Chapter 7 The Birth of Tragedy Volume 7 Part Three

tragic birth vol. the third part 117. Group sting of conscience The sting of conscience encountered by human beings in the long and distant past is different from today's. People only respond to a certain idea or a certain action, and they all have self-esteem.The professors of jurisprudence all use personal independence and comfortable emotions as the origin of their discussions, as if the source of power existed from the beginning.But in all the long eons of human life there is nothing more frightening than the feeling of one's own independence; The individual—that is a punishment rather than a pleasure for anyone who is doomed "to be an individual."Free thought is seen as a sign of restlessness.

When we regard the restrictions of laws and regulations as a kind of bondage and damage, people in the past regarded self-interested mentality as a painful thing and a real evil.It is very disgusting for a person to measure his sense of worth or shape himself by his own standards.Similar behavior is also considered crazy and abnormal, because all misfortunes and fears are related to loneliness.At that time, "free will" was often entangled with inner guilt, and the less independent one's actions were, the more group instincts one would have.His behavior does not express his personality, and he respects ethics more than himself.All acts of injury to a crowd, whether inflicted by an individual on purpose or not, cause a sting in his conscience--and his neighbors as well as the whole crowd! ——It is because of this that we have greatly changed the mode of thinking.

118. Goodwill Is it moral when each cell transforms itself into a stronger function?Yes, it has to; is it evil when stronger cells assimilate other cells?No, likewise, it must do so.That is needed because it must have ample compensation to seek rebirth, so we must discern and access the innate instinct and submissive intuition according to the kindness felt by the strong or the weak. The strong man, with joy and greed mixed in his heart, wants to turn something into his own function, while the weak person who is also full of joy and desire in his heart will be willing to become a function-the former is regrettable in nature : A kind of excitement of wanting to take the weak when seeing the weak.In conclusion, we should remember that "strong" and "weak" are relative concepts.

119. Against Altruism I know many people who have a strong urge and a joyful desire to be a function.They go all out and have a keen sense of what they can be in themselves, and in this category some women transform themselves into a man's function (which is not developed in him) , and then become his wallet, his thoughts, or social activities.These women are always doing their best to insert themselves into another organism of a different nature, and if they are unsuccessful, they become anxious, irritated, and swallow themselves up. 120. Health of the soul There is a well-known creed of medical ethics - established by Ariston Chios - that says: "Virtue is the health of the soul." If we really say it, perhaps we should change it to "Your virtue is the health of your soul." Efforts to define everything in this way ultimately fail because of the fact that nothing is healthy in itself.Furthermore, you must know your goals, abilities, motivations, and all kinds of wonderful fantasies in your mind in order to understand how healthy your body really is.

We have health in all shapes and sizes, some trying to show off and express themselves, some who don't understand the essence of "human equality", and many who have no idea what real health is at all.So at this moment we should change the old concept of health and disease, and at the same time include all kinds of special virtues in the scope of health; Others may be unhealthy instead. Finally, the big question remains: Can we develop our virtues without being affected by disease?Or is it not necessary for our conscious and intellectual actions to have a healthy or sick soul; ?

121. A life without disputes We arrange ourselves in an adaptable world according to the requirements of body, surface, line, cause and effect, movement and rest, form and connotation.No one can live without these beliefs, but it is only unproven. Life is indisputable because there may be mistakes in it. 122. The Essentials of Moral Doubt in Christianity Christianity also contributed greatly to the Enlightenment, and taught moral skepticism—a very deep and forceful attitude, to criticize and provoke with great patience and ingenuity. It strips the individual of his confidence in his virtues, which produced so many of the great men of antiquity, and wipes out from the face of the earth those mortals who think they are perfect, and who always strut about like bullfighters.When we are trained in this Christian school of skepticism, and read the moral writings of some of the ancients, such as Seneca and Epicurus, we experience a pleasant sense of superiority and are filled with mystical Inner intuition and insight - for us, it is like a child talking to an old man - we know better what virtue is!

