Chapter 77 The Attempt to Revaluate All Values ​​The Will to Power Section IX

the will to power attempt to revaluate all values Section IX <990> I forgot to say that this kind of philosophers are happy, they are willing to squat at the bottom of the bright sky-they need a different method from others to endure the joys and sorrows of life.For they suffer differently (i.e. from their love of humanity as much from their contempt for the abyss). —the most suffering animal in the world invented for himself—laughs. <957> Like fate, great missions and problems are approaching obligatoryly, belatedly, and imminently.How should the whole earth be governed?What is the direction of the domestication of the whole "man"—no longer a citizen of a country, or a certain race?

The chief means is the morality of the legislator, by which man is molded into what the creative and deep will loves.The premise is that this highest artistic will has mastered violence and is able to carry out its creative will over a long period of time in the form of legislation, religion and custom.Today, and perhaps for some time to come, it is in vain, I think, to seek such a creative man, such a great man.Because there is no such person.It is not until people have experienced many disappointments that they finally begin to realize that there is no such person, and begin to understand that there is nothing in the world that is more hostile to the creation of such a person than what is now directly called "morality" by Europeans.For it seems that there is no other morality and there can be no other morality—the herd morality mentioned above strives for the earthly happiness of the green pasture, that is, the security of life, the safety of danger, the joy Later, "if all goes well", there is also the desire to be free from the shepherd and the leader.The two most widespread doctrines of this morality are called "the right to equality" and "sympathy for all who suffer"--and suffering itself should be totally abolished and purged from them.These "ideas" have always been trendy, but this kind of rhetoric corrupts the notion of fashion.But anyone who has thought deeply about the places where vegetative man has hitherto grown, and considered the manner in which he has flourished, has mistakenly thought that all this took place under opposite conditions.Mistakenly believe that the situation of vegetative people is extremely dangerous, their invention and adjustment ability will compete with each other due to long-term pressure, and their will to life should be strengthened until it becomes the will to power and power; , unequal rights, concealment, Stoicism, the art of the seducer, all kinds of magic and sorcery—in short, the opposite of all the hopes of the herd, which are necessary to the improvement of man.This is a morality with the opposite intention, which tames people to be high, not to be kind and mediocre.Intending to domesticate the morality of the ruling class - the future masters of the earth - this morality must relate itself to the existing customs and laws, and use the latter's language and put on the latter's clothing.But many transitional and deceitful methods had to be invented for this purpose, and, compared with the accomplishment of such a difficult task, and the necessity of first creating a new class of human beings, the number of days a person lived was insignificant. , the aforesaid will, that is, instinct, will last for several generations—new kinds and classes of masters. —This is as clear as the lengthy and inarticulate contents of this thought.In order to produce men of the highest spiritual and willpower, that is, a certain powerful species, ready to invert the values, and, to this end, to release slowly and cautiously a great deal of their censured instincts. , those who have considered this question, belong to our ranks, the free spirits - certainly to the "free spirits" as hitherto new species.Because these people may have hoped for the opposite.It seems to me that to this category belong first and foremost the European pessimists, the furious idealistic poets and thinkers, and since they are dissatisfied with existence as a whole, they must be dissatisfied with man today at least, which is logical.In the same way, some greedy and quick-seeking artists fight unthinkingly and unequivocally for the privileges of higher beings, against "herds," and use the seduction of art to make all the herds of the chosen elves Instincts and the alert lethargy of the herd.Finally, add all the critics and historians--this trio will bravely make use of the discovery of the old world that has just begun--this is the cause of the new Columbus, that is, the German spirit--(because we always at the beginning of this conquest).In fact, the morality that governed the old world was different from that of today, a more submissive one.And the ancient Greeks were more strongly and deeply influenced by their morality than today's people-they are the only "successful people" so far.But the temptations of classical culture, which affect the successful, the strong and the capable, are, even today, all anti-democratic and anti-Christian temptations.It is at its most charming and effective, as was the seduction of the Renaissance.

<980> If one conceives a philosopher as a great educator who is strong enough to draw to himself long and wonderful chains that descend from a lonely height, then one must also admit that he has a great education. The ominous privilege of home.An educator never reveals his own thoughts, but always talks about the interests of the students, his intentions about something.With this kind of disguise, people can't guess his thoughts.His forte was convincing people of his integrity.He should be able to use all means of domestication and domestication.He drove some instincts away with a whip, while others, inertia, hesitation, timidity, and vanity, he might use flattery.

