路……这是平等的极端形式，光学放大了的自我重要性，放大到了荒唐的程度。这两种现象是有连带关系的……灵魂既是重要的，又是荒谬的，弄得自己惶惶然不可终日…… 现在，没有人再相信这种荒唐的胡话了。因为，我们用一个蔑视之筛，筛选了我们的智慧。尽管如此，那种惯于按照理想之人的标准生套人的价值的作法，仍旧依然故我。因为，根本说来，既要保持非我化的远景，也要保持理想面前人人平等。总之，人们自以为知道了什么是理想之人的最后合意性…… 但是，这种信仰不过是基督教理想无比娇惯的结果，因为，每当人们细察"理想类型"时都会发现这样的事。人们自认为，一、知道向一种类型靠拢乃是合意的；二、知道该类型属于哪一类；三、知道任何对该类型的偏离都意味着退步、困难、力和权力的丧失……梦想这种完人会获得压倒多数的选票，这种情况造成了紧张状态。因为，连我们的社会主义者和功利主义者们，也达不到这种程度。——这样一来，好像真有一种目的进入了人类的发展过程。无论如何，对达到理想进步的信仰，乃是用来设想人类历史目的的唯一形式。总而言之：人们把"上帝之国"的实现寄托于未来，寄托于尘世，深入人性。——但根本说来，人们仍然固守旧的信仰…… 〈８７１〉 有恶习者和放荡不羁者：他们对渴望者（设定）的价值带来了令人失望的影响。这个道德风尚的野蛮时代的确令人心惊。因为道德风尚，尤其在中世纪，肯定会形成真正的"道德联盟"——附带说一句，无限夸张意味着人的价值也会产生同样的结果。争斗不休的"文明"（驯服）需要各式各样的刑具和刑罚，以对付恐怖和凶猛的天性。 这里出现的混乱，虽说影响很坏，但也是很自然的事。因为，权力意志之人所能求诸自身的东西，也会给自己的权利立下标准。这样的天性乃是无恶不作、放荡不羁的天性的反面。尽管他们有时干的事也会证明小人也有恶习，也会干冒失的事。 这里，"上帝面前人人平等"这个概念为害最深；人们会禁止本来属于强者特权的那些思想和行动——仿佛强者就不配作人似的。人们破坏了仰望强者的名声，因为人们把最弱者的护身符（也是针对最弱者自身）树为价值标准了。 混淆，发展到严重的地步，以致人们败坏了生命这位艺坛高手（其自我庄重性同有恶习者和放荡不羁者恰成显明的对照）的名声。就是现在，人们也仍然认为必须反对凯撒·波尔查这样的人物，真是可笑之至！教会鉴于德国皇帝们的恶行，把他们革出了教门。因为，仿佛一个僧侣，或一个教士竟然有权过问弗里德里希二世的思想和行动似的。那个唐璜①该下地狱。多么幼稚可笑！天堂连个说话的人都没有，你知道吗？ ……请给女人们指点指点她们最有可能找到救世主的地方吧！——假如人们连贯思索一下，并且进一步认清"伟人"是什么，那么毫无疑问，教会会把所有"伟人"都打入地狱——教会反对一切"人的伟大"。 ①唐璜——西班牙传奇人物，荒唐淫乱的贵族，屡见于西方的诗歌和戏剧之中，如拜伦就写有长诗《唐璜》。 - translator