Chapter 117 (17) Practice calligraphy (1)

(Huang Tingjian) The third song of "Jingnan's Signing Judgment to Xiang Heqing for Liuyan See Huiciyun": "Arranging a word with spirit." Note from Tianshe: "The predecessor's poem said: Yin'an is a word." According to Lu Yanrang's "Bitter Yin" ①: "Yin'an is a word, and the number of stems and whiskers is broken"; It is not stable, and the mind will not be idle for several nights." The former "Xingbu" is in the sentence; this "arrangement" is in the sentence. "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons? Practicing Characters" says: "Those who are good at writing are richer than ten thousand articles, but poorer than one word. One word is not a small one, and it is difficult to avoid each other." Avoid repetition and repetition. "Bone of Style" says:

"The word hammer is firm but difficult to move" can be an interpretation of stability.Changli's "Ji Meng" said: "Seven words are not for young people, but six words and one word are difficult for ordinary Chinese."Husband said "arrangement", said "safety", and said "stable", then "difficulty" does not lie in the choice of words, but also in the appropriate position in the sentence, so that this word is in harmony with others in the sentence or even the text. Words get along seamlessly and complement each other.If a certain word is used, it is enough to see the coincidence, but the sentence cannot fit into the library like home, but it seems that a stranger breaks into the seat, or gold flakes enter the eyes, so even though you love you must donate, don't ask for friends.Gai does not choose words based on characters, but chooses words based on chapters and sentences.Joubert ③ has a witty saying: "If you want to use a good character, you must first find a place for it."

Zhengsi said. People in the Jiangxi School talked about refining characters, such as Fan Yuanshi said that "syntax is based on one character" ④, and Fang Xugu said "sentence eyes" ⑤. Good sentences require good words.It's easy to fall to one side.Shan Shan's saying "Arranging a character" is to show the character and lose its place. Although it is good but not a treasure, it cannot form a good sentence.It's too late to correct the end of the school.In Song Cidao's "Chun Ming Tui Chao Lu" volume, it is recorded that Song Zijing said ⑥: "People belong to the text, since [there are] steady characters, and the first thought has not yet come." It is not allowed to let the characters go. Poetry has its own stable characters, and the first thought has not yet come." Volume 129 of "Zhu Zi Yu Lei" said ⑧:

"Su Ziyou has a paragraph ⑨ that discusses people's writing, and it has its own basic characters, but it can't be used." Another example is Zheng Qishuyun⑩: writing has its own stable basic characters, but people can't think about it.Hengqu Yun⑾: Inventing principles is difficult only with words.It is really difficult to write down words.Because of the change, Xie Biao said: "Composition has its own stable characters. Those who were able to write in ancient times used such characters. Now it is inevitable to search and revise." Qian Chengzhi's words are especially interesting⑿. "Field Anthology" Volume 8 "Poetry to Wei Danshi" said: "The heart of making a sentence is fine but the sentence is hard, so it is expensive to chant. The truth of the situation must be sought, the meaning of the word must be accurate, and the contention is only between one word. .

