Chapter 22 22 authorized

Until now, any society has a division of labor between those who govern and those who govern.Those who rule over others have rights, but those who rule over others have no rights.This right, the old saying is the right of herdsmen, the new saying is the right to manage the affairs of the people.At least look at it with secular clothes.It is better to have power than to have no power, and it is better to have more power than less power, because one function of power is to respond to requests, at least to respond to more requests.The Golden House, Yan Ruyu, one kind of theory can be derived from the book, even if this theory sometimes turns out to be true, it’s still a way of saying things simply, omitting the middle point, the middle point is right.With such a great use of power, it is no wonder that all over the world, all over the world, all kinds of methods have been used, until the most advanced ones have been fought for.This situation is obvious when you read history, or just open your eyes without reading, so it can be ignored.What I want to explore here is where the power to govern people comes from.Ancient and modern views are different.In ancient times, it was "God blesses the people and acts as the king", so the king was called the son of heaven. Until the Qing Dynasty abdicated, he had to visit the sky regularly, because the sky was kind to the ruler and gave him the right to rule the people.Reformed minds say this is feudal consciousness.The term "new" or "modern" is of course anti-feudal, so it becomes "people-based" or "democracy", and the right to say is granted by all the people.From the sky to the people all at once, this is called modernization.Wouldn't there be muddy water?There may also be a situation where the ruler is in the position of "knowing first, knowing later, and knowing later", so he must lead the way first, and thus has the power to rule people.In the era from ignorance to enlightenment, this may be inevitable or even necessary, but in terms of its nature, it is still the way of virtuous politics, and it is inevitable that there will be fatal wounds in virtuous politics, which may unfortunately be unworthy or become virtuous. If you are not virtuous, there is no other way to remedy it except for the old methods of Confucius and Mencius (kowtow and patience).There is also a deeper difficulty, how to prove that what the so-called prophets know is good (has long-term benefits for the vast majority of people).There are two ways in theory.One is that the small one is a parliamentary style, open debate, and the one who occupies the reason wins; the big one is like the Warring States Period, where officials argued arbitrarily and a hundred schools of thought contended.This method seems to be advantageous.The point is, as the saying goes, it is reasonable; the disadvantage is that the public says the public is reasonable, and the woman says that the woman is reasonable, and in the end they must be different.Another way is to experiment, compare, and see the high and low from the actual effect.It's a pity that human society is different from a chemical laboratory, and it can be done in a test tube.So no matter how many paths are feasible in theory, in reality, the power of proof of the prophet can only be obtained by fighting, that is to say, for example, if the Yellow Emperor fights Guiyou, and the Yellow Emperor wins, what he sees and does will become right, okay, The people under its rule have no choice but to say yes and say yes, because there is no freedom not to obey orders.In this way, the biggest danger of knowing before knowing is that the path may be wrong, and if it is wrong, it cannot be corrected.In order not to take risks, we must be able to change.And in order to be able to change, the source of power must be changed: from heaven to people, or from prophets to people.The situation is: the people are the givers, if the meaning is, we trust you and entrust you to do things for us according to our will; , work for you.

After acknowledging the people-centeredness and power coming from the people, there will still be many problems surrounding how to delegate power.The first one encountered is the quality of public opinion.Perhaps this should be counted as theoretical, but theory comes from practice.The people authorize according to their own will. Obviously, to seek perfection, the "will" must first be perfect.Perfection comes from both quality and quantity.The qualitative requirement is that the intention must be right and not wrong.There must be standards for what is right or wrong. This question is too complicated, so we have to avoid it, assuming that everyone has judgment based on common sense.In this way, for example, if there is a sum of money, whether it is better to build a casino or a school, we say that it is desirable to choose the latter, and vice versa; the same is true for people. We say that it is desirable to choose the former, but not vice versa.The reason is clear, as if no one would doubt it.But this is for example.In reality, it is not so simple and easy to break.Also give a little example.For example, when setting up courses in schools, if a hundred flowers are allowed to bloom when drafting, there must be recommendations or even recommendations?In the same way, when it comes to people and entrustment, some people may choose the one who has no virtue because he has a special relationship with him.So the above mentioned the importance of "education".But we can't wait until the river is clear, what should we do?It's very pitiful, and I can only hope that rationality will add the majority, and the possibility of being right is higher.Speaking of the majority, let's move on to the issue of quantity.Politics is about dealing with everyone.The natural talents are uneven, and the acquired conditions are even more varied. Minor the underage and mentally unsound, it is not easy to ask for the right opinion to be agreed by all, or at least a majority.It's not easy, you have to find a way.Many methods are needed, and it seems that there is no short-term and special effect.The reason why this person is human is that he is not as easy to deal with as tables, chairs, cars and boats.But still can't wait for the river to be clear.So to repeat, we can only expect rationality plus a majority, and the possibility of being right is greater.And in case the possibility of a pair is not great, there is still a power to rely on, which is wisdom gained through experience, because people have to live, and to live well is at least tolerable, and time will always guarantee that the latter will come from behind.This may be called optimism; the following is based on this optimism, and further discusses some issues related to the way of teaching.

