Chapter 6 The Birth of Tragedy Volume 6 Part Two

tragic birth vol. the second part 20. The dignity of ignorance For thousands of years, the most thoughtful work of human beings has been presented to us.It is because of this that carefulness will lose all its dignity.Though carefulness is indeed necessary, and will be common and commonplace, a necessity would seem to a more critical experiment to amount to vulgarity.Just as the tyranny of a truth or science will increase the value of falsehood, so the tyranny of a careful mind will make a new and noble human being very distinguished. To be noble—that might mean a kind of folly. 21. To selfless teachers

A person's virtue is called "good" not because it is good for him or herself, but because it is good for us and society as a whole, as we expect it to be.When we are praising those virtues, everyone has a somewhat unselfish and "non-self-centered" mentality!For if it were not so, those virtues (such as industry, obedience, purity, sympathy, and justice) would have done no little injury to the man who possessed them, just as some too strong stimuli in him could not be combined with other rational stimuli. Same as coordinating.If you have a virtue, a perfect and positive virtue, for which there is not only one stimulus directed against it, you will be a victim of that virtue!Of course, others will still praise you for your virtues.An industrious man may be rewarded for his industriousness to the detriment of his insight or his mental freshness and originality.

It is admirable for the young man to "devote himself" to his job, but it is also a pity, because he has neglected "for an individual, although death is not a pity, but for the whole society, it is a great one." Loss! Of course we feel sorry for this kind of sacrifice! And the bigger regret is that some people hold another idea, that is, their own security and development are more important than their work to serve the society!" The reason why we feel sorry for this young man , not because of him himself, but regret that he was a "tool" of dedication, and did not think that this so-called "good man" he had caused society to lose due to his death.Perhaps we will then think of a question, that is, if a person takes more care of himself at work so that he can live longer, will it benefit the society more? ——In fact, we often easily admit certain interests, but we also respect the interests of others. That is to say, since sacrifices are made, it is obvious that human beings are quite sacrificial.Thus, on the one hand, when a virtue is praised, we praise the helpful qualities in that virtue; Confined within the bounds of the general interest of the individual, in short, we praise the irrational part of virtue by which the individual allows himself to be reduced to "a function of the whole."To praise virtue is to praise the private injury to the individual, and the stimulus to deprive the individual of his noblest passions of self-love and self-care.

For the teaching and formation of virtuous habits, the chain of influences of virtue has been made manifest, showing that there is a close connection between virtue and personal interest--and indeed there is!There is a danger, a considerable danger, of our indifference to the typical virtue of an instrument, such as blind diligence, which shows the way to wealth and glory, and a favorable antidote to dullness and lust.Education has always been carried out in this way: it desperately uses a series of temptations to mold an individual's thoughts and behaviors or a certain pattern. When this pattern becomes a habit, a stimulus, and a passion, it controls the person. Putting him in a position opposite to his own basic interests is just "for the good of everyone".I have often seen that blind diligence can indeed create wealth and glory, but at the same time many noble and elegant organs are deprived of this virtue that alone can create wealth and glory.So that is really the chief expedient against tedium and passion, at the same time dulling the sensibility, and opening the recalcitrant spirit to new stimuli! (In ours, the busiest of all ages, we do not know how to make anything out of this great industry and wealth but greater wealth and industry; even higher genius is needed To throw away wealth rather than to acquire it—thus we "perpetuate posterity"!) If this education succeeds, every individual virtue becomes a "common utility" and personal disadvantages interfere with his highest purpose.Perhaps certain psychoanalytic aesthetics stunt growth, or even lead to early death.From the same point of view, we can think of the other virtues of obedience, purity, sympathy, and justice as well.