Such an educator lives on the other side of good and evil.However, no one knows. <125> Socialism—a tyranny concocted by utterly stupid villains—superficial, envious, and posturing—is really the result of "modern ideas" and their underlying anarchism.But the warm wind of democratic complacency softens the ability to draw multiple conclusions, or even one. ——Always follow others and follow suit—I can’t even come to a conclusion.On the whole, therefore, socialism is a hopeless and disgusting enterprise.For there is nothing more amusing than to see the contradiction between the vicious and the desperate faces of the socialists of today—their style bears witness to very poor, crushed emotions ! —witness to the happiness of their desired, agreeable harmless lamb.At the same time, in some parts of Europe on their side, accidents and surprise attacks are possible.Somewhere in the next century there will be earth-shattering, "screaming", and the Paris Commune, which has no shortage of sympathizers and apologists even in Germany, may be a mild indigestion compared with the events to come.Nevertheless, there will always be too many appropriators, so that socialism may be far worse than a relapse.These possessors are like someone who has a belief that "one has to possess something in order to be something".But this belief is the oldest and the soundest of all instincts: if I take the liberty to say a few words: "In order to be more, one must want to possess much more The doctrine that preaches to all living beings through life itself is in this tone. To develop morality. To want to have, and to want to have more, in a word—growth—that is, life itself. Society The "will to deny life" lurks ominously in the doctrine of humanism. For it must be a scum, or a decaying race, who invented it. In fact, I hope--perhaps it will be proved by several experiments-that life In a socialist society, self-denial and self-destruction will occur. The earth is so big, and human beings are always so endless. Therefore, in my opinion, this kind of practical persuasion and display of absurdity is unacceptable. Welcome, even if it does win at the cost of countless lives. In short, socialism, even as a restless mole under the surface, can be something useful and beneficial. For, it will prolong the "peace of peace" and a general delay in the goodness of the democratic herd, which would force Europeans to retain their spirit, that is, cunning and prudence, and force them to be unable to shut out all the martial virtues of manhood. Socialism temporarily protects Europe from the decline of women disease, which also threatens socialism.

<820> On major points, I agree with artists more than with all philosophers hitherto.Because philosophers have not lost the great footprints of life, they love the things of "this world"-while they love the senses of these things but pursue "de-sensualization".It seems to me that this is a misunderstanding, or a pathology, or where it is not simply hypocrisy and self-deception, a kind of therapy.I wish I could live among all those who do not live under the phobias of a Puritan conscience—and should live this way, spiritualizing and diversifying my sensibility more and more.It is true that we are to be grateful for the freedom, abundance, and power of the sensuality, yet we are to provide the sensuality with the spiritual goodies we have.Missionaries and metaphysics have discredited sensibility, and that has nothing to do with us!We don't need this slander anymore.For this is the mark of a successful man, if a man like Goethe becomes more and more devoted to the "things of the world"—so that he persists in this great idea of ​​man, so that man becomes the apotheosis of life, if he learns to deify himself .

<646> I point out my unconscious laborers and preparers.But, although I have some hope, where can I find the new type of philosopher I am, or at least I need?Only there, where high-mindedness pervades.This way of thinking is such that it regards belief in slavery and a high degree of subordination as the prerequisite for belief in any higher civilization.And where the creative way of thinking prevails, it does not set as the purpose of the world peace and happiness, "the Sabbath of all Sabbaths", and even in a peaceful environment, it worships the means of waging new wars.This is the way of thinking that legislates for the future. For the benefit of the future, it is self-disciplined, ruthless, and arbitrary.This is an unthinking, "amoral" way of thinking that seeks to domesticate both the good and the bad in man, because it believes that it has the power to put both in their proper place—to The two depend on each other.But who is looking for a philosopher today?What kind of vision does he use to seek the person he is looking for?He carried Diogenes' lantern to search for it, running around day and night, in vain.Will something like this never happen again?The age has opposite instincts: it desperately needs comfort; second, it wants the boisterous, deafening shouts of spectators and actors to be in tune with the penchant for the annual fair; The lie of man—the so-called "equality of men"—worships and enshrines only the virtues of uniformity and equality.But in doing so, it essentially prevents the production of what I call a philosopher, although innocently enough, does it think it has done all it can to produce such a philosopher?In fact, today, the whole world complains about the inferiority of the philosophers of the previous generation, trapped in the middle of the pyre, with a dubious conscience, and preaching the true meaning of the godfather's arrogance.But the truth says that the conditions for a strong, broad, insidious, adventurous, daring spirituality are always present in such places.more favorable than its living conditions today.Another spirit, that of demagogy and player, and perhaps the beaver and ant spirit of the scholar, creates favorable conditions for the emergence of such philosophers today.But the situation of the higher artists is even worse.Aren't they almost all ruined in inner sterility?They cannot be overwhelmed by external forces holding the church or the royal family's absolute value table.As a result, they no longer control their "inner tyrant" will.And what is true of the artist is also true of the advanced and catastrophic philosopher.Where is the spirit of freedom today?But today people pointed out a free spirit to me! ——