Again, we have applied the same skepticism to all religious occasions and experiences, such as sin, confession, thanksgiving, spiritualization, etc., and "allowed the worms to dig their holes" and when we read all Christian There is an equally subtle sense of superiority and intuition when reading the book.Therefore, our feelings towards religion are even more profound! This is the time when we should get to know them and write about them, for there are no pious men of old belief; at least, for the sake of knowledge, let us preserve their image and example. 123. Knowledge is not just a tool

Without this passion (which is my pursuit of knowledge) science should go far.In fact, science has continued to grow and thrive without this enthusiasm. Integrity or preference for science dominates the status quo, while other inclinations and interests, which are absolute in nature, rarely reveal themselves; science is seen not as a passion but as a state and "trend of thought."In fact, people adapt to it with more curiosity and a little vanity, and it can even satisfy many people who don’t know how to spend their leisure time. They don’t want to keep reading, sorting out materials, observing and making records. "Fun" is nothing but their idle pastime.Pope Leo X once praised science. He pointed out that science is the greatest honor and glory in our life, and it is also a work of luck and misfortune. The human ideal has no solid foundation, and even with it, people are still very disturbed!" However, this rather skeptical pope, like other clergy who praise science in the Church, suppresses himself as much as possible. The devotion to science, if one can deduce from his words what is noteworthy for such a lover of art (he puts science above art), at any rate can only be politely omitted. Mention those things which he places above all learning: "Truth to Uncover" and "Salvation of Souls"—and what else can compare to the glory, reputation, entertainment, and security of life?

"Science is some kind of secondary product, it is not ultimate or absolute, and has nothing to do with passionate emotions." This view is deeply hidden in Leo X's heart-true Christians should care about science!In ancient times there was little praise and glory for science, because the pursuit of virtue was always the first priority even among the most ardent believers; It has been given the highest praise. Knowledge requirements are not just a tool, this is a new milestone in history. 124. Infinite categories We tore down bridges, even destroyed land, boarded ships and left land!

Ah, the boat!be careful!Now you are in the sea, although it is not always white waves, sometimes with golden waves, quiet like a soft dream; but when the tide is raging, you will feel the vastness of the sea Endless; at the same time, there is nothing more terrifying than "infinity". Oh, that poor little bird who feels so free, now begins to struggle to break free from this cage! Oh, if you get nostalgic for the land—as if there is more freedom there—then there will be no more "land"! 125. Conditions for the Existence of God "God cannot exist without a wise man." Luther had a point.

But "without fools, God can still eke out a living."—Luckily Luther didn't say that. ① Luther (Martin Luther, 1483-1546), a German theologian and a religious reformer in the Middle Ages. One two six, madman Have you ever heard that there was a lunatic who ran to the vegetable market early in the morning with a lantern in his hand, and kept shouting: "I have found God! I have found God!" Because the people around him did not believe in God, there was a commotion; what happened? of!Has he lost his mind?said one of them.Is he going the wrong way?said another.Or has he lost himself?Is he afraid of us?Is he sleepwalking?People talked and laughed.The lunatic broke into the crowd suddenly and stared at everyone with his eyes wide open. "Where is God?" he cried. "I tell you the truth, we killed him—you and me! We are murderers! But how did we commit this crime? The ocean absorbs light? Who gave us sponges to wipe out the horizon? What happens when we move the earth beyond the distance the sun shines? Where is it now? Where are we going? Far from the entire solar system Aren't I running back and forth and left and right? Don't we get lost as we pass through the endless void? Isn't there room to breathe and rest? Isn't it colder there? Isn't the night Do we not have to light our lanterns in the morning? Do we not hear the cry of the grave-diggers who are burying God? Do we not smell the putrefaction of God?