This word is true but not classic, classic but not obvious, obvious but not loud, all of which are not what I promised.Jia Lang Xianyun⒀: "The word Yin'an breaks off several mustaches." '" The same volume "Chen Guanyi's Poems" said: "Seeing the modern poems of the Three Tang Dynasty, setting up words and making sentences is a good workmanship.There is no one who can't get it by chanting hard.There is only one word in the sentence, and there is nothing special about this word, just a coincidence. The so-called one-character is here, but it is not a matter of poor study, and it is impossible to find this one character.If the reason is not thorough, the language cannot be emotional, and if the learning is not rich, the words cannot give meaning. If it is just a word, it is difficult. "Foreign land commentary, heart agreement. Just like the ancient Roman Franto who taught people to search for the proper word, there is no other word that can be changed. The ancient Tianzhu commentator used the comfort of the couch as a metaphor for the stability of a word. Synonyms are not allowed Replacement of words. There is a saying in Boileau, France: "One word is very powerful." In modern times, Flaubert advocated the first task of words and deeds. It is difficult to write with one word, as in the current situation; the use of words is strange. , but it is the ear; it belongs to the composition of words and sentences, with harmonious rhyme and elegance. That is to say, the sentences of Boileau are used to open eyes. Fu Yun: "The words with precise meaning must also be the words with sound and beauty." Gai Cexun Yu Yizi In the beginning, it is not only the characters that are biased, and the solitary marks stand out, but must be beautifully arranged and coordinated. One word is powerful, and one word is right. The word shape is not only clear, but also needs to be pronounced. He; and Qian Chengzhi's so-called: "It must be revealed, must be confirmed, and must be sounded", so that it is safe and just for one word, and it is better not to make a car. On top of fasting, this is one of the tastes of the tripod. However, I laughed to myself that eating horse liver is not a taste. According to "Wen Xin Diao Long? Lian Zi" has been marked "re-existing" and "offending with the same characters" as "modern times "Wen "avoid", since the Tang Dynasty, five or seven character modern poems have been more serious about avoiding the reuse of one word. Furthermore, it is forbidden to use the same thing in an article. For example, Wang Jide's "Qulu" Volume 3 "On Yongshi" 21 cloud⒃ :

"It's a pleasure to use the ancient idioms just right, but you can only use one sentence. If you want double sentences, you have to find another sentence elsewhere to match them." Wu Tianzhangwen's "Lianyang Collection" ⒄ Volume 6 "Fei Ran Na Ji": "Who is Qingqiu? And Du Qiu's poems, lonely Fan Chuan is annoyed. Talking about the spring when the flowers are full and the trees are full, and looking at the shade from a distance, the trees are full of branches." Volume 1 of the "Zhaomei Zhanyan" said that "it is forbidden to publish one book or one book when using things", taking "Jing Fan" and "Zang Gu" as an example.French classicism patriarch Ma Leibo commented on poems ⒇, trying to avoid the disadvantages of repeating the same characters;In recent years, Flaubert's management has been bleak, and he deliberately did not commit the same word, but he lamented the pain of this matter;Later, Deng Nanzhe (21) made a big splash, so that he said that the word reappeared after three pages, and it hurt his ears. The taboos of "practicing calligraphy" mentioned in "Diaolong" are shared by ancient and modern Western poets and prose writers, and they are discussed. (326-329 pages) ① Lu Yanrang: Tang Dynasty writer.

② "Quan Tang Poetry": Compiled by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, compiled by Peng Dingqiu and others, nine hundred volumes. ③ Joubert: French ethicist in the eighteenth and ninth centuries. ④Fan Yuanshi: The character of Fan Zhongwen, a writer of the Song Dynasty.Author of "Qianxi Poetry Eye". ⑤Fang Xugu: Fanghui, a writer in the Yuan Dynasty.Forty-nine volumes of "Ying Kui Lu Sui" were compiled. ⑥ Song Cidao: Song Min, a writer in the Song Dynasty, asked for words.He has written three volumes of "Chunming Ebb Tide Record".Song Zijing: Song writer Song Qi.

⑦ Forced father: Song writer Qiang You'an.He wrote a volume of "Tang Zixi Wenlu". ⑧ "Zhu Zi Yu Lei": Quotations of Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty, compiled by his disciple Li Jingde, 140 volumes. ⑨Su Ziyou: Song Su Zhe word. 10 Uncle Zheng Qi: A student of Zhu Xi. ⑾Hengqu: Zhang Zai, Song Confucianist.A native of Hengqu Town, Mei County, he is known as Mr. Hengqu in the world. ⑿Qian Chengzhi: A writer in the Qing Dynasty, whose real name was Qian Bingdiao.He has written ten volumes of "Field Collection". ⒀ Jia Langxian: Jia Dao, a poet of the Tang Dynasty.