<365> The actions of a higher man are varied in their motives beyond description.A word like "sympathy" says nothing.The basic emotion is: "Who am I? Who is the other than me?"—value judgments are always at play. <986> "—The Immortal Soul Distraught! " Manzoni① The Count of Carmagnola second act ① Alsandro Manzoni (1785-1873) - Italian Romantic writer and poet. - translator <278> Within the herd, within each parish, that is to say of equal status, it is good to overestimate authenticity.Do not deceive yourself—so morality as a person does not deceive itself!It is mutual responsibility under the same circumstances!Danger and prudence demand that one be careful not to be fooled by outsiders.Internally, it is also a prerequisite for psychological mutual responsibility.Doubt is the source of truth. <490>

It may be unnecessary to postulate a subject; perhaps it is equally permissible to postulate a plurality of subjects, the struggle and struggle of which is the basis of our thinking and all our consciousness.An aristocracy of "cells" that includes rule?Certainly an aristocracy of equivalents, which are uniformly accustomed to rule?Do they know how to rule? My hypothesis: There are multiple subjects. Intellectual pain, that is, pain that comes from the judgment "harmful" because it is the result of reflection. The influence, always "unconscious" because the stated and suggested cause is reflexive, follows the progression of time.

Pleasure is a kind of pain. The only forces that exist are of the same type as will-power, since they both give orders to other self-changing subjects. The evanescence and ephemerality of the subject are eternal. "The soul is mortal". Numbers are perspective forms. <502> One has to relearn because of memory, because here lies the main temptation of assuming a soul that reproduces and reknows forever, etc.However, the things I have experienced are still alive in the "memory", and the thoughts "emerge", and there is nothing I can do.As with any thought, the will is indifferent.Now something happened that I will be aware of, because now a similar phenomenon occurs - who called it?Who woke it up?

<783> On the surface, the two characteristics that mark modern Europeans are in opposition: the individualistic and the demand for equal rights.We have finally come to understand that the individual is the most enviable vanity-when the individual realizes that all others are equal to him, he immediately feels uncomfortable, but the individual insists on equal status.This marks a socio-ethnic trait.In fact, in this race, genius and impotence do not tend to go their separate ways.Wanting to be alone, wanting to have fewer appraisers' pride, is not forgiven in the slightest.It has been said that very "great" achievements come only through the masses.Yes, people don't even know that the achievement of the masses is a small success because beauty is owned by only a few.All moralists are ignorant of the "hierarchy" of man.Law teachers know nothing of parochial conscience.The principle of individuality shuts out the great perfection, and demands, even in equal measure, the eye for genius.For every man has a certain gift, and in such belatedly civilized cultures—that is to say, every man may look forward to his share of glory being returned.Hence the flaunting of small successes which never existed before.Because, people endowed the times with a fair face of innocence.And the injustice of the age is expressed in anger as well as in art, not against tyrants and popular sycophants, but against noble men who despise the praise of the crowd.Demanding the right to equality (e.g., equality before the law) is anti-aristocratic.