—Even God would Rotten! God is dead!God is really dead!We killed him!How shall we free ourselves, cruelest murderer?He who used to be the most sacred and omnipotent on this land is now lying under our swords. Who can wash away the blood on our bodies?What water can cleanse ourselves?What kind of ceremonies and solemn temple fairs should we hold?Doesn't the scene seem too grand for us?Can't we make ourselves gods, even if it just feels like a worthwhile attempt?Nothing could be greater than this—and for this reason our posterity will live in a nobler history than ever before! " Having said this, the lunatic fell silent and raised his eyes to look around at the audience, who also looked at him in silence and amazement.Finally, he threw the lantern on the ground, and it broke and extinguished. "I have come too early," he went on, "I have not come at the right time, for this astonishing event has not yet reached people's ears, the thunder and lightning need time, the starlight needs time, and the great event needs time, even after people hear about it." Even after seeing it, and the event is farther than the stars from men-though they have seen it!" On the same day, that lunatic went to the churches and sang his Reguiemaeternamdeo, and when he was asked why, he always replied: "If these churches are neither the tomb of God nor the memorial, what are they?" stuff?" 127. Against Christianity Determination against Christianity is no longer our motive, but our interest. 128. Dangerous decisiveness The determination of Christians to expose the ugliness and corruption of this world has made the world ugly and corrupt. 129. Mysterious Interpretation The interpretations of the mysteries are regarded as quite abstruse, when in fact those interpreters do not make superficial inquiries. 130. Christianity and Suicide Christianity, from its very beginnings, used as a lever of its power the great desire to commit suicide, proposing two modes of suicide, endowing them with the highest dignity and hope (of an afterlife), and prohibiting them with severe threats. other desires.However, martyrdom and the slow suicide of the ascetic were permitted. 131. Motto An inescapable assumption—that human beings must always look back—is ultimately more powerful than rigorous belief in certain untrue beliefs, such as the Christian faith.After all—that means ten thousand years from now. 132. The Value of Prayer Prayer is for those who never have any thoughts of their own, for whom the ascension of the soul is unknowable, or they just don't care.What do these people do in sacred places, or on important occasions when life requires peace and some dignity?For at least they do not disturb the silence, the wisdom of those founders of religions has been instilled in them by the creed of prayer, as if the long rigid work of the lips, combined with an effort of memory, plus a uniform, and According to the prescribed posture of hands, feet and eyes, a fixed pattern will be formed; they will be like Tibetans, muttering scriptures in their mouths, or, like Benaras, people will pinch means, while reciting the name of God in a low voice (for example, when reading prayers, the name of Vishnu② should be said a thousand times), or they will count the beads while praying; Concentrate on doing one thing in time, and show a persevering attitude. As for the prayer mode, it is completely designed for the merits and benefits of those devout believers who want to improve themselves.But even if the solemn sequence of words and sounds, and the rigid solemnity of the liturgy may do them good, there are times when they are vexed. Even if these few (in every religion there are few truly honest men, after all) know how to help themselves, the spiritually poor majority know nothing, and if their muttered prayers are forbidden , would be tantamount to depriving them of their religion, so Protestantism brings light; and all those religions accept such people because they keep their hands, feet, eyes, and all The stillness of the organs makes them beautified for a moment-it looks more like a person! ①Benares (Benares), a city in northern India, is located on the Ganges River and is a holy place for Hinduism. ② Vishnu (Vishnu), one of the three gods of Hinduism. 133. The pessimist is also the victim When the "occult" is not happy for the entity to gain the upper hand, the consequences of a long-standing blunder are revealed.The reason why Buddhism was able to spread to a considerable area was due to the extreme and almost exclusive eating habits of the Indians, and the result of mental weakness caused by this. Perhaps the dissatisfaction of modern Europeans was thought to be caused by "this is the world of our ancestors", and the whole Middle Ages was gradually taken to drink because of the influence of German experiments in Europe; and the darkness of the Middle Ages also meant that Alcoholism in Europe. The German dislike of life is essentially a complaint of cold weather. 