If we praise a person who has the virtues of self-sacrifice and selflessness - he will not expend all his energy and reason to seek the protection, development, promotion and expansion of personal power, and feel that he lives very humble, very cold or very Sarcasm—this compliment is definitely not from a selfless spirit! If "neighbors" praise him for his selflessness, it is because they can "benefit from it"!If these neighbors are "selfless", they will refuse to destroy his power and harm his interests. They will definitely prevent this kind of selfish starting point. Show their selflessness!Here, I want to point out a fundamental contradiction of the currently superior concept of morality: the motivation of this kind of morality is exactly the opposite of its principle!Morality wants to prove itself with this, but it refute it with moral criticism! "Surrender yourself and offer yourself as a sacrifice." This maxim, in order not to contradict his own moral conception, should and can only be proclaimed by a man who himself has given up his own interests, but That person may cause his own breakdown in the demands of personal self-sacrifice.In any case, as soon as neighbors (or society) applaud altruism for their "common good," the diametrically opposed claim that "you should pursue your own interest even at the expense of others" is immediately raised. Come out and apply.Therefore, "you should" and "you should not" are actually preaching from the same tone.

22. God Exists for Kings The day has begun, let us begin to arrange today's work and the feast of our benevolent King who is still sleeping peacefully.Your Majesty, today's "weather" is not good - we should be careful not to say bad, not to mention "weather".Today we will be busy all day, so we should be more or less cautious, and make the banquet a little more lively than usual.Perhaps your majesty is out of shape, and we should tell him some good news: Monsieur Montaigne arrived last night, and he knows how to invent pleasant jokes about your majesty's discomfort - your majesty suffers from stone disease.

We're going to entertain a few people (people!—and one of them, the puffy old frog, wonders what he'll think if he hears that word! "I'm not a person," he'll say, "but the thing itself. ") - the hospitality will take longer than everyone would like.There is every reason to tell the poet who has verses written over his door, "If he comes in here, I'll be my host; if he doesn't—thank God." Say something rude!Perhaps the poet will forgive his faux pas, they say his poems are better than his people.Let him go on, then, to justify them a little more, and withdraw as much as possible from the world (that, no doubt, is the implication of his cultivated insolence!) After all, the prince of another land is better than his "poetry." "More valuable, even if—what the hell are we talking about?

We chatted in low tones, and the whole court believed we had been working, even with a headache (we couldn't see the light until the lights were lit in the windows).listen!Isn't that the bell?How unreasonable!The prom has started and we don't know where we are touring yet!We have to improvise - the whole world is jamming for this day, today let's do it again as the whole world is doing!And so my dreams of a fine morning were shattered, perhaps by the piercing chime of the clock-tower, which announced with a strange air that it was the fifteenth hour.It seemed that the God of the dream would make my habit a joy--my habit of beginning the day with proper arrangement, and of getting things in order with competence and delight, like a sovereign.

23. Characteristics of Corruption Let us observe the following characteristics of the social phenomenon called "corruption" that occurs at any time: First, Corruption everywhere is soon superficial, and superstitions of all kinds have always prevailed, and the common beliefs of the common people are pale and lifeless by comparison, for superstition is a species of the lower classes." Free thought"—from which he can choose some form and dogma which suits him, as he has the right to do.Those who have a high respect for ancient religions and atmospheres are deeply dissatisfied with this corruption - they have always determined the use of language, and they have a very low opinion of superstition, even among the "freest people".We might as well regard it as a symptom of "Enlightenment".

Second, the reason why a society is at the mercy of superstition should be attributed to its own "effeminacy". For example, the interest in war has obviously decreased in this society. Pursue military and athletic honors alike.Men are accustomed to overlook the fact that the energies and zeal of whole nations, which formerly strived for glory in the field of battle or the arena, are now reduced to the passions of innumerable private individuals.In fact, in the "superstitious stage", everyone uses more energy than before in terms of quality and quantity, and it is also impossible to do before (that is, it cannot be fully utilized).That is to say, because of being in a state of "weakness and incompetence", tragedies arise and fall everywhere, fierce love and hatred also arise from this, and the flame of knowledge burns into the sky.