In the same way, this era is unfamiliar to disappeared individuals, and it is also unfamiliar to a kind of great man with deep potential, who is not lonely.Because, there have been praises and zeal for many high-level people (including the greatest poets); or, "city-states" like Greece, the Jesuits, Prussian officers and bureaucrats, etc.; or, as great teachers students and successors.To this end, non-social status and less petty vanity are imperative. <492> The starting point of love and psychology: that is the reason - we will acquire the idea of ​​the species of our subject unity, as rulers at the head of public bodies (not as "souls" or "life forces"), and also It is the notion of dependence and hierarchy of those who rule over others, and the concept of the concept as a condition for the simultaneous realization of the subject and the division of labor as a whole.In the same way, living entities are constantly being born and passing away, just as eternity does not belong to the subject; likewise, the struggle is expressed in obedience and commanding, and the continuous determination of the limits of power is a characteristic of life.The inherent ignorance of the ruler, manifested in individual affairs, even by interference with public bodies, is likewise among the conditions for the maintenance of government.In short, we get a valuation of ignorance, of great crude observations, of simplifications and distortions, of perspective.But the most important thing is this: we are to regard rulers and subjects as one and the same species, all feeling, wishing, thinking—wherever we see or suspect a movement of the body, we We all have to learn to hook up with the invisible life that is subordinate to the subject.Movement is symbolic to the eye; movement signifies that something has been perceived, desired, thought. It is dangerous for the subject to ask directly about all self-representations of the subject and the mind, since misinterpretation of itself may be beneficial and important for mental activity.Therefore, we are to ask the flesh, and reject the evidence offered by the harsh senses.For, if people were willing, we would look to see whether the subordinates themselves have the ability to communicate with us. <532> Judgment - Judgment is the belief, "This is the case." Thus, implicit in the judgment is the admission that an "equivalent event" has been encountered.Because judgment is premised on comparison, with the help of memory.Judgment does not say that there seems to be an equivalent event, it cannot do it.On the contrary, the Judgment assumes knowledge of the event.The premise of the judgment is that there are equivalent events in the first place.What, then, is the name of that function which works longer, which is earlier, which itself cannot balance and approximate equal events?What about the second function, etc., which are based on the first function? "That which excites the same sensation is the same," but what is to be called that which causes several sensations to "think" that they are the same? —It may be impossible to make any judgments without first performing an exercise of balance within the senses.Memory can only be maintained when it is constantly revisiting habitual objects and experience objects. ——Before judging, the assimilation process must be completed, that is, there is also an intellectual non-conscious activity here, just like the pain caused by injury.Perhaps internal events, namely processes of assimilation, excretion, growth, etc., can be adapted to various organic functions. The fundamental problem: take the flesh as the starting point and use the flesh as the clue.The physical body is a richer phenomenon, and the physical body can be carefully observed.Faith in the flesh is better than faith in the spirit. "It is possible to believe in something to such an extent that there is no standard of truth."But what is truth?Perhaps there is a belief that has become a condition of life?Of course, strength is the standard, for example, in terms of causality. <512> Logic and condition are related: if there are equivalent phenomena.In fact, in this way, it is tantamount to logical thinking and decision-making, and it must be only at this time that the fiction says that this condition is met.That is to say: the will to logical truth can only be realized after the principled distortion of all phenomena.As a result, what exercises jurisdiction here is the desire that can use two means, first, to distort, and second, to the opinion that can carry out the desire.Because logic does not come from the will to truth. <544b> The optics of all organic functions, all the optics of the most powerful life instinct, that is, all the forces that want to make mistakes in life, and mistakes even become the premise of thinking. Before "thinking", "creation" must be completed. It is more primitive to adapt to the same phenomena and the superficiality of the same phenomena than to recognize the same phenomena. <1014> This is simply the enterprise of force: with all the morbid characteristics of this century, but adjusted with a full, elastic, regenerating force.strong. <405> The forces that make morality self-destructive are part of morality itself.We Europeans run in the blood of our fellow men who died for our faith.We have revered morality, but that does not mean that we have not made any sacrifices for morality.On the other hand, we have gained spiritual freedom through the vivisection of conscience.After we leave our hometown, we don't know the "direction" that drives us.But the power cultivated by this base drives us to go far away and engage in risky careers, thus pushing us to boundless, inaccessible and unpredictable places.We have lost our beloved homeland, which we wanted to "retain", and we are left with no choice but to be conquerors.A hidden promise leads us to something stronger than all our denials.Our strength itself does not allow us to stay where we are moldy.Because we dare to go far, we dare to do it.For the world is still rich and undiscovered, and it would be better to perish than to become nondescript and poisonous.Our strength compels us to sail across the seas to where the days of the past have sunk.We know there's a whole new world... <369> There is no such thing as egoism that stands still and does not spread—and therefore there is no such thing as "generous," "morally indifferent," as you call it. egoism. "People have always achieved the purpose of promoting self-development by sacrificing others"; "Life is always lived