134. The aftermath of the oldest faith A mindless person thinks that will is something that governs everything, and that will is simpler and self-evident, as is the case with everything; It can satisfy him, not only because he loves the concept of "cause" and "effect", but also because he is convinced of the relationship between "cause" and "effect" that he understands. For him, will is a wonderful manipulative power, and to believe that will is like cause and effect is to believe in this wonderful manipulative power.In fact, when people saw anything happen, they would intuitively think that the will produced the "causal" effect, while the individual will was hidden behind the scenes-the concept of mechanism was not to his liking.Because human beings only believe in "people" most of the time (and do not believe in things like "things", "forces", "quality", etc.), the concept of cause and effect has become his basic belief, and it applies to all in the affairs of the world. The theorems of "there is no effect without a cause" and "every effect must have a cause" can be regarded as a generalization of a few general theorems. Schopenhauer's hypothesis that "everything that exists has a will" has elevated primitive mythology to the throne, and he seems to have never wanted to analyze the will, because he believed as deeply as anyone in the present moment of the action of all wills. Immediacy and simplicity.I now refute Schopenhauer's statement by making the following propositions: First, since the will can be elevated, the ideas of pain and pleasure are necessary.Second, the excitement of life felt during pain and happiness is an interpretation of thinking power, and at the same time it often controls us unconsciously, so the same passion can also be interpreted as a pain or hapiness.Third, only rational beings have happiness, pain, and will, while most living things do not have these. 135. The Origin of Evil At present, in places where Christianity is popular or once popular, a kind of Jewish complex and fabrication can be felt. From the perspective of the entire Christian moral background, Christianity is actually an attempt to "Judaize" the entire world.The extent of its achievement in Europe can be traced with the utmost precision to an ancient Greek spirit different from ours—a world free from guilt—though every age and eminent individual has the past to assimilate all wishes, but the phrase "God blesses you only when you repent" would have amused or offended the Greeks. He would say, "Only a slave can have this kind of affection." Here we propose a great, omnipotent, and full of hatred god. Everyone should be able to imagine his great power, so no harm can be done to him, except those related to glory.Every crime is a derogation of veneration, an affront to the sublime!Repentance, resignation, and rolling in the world, are all the conditions upon which his favor rests, and thus restores his divine glory!If the harm is caused by sin in a different way, if a deep evil is spread by sin, then this evil will attack and strangle everyone like a disease-it will not make the desire The glory of Eastern Paradise is troubled; the crime is an offense to him, not to man! He also takes lightly the sins of those who have accepted His favor.God and man are here held to be separate, compared with the impossibility of sinning against the latter—all deeds are despised only because they are supernatural, not because they are natural; At first glance, the Jewish complex is not very eye-catching, but it is very simple.On the other hand, the idea of ​​a dignity in sin was also generally accepted by the Greeks, as in the case of Prometheus; since they ascribed dignity to the need for guilt, they created tragedy—an art and joy , whose deepest essence was still foreign to the Jew, notwithstanding his gift for poetry and his taste for the solemn. 136. Voters The Jews see themselves as the chosen people in this world because they are a people with a high inherent morality (they have more human inferiority complex than other peoples).The Jews had the same fanaticism for their princes and saints as the French nobility had for Louis XIV of France—and because of this fanaticism, the nobles willingly endured the despotism of their sovereign.And in order to get rid of this feeling (the meaning of unequal loyalty), you need to have loyal authority and sufficient power, so there is a shortcut to the dragon specially designed for the nobles.The use of privilege enabled them to elevate themselves at court, and from their vantage point look upon all that was below them--all that could be endured--without any qualm of conscience.So they planned to build a tower of high and loyal power gradually until it reached the sky, and then they placed the last stone tile on the top of their own power. 