Thirdly, as in correcting the reproaches of superstition and cowardice, people customarily regard a period of corruption as a period in which they appear to be more docile, and cruelty much less, honest, and stronger than before. I cannot agree with this praise as much as with those criticisms.All I can say is that cruelty is now ennobled, and its old form is gradually becoming unacceptable, but that in the age of corruption it has resorted to words and deeds to injure and torture to the extreme. (This is its only current shortcoming, and it likes this shortcoming).Generally speaking, people in the period of corruption are more witty and like to spread rumors. They now use other methods to murder people than swords or ambushes-but they are very popular and praised by people. Fourth, when "morality" decays, those who are called autocrats will show up. They are the best among "individuals" and they are more precocious.For a brief period, however, some of these fruits, good and bad, hang from the tree—for the fruits of which the tree exists!And when this decay has reached its climax, similar conflicts and struggles arise among those despots, and in consequence there arises a Caesar, the last despot, who appropriates for himself the achievements of the struggle for independent sovereignty. Yes, and thus ruined this independent sovereignty.In his period, individuals were generally very mature, so the "culture" was also rich and highly accomplished.But this is not due to his personal reasons, although people in that high culture like to flatter Caesar by pretending that everything they have is his gift; A surface of calm.Bribery and treason are also at their peak during this period, because people love their "self" more than their old "fatherland".There is only one way, therefore, to preserve this need, or to rise up against this dreadful and uncertain fate; and as soon as the rich and powerful express their readiness to give money, it is better to hasten to extend the noble hand.People only live for the present, and have few definite prospects for the future. Every self-deceiving person is playing a simple game with a kind of psychology-of course, people will only do bad things or do bad things when they are forced by the "present" Bribes, and still have to preserve virtue and future for themselves. These people who only live for themselves do less for others than others do for him, because they feel that they are like the unpredictable future, which is full of anxiety all day long.Likewise, these people are willing to obey those despots who are convinced that they are capable of handling any situation (he neither estimates from what people know nor looks at their interests).However, even when despots or Caesars are doing something wrong, they also deeply understand the importance of personal power. In order to show personal morality, they often mention it with concern, and even combine it with it.Because he thinks he is, and wants people to think he is, as Napoleon once said in a noble tone-"I have the right to answer all objections and dissatisfaction with my unchanging self. I am beyond the whole world." , so no one can compare with me, and I hope that everyone will follow my ideas and regard it as a simple matter, if I have surpassed it somewhere." Napoleon once said to his wife in this way , when his wife asked him about his loyalty to her. The period of decay is also the season when the apples fall from the tree—I mean the individual, the sower of the future, the pioneer of spiritual colonization, and the creator of the united structure of state and society.Corruption is nothing but a cursed word for a man in his harvest time. 24. Different Dissatisfaction Powerlessness and weakness often make people feel dissatisfied, but they can subtly beautify and add depth to life.And what makes men deeply dissatisfied—for the more manly of those who are dissatisfied—subtly improves and preserves life.The former shows their weakness and weak character, that is, they are willing to allow themselves to be temporarily deceived, and even endure a moment of fanaticism and ecstasy.Generally speaking, however, they are never satisfied.And has been plagued by this incurable dissatisfaction.Also, they are the patrons of those who seek consolation with opiates or sedatives, and for this reason they dislike those who value physicians more than priests (who contribute to the continuation of misery). If such disaffected persons had not remained in Europe since the Middle Ages, the remarkable capacity of Europeans for constant "adaptation" would not have arisen at all.For the demands of the disaffected are too broad, and too humble to resist