by consuming other lives" - those who do not understand this have not yet taken the first step towards honesty. <475> Critique of Modern Philosophy: It is the home of all the holes, as if there was a "fact of consciousness" - but no phenomenalism for self-examination. <789> Our new "freedom". —What a sense of freedom we feel that we are no longer bound by the system of "purposes" as if we were liberated spirits!Similarly, the concepts of "reward" and "punishment" have no place in the essence of life!Likewise, good and evil are not called blindly, but only in terms of good and evil, with a view to preserving a certain group of people's tendencies!By the same token, our reckoning with pleasure and pain does not yet have any cosmological, let alone metaphysical, meaning! (—Pessimism, the pessimism of Mr. von Haltermann, which expresses its willingness to take the responsibility of measuring the pleasures and pains of existence, which capriciously confines them in pre-Copernican prisons and horizons , if he is not just a bad joke for Berliners, but rather a backwardness and relapse). ①Edward von Hartmann (1842-1906) - German philosopher, he tried to integrate Hegel, Schelling, and Schopenhauer into one, and wrote "Unconscious Philosophy". - translator ② Copernicus (1473-1543) - Polish astronomer, founder of heliocentric theory. - translator <415> Hegel: He has a popular side, a doctrine of war and a doctrine of greatness.The winner is right, because the winner is progress.Attempts to cite history to justify the reign of morality.Kant: He is a kingdom of moral values, (these values) are separated from us, invisible, but real. Hegel: A demonstrable development, a tendency toward visibility of the realm of morality. We don't want to be deceived by Kant's tricks, nor by Hegel's tricks - we no longer believe in what they call morality, so we don't have to invent any philosophy to make morality smoother.For us, critical philosophy as historicism has lost its charm—what is left? —— <146> Religion and morality have nothing to do with each other.But the two direct descendants of Judaism were true moral religions—religions that laid down rules about how life should be lived, and enforced their demands with rewards and punishments. <254> I'm going to look into the origin of our estimates and price lists.They are not at all contemporaneous with the commentary on them, as it is commonly said, for the recognition of a pernicious origin must also emotionally devalue the thing thus produced, and prepare for the same Critical atmosphere and attitude. What are our valuations and ethical price lists themselves worth?What will happen when they are in power?For whom?What is it about? ——Answer: "Life".But what is life?This necessitates a new and precise definition of the concept of life.I formulate it as follows: Life is the will to power. What does valuation itself mean?Will it return or descend to another metaphysical world? (as Kant, who was at the forefront of the great historic movements, thought).In short, where are valuations formed?Or, is it not "generated" yet? —Answer: A moral valuation is an exposition used to explain a certain kind of person.The elaboration itself is a symbol of a particular state of mind, as well as of a particular spiritual level of popular judgment.Who will explain it? —our impulses. <399> Here is what I ask of you - and it will overwhelm your ears -: you should criticize moral valuation itself.You should stop the throbbing of moral sentiments that call for submission, not for criticism.You have to ask: "What is the reason for yielding?" You should precisely regard the demand for "reason", the demand for critical morality, as the original form of your present morality, as a supreme morality, which will serve you and honor your age.You must prove to yourselves your honesty, your will not to deceive yourself: why not? ——What forum are you speaking in? <548> Take our naughtiness as a symbol of remembrance, a formula that can be shortened as the essence, and finally as the cause.For example, when it comes to lightning: because "it flashes".Or, simply the lovely word "I".Resetting the perspective-like person in the observation as the reason for the observation itself, because this was once a work of art in the invention of the "subject" and "self"! <1048> An anti-metaphysical worldview—yes, but a masterful one too. <366> The whole history of moral phenomena would be shortened to such an extent, as Schopenhauer thought,—that is, to the extent that sympathy should be rediscovered as the source of all hitherto moral impulses.Only a thinker who has escaped all historical instincts and even miraculously escaped the powerful historical education of the Germans from Herder to Hegel could have reached such absurd and childish heights. the point. <301> My question: What damage has humanity suffered so far in terms of morality, or the morality of morality?Damaged the spirit and so on. <730> For this, there should be something longer than a person's existence.That is to say, for this there is always a performance that may have been created by someone.For this, all possible formal limitations, one-sidedness, etc., must be imposed on the person.What means?Show love, respect and gratitude to those who started this feat.For either our ancestors fought for it; or our descendants are only insured if I pledge to that cause (like the city-states of ancient Greece).Both situations are a relief.Morality is essentially a means of perpetuating something beyond the individual, or even by enslaving others.Of course, looking at things from the bottom up is fundamentally different from looking at things from the top down. The power complex: how is this complex maintained?In such a way that many races will give their lives to it. <70> Refuting environmental determinism and external cause theory: the internal force is infinitely superior, and many things that seem to be influenced by the outside world are just internal adaptations to this force.It is not a fact that the same environment can be interpreted in the opposite direction, that it can be exploited in different ways. — Genius cannot be explained by environmental conditions. <267> It is good to understand 'reasonable', 'unreasonable', etc. in a definite, narrow, bourgeois sense, as in 'good for oneself, fearless', i.e. performing one's duties according to certain rough patterns , because there is a common essence inside the schema. ——It’s good to think about the influence of morality on our spirit for several centuries!