137. Metaphor Christ is only possible in the books of the Jews, I mean, in their books there are always deep thunderclouds of the angry Yahweh.A faint light shines out from the dark and terrible darkness, that is the miracle of "love", and the most inappropriate smile of "compassion".Here only Christ can dream of his rainbow and his heavenly ladder, along which God descended to earth.Elsewhere, however, clear weather and the sun are seen as commonplace and unsurprising. 138. The Fault of Christ The founder of Christianity thought that there was nothing more sinful than human beings that could cause human suffering so much. In fact, he was wrong. His mistake was that he thought he had no sin, so he lacked experience in this area!And so it is, filled in his heart with great sympathy and pity for the troubles of his people, while the man who invented sin certainly had no great troubles himself!But Christians finally knew how to show the justice of their leader and purify his mistakes into "truth". 139. The color of lust Even men like the apostle Paul regard lust as evil.They only know from their studies that they have unclean, prejudiced, and incomplete hearts. Therefore, their ideal goal is to dissect lust; and in God, they also see lust that is completely purified. ① Paul (Paul), is Jesus' chief disciple, one of the Twelve Apostles. Happier, but also purer and holier. The Greeks were different from Paul and the Jews. They first marked their ideals, and then followed the ideals to develop their lusts correctly, and cherished, promoted, beautified and worshiped them.Obviously, what they feel in lust is not only their own but what about the Christians now?Do they wish to become like the Jews in this respect?Is it possible for them to become Jews? 140. Too Jewish If God wants to be an object of love, he must first renounce judgment and justice—not even merciful judgment can be an object of love. The founders of Christianity reveal too little about this—the beauty of being a Jew. 141. Too Eastern What?God will love the world, if the world believes in Him and casts menacing eyes on those who do not believe in Him! What?What an Almighty God feels for the world is conditional love! Love does not even command reverence and revenge! How oriental it all is! "If I love you, what does it matter to you?" This sentence can be regarded as a serious criticism of the whole Christianity. ①What this means is that true love does not require reciprocity——English translation notes. 142. Frankincense Buddha said: "Don't flatter those who give you charity!" Let us take this sentence into the church and repeat it--that will immediately cleanse the atmosphere in the church. 143. The greatest effect of polytheism As the individual reveals his own ideal, from which he derives his own laws, pleasures, and rights, it is regarded as man's most terrible aberration and self-worship.In fact, the few who are so willing to defend themselves always have to defend themselves, and they usually say in this tone: "It's not me! It's not me! It's God! I'm just his medium!" Only In good art and in the standpoint of creating God (as in the teachings of polytheism), this idea is liberated and at the same time becomes very pure, perfect and noble, because it is itself an ordinary and unimportant thing. actions, like stubbornness and jealousy. It is the first law of every moral conception to oppose the tendency of the mind to personal ideals.There is only one standard: "person", and everyone believes that there is such a standard, and it is the highest standard.But if we can put aside ourselves and look at it from an objective point of view, we will find more norms. A god cannot deny or blaspheme another god!Here, for the first time, individuals are recognized and their rights are valued for the first time.The creation of God, heroes, all kinds of supermen, ordinary people, and subhumans such as goblins, half-humans, half-beasts, and devils is the best precursor to defending individual sovereignty and selfishness: respect for the freedom of the gods is the last Also used in reference to one's respect for laws, customs, and neighbors. On the contrary, monotheism, its insistence that there is only one true human