their final silence.One example is China, a country with discontent on a massive scale and whose resilience has been lost for centuries.In the measure of Chinese improvement and protection of life, if they can first root out the too sick, weak and weak dissatisfaction, and the romantic spirit that is still very strong in us, the socialists and city-states of Europe Admirers of politics can easily introduce something into China's current situation and bring "happiness" to the Chinese people. Europe is a sick man, and he should be thankful for suffering from its death and constant strain.And because of these continual new situations, and these equally continual new dangers, pains, and substitutes, at last aroused an intellectual sensitivity to which genius also has, and which is, in short, the mother of all geniuses. 25. Knowledge is not predetermined There is not a little foolish humility in the world, and when one suffers from it, he is never qualified to be an intellectual disciple.So it is--when such a man understands anything astonishing, he turns and runs, and says to himself, "You must have lied to yourself! How clever you are! It can't be true!" Then he looked and listened indifferently, fled the astonishing object as if threatened, and tried to forget it as much as possible.Because his basic rule is: "I don't want to see things that run counter to our usual views! Am I created to discover new truths? Too many predecessors have already done that." 26. What is Survival Existence - which is constantly excluding from us anything that tends towards death. Survival—is callous to all that we ourselves become sick and old, and not only ourselves. Survival - does it mean showing no mercy to the dying, the poor and the old?Is it a continuous murder? And ancient Moses said: "You shall not kill!" 27. Self-abandoners What will the self-denying one do?He strives toward a higher world, he wants to fly higher, farther, and longer than anyone who affirms—he sublates many things that would hinder his flight, and some things are not infinite to the man. worth, but he doesn't like it, he sacrifices to the desire to elevate, this sublation is what will become tangible for him.For this reason, some call him the "self-abandoner," and here he stands before us, wrapped in a hooded monk's robe, as if in a shag shirt (a shag woven shirt, A kind of clothing for ascetics—translation note) soul.He is quite content with the influence he has given us, and he will continue to hide from us his desires, his pride, and his attempts to outdo us.Yes, he was smarter than we thought and treated us so courteously - the affirmative!This is him, loving us even when he gives himself up. 28. Get hurt by your best traits Our strong opinions sometimes lead us so far that we can no longer bear our weaknesses, and we die from those opinions.We may have foreseen this outcome, but we are still reluctant to change our minds, and then we will try harder to face that which we are willing to remove from us, and our ruthlessness (which is also our greatness).Experiences like this - which must eventually take our lives - are emblematic of the collective impact that great men have on others and on their times.Because they did their best, and because only they could, they destroyed many things that were weak, disturbed, evolved, and "voluntary", and they hurt themselves.In fact, perhaps they will knock down the whole weakness, and of course that can only do harm, since the best of them will be accepted and drunk as a separate drink, because it is too strong a drink. , so that they lose their rationality and self-interest after drinking it.Because of their drunkenness, under the guidance of the drunken dream, they went the whole wrong way, and ended up with broken heads and limbs. 29. Dangerous liars When people began to struggle against Aristotle's Trinity in France, there were of course those who defended it, and we saw again the scene we often see but don't want to see—— ①Three unities, the law of classical drama composition advocated by Aristotle, that is, time, place and plot are indispensable, and it is called "three unities" in drama science. Because their laws should exist, men often compel themselves to obey them with false reasons, simply because they do not want to admit that they are accustomed to accept the authority of laws, and do not want any changes in all things.The same attitude is taken toward every prevailing morality and religion, and always has been.When people start to fight habits and seek reason and intention, the reason and intention behind the habit can only be added in the dark.Here lies the great deception of conservatives—they are dangerous liars. 