Teaching problems are almost always caused by overcrowding.In a young couple's family, the woman asks the man to go to the street to buy vegetables and prepares to entertain her family. The woman says that it is an authorization, and the man accepts to go, and he has the right to buy chicken or fish.When a group of people travel, they want to go from one place to another, and they recommend someone to handle the ticketing matters. If one person says whoever is allowed to go, everyone agrees. power.This kind of authorization method can usually be handled properly through word of mouth.Why is it so easy?Shallow talk means that there are few people; deep talk means that there are few people, and generally speaking, we understand each other, and the matters we deal with are rarely of great concern.The political ones are quite different, especially on a national scale.The number of people can range from tens of thousands to hundreds of millions, and they can't hear them when they speak (the right to broadcast is a matter after authorization, so it can't be counted); mutual understanding is almost impossible.As a last resort, I changed my name to write a ballot.There are at least two problems caused by ballots: the small ones are rarely consistent, and the big ones are rarely suitable.First of all, it is rare to agree.Let’s assume that there will be no such things as selfishness (choosing cousins, cousins, etc.), deceit (creating false appearances, calling bad guys good people), everyone chooses what they think is good, and the result must be that they all choose themselves who have many contacts and know each other well. , so the votes are dispersed, everyone has a share, and it is difficult for a small number of well-known people to obtain the majority stipulated by the election law, so the election cannot be effective.Besides, it's rarely appropriate.This difficulty comes from two situations: one is that a person’s talent and character cannot be weighed on a scale, and then it is announced that a certain person is one catty and another person is eight taels; , The number of people is tens of millions.As Tumian said, if you can't understand each other, it's hard to know what you don't know, and if you don't know what you want, you can't achieve it.

But since we all have to live, we have to do group affairs, so even though it is difficult, we have to resign ourselves to it.Reluctantly, what you want is of course the best, but in reality, you can't be uncomfortable with the ensemble.Human affairs are not limited to elections.For example, eating and drinking, men and women, the ancients praised people’s great desires, according to daydream, eating and drinking, they all hope to be fine and fine, men and women, men hope to be fat and thin, and women hope to have treasures and jade pans. Even below, they had no choice but to go on peacefully.The same is true for elections. In order to overcome various difficulties and remedy various defects, many countries have thought of many methods, such as organizing political parties, publicizing, electing one person, campaigning, dividing levels, dividing regions, etc., all for the purpose of "gathering public opinion". ".With a calm and thoughtful eye, no matter how many tricks there are, they are hungry, or because there is no other way to go, they have to fight with their backs.So I say this because they only ask for results (voting, electing people), but not the value of the results.The measure of this value is: whether the public opinion is perfect and whether the collection is appropriate.The fact is that the so-called perfection and the so-called fit are like limits, which can only be approached but not reached.It cannot be achieved, so we have to tolerate it; it is possible to approach it, so we have to do our best to improve it.This is the only fruit of victory that people have worked so hard to achieve so far.

The fruit was small, and perhaps not even very tasty.But after all, it is obtained after victory, so there is still a side worth cherishing.This aspect is that the acquisition of power has changed from fighting to votes, or in other words, at least it is recognized that power is no longer obtained by possession, but granted by the people. This power may be granted because the people are deceived. It doesn't matter too much. For example, if you buy fake ginseng in a back alley, you are cheated, but the right to pay for it is your own.So hold the ballot in your hand, write whatever you want, and the one with the most votes wins.It should always be regarded as an important way of people's authorization, although it may not be the most ideal way.There is more than one reason to say that it is important, but one can be cited, which can also be called important, because those who have power will not forget the source of power, and will not dare to do whatever they want.In order to prevent people from doing whatever they want, there are some auxiliary measures besides ballot papers, which will be discussed in another topic below.