being, which eventually led to the belief that there is only one true God (all but one true God are all counterfeit gods), this argument may have caused great harm to human beings in the past. Great Danger—Humans have been threatened by the overdevelopment of inertia, and we can now see that many animals were long ago threatened (degenerate) by this threat, and those animals believed in only one kind among their kind. True animals or paragons, and very determined to make their customary morals a part of themselves. In the teachings of polytheism, an example has been established for human beings' free thinking and multi-directional thinking: the power to regenerate oneself is always more novel and more individualized.Of course, only human beings follow this example, and animals have no prospects and hopes. 144. Religious Wars One of the greatest leaps forward in human history has been the wars of religion, because it proves that humans have begun to deal religiously with the concept of things.When human reason was generally refined by the sharp disputes between sects, the result was the religious wars: and the common people became so careful that even trivial matters mattered and took seriously This is possible; "salvation of the soul" may lie in this thought. 145. The Dangers of Vegetarians The popularization of white rice has forced opiates and sedatives, just as the popularity of potatoes has forced brandy, all with a sensitive aftereffect of numbing thought and feeling. model. It is a bit like those who make thoughts and feelings into dull patterns, such as the Indian scribes, who not only practiced vegetarianism themselves, but also wanted to make it a law for the public, and they wanted to thereby amplify their desire to satisfy. need. 146. The Hope of the Germans Let us not forget that human names are often code names for disgrace.Arm Ru Tatars, according to the original meaning of its name, means "dog", which is the name given to them by the Chinese.Or "Germans" originally meant "pagans," which the Goths, after some conversion, called their mostly unbaptized tribesmen.According to their translation of the Old Testament. The original word "pagan" in Greek means "nation".It was possible to rebuild the name of German glory from the old title of disgrace incurred by being the first pagan state in Europe, and Schopenhauer had given high regard to this aim.Thus will the work of Martin Luther be done—who led the Germans against the authority of Rome, and said to them: "This is me! I cannot be anything else!"— 147. Questions and Answers What did the savage peoples first receive from the Europeans? —Brandy and Christianity, the narcotics of the Europeans. What method was used to make them decline so quickly? — European narcotics. 148. Origin of the Reformation While the churches of all Europe are in deep corruption, the German churches are the least affected.It is for this reason that Germany is the birthplace of the Reformation, which means that corruption, even at the beginning, is intolerable. Comparatively speaking, no people were more Christian than the Germans in Martin Luther's time, when their Christian culture was blooming like a delicate flower-albeit for a short time, only for one night. , but the storm that night brought ended everything. 149. The Failure of the Reformation The fact that the Greeks were never able to establish a new religion of their own is a testament to the fact that their high culture was possessed even at a very early age; and that the people of that time had their own minds, and they had different beliefs and prescriptions of hope. To heal personal afflictions.Pythagoras and Plato, or perhaps Empedocles and the earlier Orphicenthusiasts, all aspired to found a new religion, and the first two They both have the ability to establish schools; we don't need to be surprised at the failure of the two of them, because they have just come into contact with Tang Ao who started schools.Every time when the religious reform movement of the whole people fails and only religious factions rise, we can conclude that there must be many typical characters among the masses who begin to seek self-liberation from the dull group instincts, morals and customs. Martin Luther's religious reformation succeeded in the north, showing that compared with southern Europe, northern Europe has been regressing, and still requires the same type and color of life's necessities.Europe would not have been fully Christianized had the culture of the Old World of the South not been gradually barbarized by the German barbarian mestizos; for this reason Northern Europe had lost its superiority. The