30. Comedies of Celebrities Famous men need prestige, like all statesmen, who unthinkingly abandon their companions and friends—from one they seek a reflection of his moral splendor, from another In him, they want to acquire that fear-inducing power which everyone knows and which is not yet evident in him; in order to be comfortably warmed in the sun, they steal his reputation from a third person, because it is to them The purpose of wanting to be rash and lazy for a while is beneficial - the fact is that they have fallen into the trap without knowing it. In their neighbourhood, they rule now the daydreamer, now the experienced, now the brooding, now the grandiosity, as if they were themselves.However, in the blink of an eye they no longer need those people!And while their environment and the outside world keep disappearing, everything seems to crowd into the environment and try to be a feature of it, and in this respect they are a lot like metropolises.Their prestige is constantly changing, as is their character, because the way he changes requires it.They show one thing and another, in actual deed or on the stage of ostentation, and their companions and friends, as we have said, are the prop-keepers of the scene. On the other hand, what they were counting on must have remained much more steadfast and brilliant at a distance—and that sometimes required comedy and staging as well. Trinity, business and nobility Like the art of reading and writing, buying and selling is now a common thing, and every man is trained in it, even if he is not a businessman, he practices this art every day.Just as in the pre-civilized days of man, when everyone was and practiced the art of hunting every day, hunting became a common thing.But when it finally becomes a prerogative of the powerful (by making it a high hobby and a daily necessity), it loses its easy and universal character.So maybe one day buying and selling will meet the same fate. We can imagine that there will be no buying and selling in society in the future, and this kind of art will completely lose its necessity in society.In this way it may happen that people who are not governed by the common and general laws will regard buying and selling as a noble taste and indulge in it.Only then will commerce be exalted, and the nobles will contend for it as swiftly as they have always been in battle or politics; while on the other hand, the values ​​of politics may be entirely changed, or even cease to exist. It is the business of those of high rank.Maybe one day it will be found that what we have made is as vulgar as all party and everyday literature under the heading "The Corruption of Knowledge." 108. A new struggle Since the death of the Buddha, people have displayed his image in a cave for centuries-a very terrifying image. God is dead, but humans will build a thousand-year-old cave, and people will display his image in the cave. And we -- we still have to get over his image! 109. Let us pay attention Let us be careful not to think of this world as a living entity.How far can it extend itself?What does it feed itself with?How to grow and thrive?We know very well what an organism is, and want to reinterpret everything on the surface of the earth that we know to be apparently derivative, slow, rare, and accidental as essential, universal, and eternal, as they call this universe an organism , that really sickens me. Let us be careful not to believe that the universe is a machine, which is certainly not constructed for a single purpose, and we attach far too lofty a meaning to the word "machine." Let us be careful not to assume that everything in the universe is as regular as the movement of the sun and the moon.In fact a glimpse of the Milky Way often leads us to wonder if there are very few more natural or oppositional orbits out there, even those planets that are always drawn by gravity to orbit in a straight line?The arrangement of celestial bodies in which we live is a special case, and this arrangement and the relative permanence defined by this arrangement may become the special case of special cases and the constituent factors of organisms.On the other hand, it is the general character of the world to give chaos to all eternity, not for want of necessity, but for want of order, structure, form, beauty, intelligence, and other things called aesthetic human Everything about the property.Judging by our reason, the unfortunate character is more and more the rule, the exception is not the secret intention, and the whole music box repeats its tone that can never be called a melody-finally, this "unfortunate The expression of "characteristic" is already personification involved in censure.But how can we arbitrarily criticize or praise the universe! Let us be careful not to attribute ruthlessness and unreason to itself or to its opposite side, it is neither perfect, nor beautiful, nor noble, nor does it aspire to approximate any of these, it has no desire to imitate man!It is completely independent of our aesthetic and moral judgments!It has neither any instinct of self-defense nor any other, nor does it even know the laws. Let us take heed not to say that nature has laws of its own, that there are only certainties: there is no one who commands, no one who obeys, no one who oversteps.You know, without intention, there is no opportunity, because the word "opportunity" has meaning only when it is conceived with intention. Let us be careful not to say that death is opposed to life.Life is but a kind of death, and a very rare kind at that. So let us be careful not to think that the world is forever creating new things.There is no permanent substance, and matter is like the God of the Eleaties, another misconception.But when should we end with our heed and prudence?When will all these shadows of God cease to shadow us?When will we have the nature to be totally ungodly?When will I be restored to my original self, in my pure, newly discovered and redeemed nature? ! 110. The origin of knowledge Intellectuals have never been more than making mistakes, and some mistakes have proved to be useful to human beings.He either steps in step with those mistakes, or inherits them, striving for himself and posterity with further success.Those beliefs which have been left over and which have almost become the property and stumbling block of mankind, with its false dogmas, such as: there are immortals, there are equals; there are objects, substances, flesh, etc., what we see What is it, our will is free, as long as it is beneficial to us, it is absolutely good.Only recently have deniers and doubters of this idea arose; and only recently has truth made itself seem to be the weakest form of knowledge.It seems impossible to agree with the truth; our organic organism is turned upside down, and all its higher functions, the general senses, and the cognitive faculties of the senses, are not the same as they were originally. Concrete and fundamental errors (moreover, those notions) become the intellectual criteria by which "true" and "false" are judged through the entire field of pure logic.Therefore, the "power" of a concept does not depend on its degree of truth, but on its ancient heritage, concrete expression, and characteristics of life. Where life and knowledge seem to be in conflict, there can never be serious controversy, for denial and doubt have always been regarded as madness, and exceptional thinkers, such as the Eleaties, ignored them, have always maintained the false opposites of nature, and believed that it was possible to make these opposites exist: they considered the philosopher to be a man endowed with an intuitive insight into the inanimate and the common, and by virtue of his special capacity for knowledge of that inversion , they are convinced that it is also the rule of life.In order to affirm all, they must deceive themselves all: they attribute to themselves impersonal qualities and unchanging eternity, misunderstand the nature of the philosophical individual, deny the power of stimuli in cognitive action, And regard reason as a completely free and spontaneous activity; they fail to notice that they can justify themselves even without the right method.The further development of both innocence and skepticism finally caused the embarrassment of these people, and they had to live and judge based on primitive instincts and basic mistakes that all emotionally aware people make. Wherever both aphorisms seem to fit in life, there will be more sensitive innocence and skepticism, because both can adapt to fundamental mistakes at the same time, so there will be disputes about what utilitarian attitude should be adopted in life. At the same time, it also proved that although the new aphorism may not be useful, it is at least harmless, just like the reaction of both sides showing their intelligence in a game of pure entertainment.The human mind is gradually filled with such views and beliefs, so that in the chaos, it leads to the brewing, greed and struggle of power.Struggle for "truth" not only comes from the heart of seeking truth from facts and enjoying joy, but also has many other motives. This purely intellectual pursuit often becomes a kind of attraction, a calling, a kind of Responsibility or a kind of honor—to know and pursue the truth, finally makes itself a demand among many demands.From this time