more general and unrestricted the individual is, or the better the use of the individual's mind, the more will it exert a definite influence on the simpler and lower masses.And when "anti-struggle" turns its back on the inner "anti-need", it also wants to satisfy and realize itself at the same time: on the contrary, when the powerful and ambitious nature can only bring some limited and narrow influence, Then one would always hinder the advancement of culture--and this is true in every field of art and knowledge. As long as there is rule, there will be masses, and where there are masses, there will be constraints; however, where there are constraints, there will not be many independent individuals, and there will be group intuition and consciousness that will oppose those individuals. 150. Criticism of the Saints Must one acquire a virtue in the cruelest and meanest way? —like the Christian saints who have desires and needs, they endure life in the belief that their virtues make one feel inferior. The virtue which produces this effect I call cruelty. 151. The Origin of Religion Purely metaphysical need is not the original cause of religion (the origin claimed by Schopenhauer is a later event).Under the cloud of superior religious thought, we are accustomed to accept the idea of ​​"another world", and through the analysis of religious illusions, there is often a sad sense of emptiness and inadequacy; Again from this feeling, but this time it is purely a metaphysical world, not a religious world.As for the assumption of "another world" generally obtained at the beginning, it is not out of impulse or demand, but an error caused when explaining a certain natural phenomenon, and it is also a difficulty that intellectuals cannot break through. 152. The biggest change The splendor and color of everything changed!We have been unable to understand how early humans understood the most familiar and frequently touched things in daily life, such as waking up in the morning, because they had different views on awakening from dreams.The same is true for the whole life. Through thinking about death and its meaning, we will suddenly find that our "death" is a completely different kind of death.The radiance of God shining on all things is not the same, and so are all resolutions and prospects for the future, because people have received oracles and mystical revelations, and believed in prophecies. "Truth" is accepted with a very different attitude, because in earlier times the madman was regarded as its spokesman-a thing that often makes us horrified or laughed.As for unfairness, it creates another feeling, because people are not only afraid of legal punishment and shame, but even more afraid of retribution from heaven.In fact, how much joy there was in the time when human beings believed in Satan!How much passion did people have when they saw the devil by their side!And what philosophy was there when doubt was considered a most dangerous sin, an affront to eternal love, and a distrust of all that is good, pure, sublime, and benevolent! We are constantly refreshing everything with color, but compared with the magnificent and breathtaking colors of the previous masters (I mean the ancients), what kind of achievements have we achieved? ! 153. Poets "It was I who made tragedies of those separate and perfect tragedies; it was I who for the first time made a mess of existential moral confusions and tied them into a knot; Therefore, only God can untie it—so prayed Horace! For morality, I've killed all gods and gods in the fourth round of action!What should I do next in the fifth round?Where shall I go for the solution of the tragedy!Now do I have to come up with a comedic ending? " 154. Another dangerous life 你根本不知道自己的经验和感受，而只是在迷迷糊糊地虚度生命。由于沉迷陶醉，你仍未从美梦中醒来——你的肌肉太无力、神志太不清，以致无法找到结实的阶梯！对我们而言，生命是一个更大的危险：我们是玻璃作的——啊，我们是否该把一切打倒！而如果我们跌倒，便一切都完了！ 一五五、我们的欠缺 我们喜爱大自然的壮丽，并将它揭露在我们的面前，那是因为在我们的心灵中缺乏人类的崇伟感；希腊人则恰恰相反，他们对大自然的感受和我们大不相同。 一五六、最有力的人 一个人若是要和他的那个时代相抗衡，并将其阻在历史之门前而要求有个说明，那非得全力以赴不可！他是否希望尽力并不重要，关键在于他能。 一五七、说谎 他自省：他随时准备要说谎。 这里是整个世界文明的一个大舞台；只要想一想罗马人以诈欺所表现的成就！ 一五八、不自由的特性 对一切事物探究到底是一种不自由的特性：它会使人一直张大眼睛盯着；如此，最后总会发现不少希望。 一五九、美德有其时尚 他的诚实常会令现在顽固的他后悔不已，因为顽固是时尚的美德，它和曾经流行的诚实不一样。 一六○、与美德交媾 我们也可以对美德不礼敬与谄媚。 一六一、致时代的崇拜者 弃逃的神父和获得解放的犯人都一直在做鬼脸，他们所想望的是不含过去的一瞥。 然而，你可曾见过那些知道从自己的一瞬可以反映出未来的人，以及对你——"时代"（他们认为是不含未来的一瞥）的崇拜者——谦恭有礼的人？ 一六二、自我本位 自我本位是我们心境的透视画法律，根据这项律则，距离近的东西就要显得大一点而且较为重要，距离远的则其尺寸和重要性就要缩小了。 一六三、胜利之后 胜利所带来的最好之事，莫过于解除了胜利者对失败的恐惧感。 "我何不去尝试一次失败？"他自言道，"我现在已有足够的能力接受了。" 一六四、寻求静息的人 我了解因为被黑暗所围绕而寻求静息的人——想要睡觉的人都是先使寝室黑暗，或者就是直接钻进洞穴里去。 给那些不知道而又想知道最需追求什么的人一个暗示！ 一六五、舍弃快乐 曾经完全舍弃某些东西很久的人差不多可以想象得到一种极大的快乐——当他意外地再度遇到自己发现过的东西——而且这是每个发现者都会感受到的快乐！ 我们要比那在阳光下躺得太久的蛇更聪明！