not only belief, but also examination, denial, disbelief, and disapproval form a force; all the "evil" instincts attached to knowledge take their place and demand approval, beneficence, and veneration. A good name is finally presented in a good posture. In this way knowledge becomes a part of life itself, and life becomes a growing force, until at last cognition comes into conflict with those primitive and fundamental errors, and the same conflict falls on life, power, and on the same person.In comparison with the importance of the first conflict between the motive for truth and the errors of survival in the thinker (this motive will now prove itself to be a force for survival), the rest Everything seemed insignificant.Here, the last question about life is raised, and the first intention is compelled to try to answer it. How far can sensitive truths be concretized? ——This is a question and an attempt. 111. The Origin of Logic Where does logic originate in the human brain?Undoubtedly and illogically, its scope must have been extremely wide at first.Yet there are countless people (whether dead or not) who are not able to reason as we do, although perhaps they are closer to the truth than we are!For example, with regard to the probability of survival, those who reason too slowly or too carefully, because they cannot discern "similarity" between food and animals that are dangerous to him, are more likely to live than others. A man who, in the same situation, can immediately see the consistency, is much smaller. But this tendency to distinguish the predominance of resemblance and agreement—an illogical tendency, since nothing is equal and consistent in itself, leads to creating the whole basis of logic in the first place.In this way (in order that the concept of matter can be produced, everything is inevitably thrown into logic, although in the strictest sense there is nothing really related to it at all), after a long progress, The process by which things change must be ignored, and we still don't know the details.Furthermore, those who see things incorrectly have an advantage over those who see everything "in flux."In itself, every high degree of caution in drawing conclusions, every tendency to doubt, is a great danger to life. Human beings could not survive unless the opposite tendency—that is, the judgment of certainty rather than delay—was brought about with extra effort.The process of logical thought and reasoning of the modern mind coincides with the struggle of desire, which itself is very illogical; we usually only experience the results of the struggle, whose primitive mechanicalness has now occurred so swiftly and secretly on us. 112. Cause and effect We will say that it is an "interpretation", but in fact it is only our "description" of older knowledge and science; we only describe it better-with interpretation, we do Get as little as the predecessors. We found that naive people and explorers of ancient cultures only see two things about the natural evolution of many aspects: "cause" and "effect".We have given a perfect conception of the workings of nature, but have given little knowledge of this conception and of what lies behind it.The chain of "causes" of each event before us is quite complete, and we often conclude that this or that must precede it in order for other factors to connect - but we do not thereby grasp the cause. what.Oddly enough, for example, every process of chemical change seems to be a "miracle".就如同宇宙间万物的运行一样，没有人能"解释"那个引起反应的刺激。我们当如何解释呢？我们只是在玩弄一些不存在的东西。诸如线、面、体、原子以及可分割的时间和空间等。当我们初次赋予所有的事物以概念（我们的概念）时，又是如何使诠释成为可能呢？ 我们可以将科学视为乃是要把一切可能的事物予以人性化，并从不断描述事物以及彼此之间的关系而学得更正确地描述自己。因和果，大概再也没有这样的二元性了；事实上，在我们眼前有一种连续，因它之故而孤立了一部分——正如同我们在观察一个运动时，常将它视为是许多孤立的片段一样。因此我们未曾确切地看到过它，而只是推论它。许多的"果"由于不连贯而将我们导入错误；但对我们而言，那也只是一个不连贯而已，而在那断裂的片刻，过程的大部分都被我们错过了。 理智可以看到因与果的相连贯，也可以看到事物的转变并非是依照我们的概念模式。事物自身任意地分崩离析，而将因果的概念置之一旁，并否定所有的制约。 一一三、有毒的学说 为了使科学的思考得以推展，我们必须将许多事物结合起来，并且各别地设计、练习与培养所有需要的力量！不管怎样，当它们被局限在科学思考范围内相互牵制时——（它们的作用有如毒药一般，譬如，怀疑的刺激、否定的刺激、等待的刺激、分解的刺激等。）——其孤立常能导致甚于当前的极为不同的影响。 人类的许多牺牲都为此刺激所犯的错误而奉献，以学得去了解它们的存在，并将之视为有如人体各具功能的器官一样！而我们离那观点仍极遥远：艺术家的力量和生命的智慧，须和科学的思考相合作，俾能造成一种更高的有机（器官功能）系统。而因为这系统，那些我们眼前所知的学者、医生、艺术家和立法者将显得令古人有憾！ 一一四、道德的扩延 我们描绘一张新的图画——靠着过去的经验帮助，立刻便能目睹——总是要依靠我们的忠实和公正。道德的经验是唯一的经验，即使是在感官知觉的领域里。 一一五、四种错误 人是被错误教导出来的：第一，他总认为自己不够完美。第二，他赋予自身丰富的想象力。第三，他觉得在动物和大自然之间，自己是处在一种虚假的境况。第四，他不断建立并接受新的价值标准，俾使任何时候的人类之动机和行为均能显得十足的高尚与尊贵。若是我们忽略了这四种错误所促成的影响，就表示我们也忽略了人性、人情和"人的尊严"。 一一六、群体的直觉 当我们面对一项道德观念时，会发现一种价值观和人类的动机与行为发展的层次顺序，而这些价值观和行为发展的层次顺序可以说明一个社会团体或群众对其各种需要的表达——在其利益关系上，何者居先、何者是第二、第三——亦是对于任何人之价值权威性的准绳。个人经由道德而被教导成为群体的一个机能，并且视其自身的价值仅只是一种效用。当一个社会团体和另一个社会团体的生存之道不一样的话，则其道德观念也就有所差别。至于不管将来群众、团体、社会以及国家等在基本上的转变如何，我们可预言的是，道德观念的歧异仍将存在。 道德观念乃是群体的直觉而深植于个人内心者。