⒁ Boileau: French literary critic and writer in the seventeenth and eighth centuries. ⒂ Flaubert: French novelist of critical realism in the nineteenth century. (12) Wang Jide: Composer of the Ming Dynasty, with four volumes of "Qulu". ⒄ "Lianyang Collection": written by Wu Wen in the Qing Dynasty, twenty volumes. ⒅ Weng Qinxi: Qing Weng Fang Gang. ⒆ "Zhaomei Zhanyan": written by Dongshu (Zhizhi) in the Qing Dynasty, ten volumes, eight volumes continued, and two volumes continued. ⒇ Mareb: French poet in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (21) D'Annzio: An Italian poet, novelist, and playwright in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

This article talks about refining characters from the perspective of setting words and making sentences to avoid repetition.Huang Tingjian's poem said: "There is a spirit in arranging a word", Lu Yanrang's poem said: "Singing a word, breaking off several stems and whiskers." Liu Xie's "Bone of Style" said "beating a word is hard but difficult to move", Han Yu's poem said seven words "Six-character idioms are difficult for one character". On page 1217 of "Guan Zhuian", Lu Yun's "Book with Brother Pingyuan (Lu Ji)" 18:

"'Che' and 'Cha' don't rhyme with '日', and thinking is impossible. I would like to give this word." What is emphasized is that the words should be properly arranged in the sentence, not all about whether the word selection is new or not.Because no matter whether you are writing a composition or writing a poem, you should not choose words based on words, but must choose words based on the whole sentence, or even the whole text.Joubert said that this is also the meaning of the word Weijia, which means "to find a proper location".Some people in the Jiangxi School of Poetry talk about refining characters, and most of the emphasis is on selecting characters based on characters. etc., all advocated that "a good sentence requires good words", but did not talk about the arrangement of sentences in the text, only the arrangement of words in the sentence.Liu Xie said in "Practicing Words" that "a person who is good at writing is richer than ten thousand articles, but poorer than one character". Zhu Xi's students also felt that "stable characters" and "unable to think about" the "common base characters" that "just can't be written", and Zhang Zai also said that it is really difficult to write down characters, which shows the difficulty of choosing characters.Qian Bingdeng said that the best words and sentences in modern Tang Dynasty poems were all "acquired by hard chanting", and he believed that "the sentence is only between one word, and this word is nothing special, just right", but this word "is not poor in reading. Reason" and "finally unobtainable".Qian Shigui chanted hard, pursuing the truth of things and the exact meaning of words, and required that "this word" must be classic, obvious and resonant. It can be seen that Liu Xie’s so-called “difficult to move” characters, Qiang You’an’s so-called “steady characters”, Zhu Xi’s so-called “combined bottom characters”, and Qian Bingdeng’s so-called “just right” characters, the ancient Roman Franto taught people to search for "no other characters". The words "can be changed" have almost the same meaning, requiring poetry to pay attention to the arrangement of a word, so that it is "not allowed to be replaced by synonyms". Liu Xie also pointed out in the article "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons? Practicing Characters" that "duplication" and "offending the same character" were literary taboos during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Don't use things in the same place. Until the Qing Dynasty, Weng Fanggang commented on Wu Wen's use of things. The four-line poem "Who is in Qingqiu and Du Qiu's poems, lonely Fan Chuan is annoyed. Talking about spring when the trees are full of flowers, watching the yin Chengzi full of branches in the distance "The first sentence "Du Qiushi" refers to the poem "Du Qiuniang" written by Du Mu; the second sentence "Fan Chuan" refers to Du Mu, and "annoyed silk" refers to Du Mu's sentence "by the side of the Zen bed"; the fourth sentence " Yin Chengzi is full of branches", use Du Mu's sentence of "green leaves become Yinzi full of branches".Among them, one, two, four and three sentences use Du Mu's affairs, and raise this to a constitutional level, which is very strict.Fang Dongshu quotes a poem: "It is known that Zang Gu is the same loser, and Jing Fan has not been judged to determine which one survives." The last sentence uses "Zhuangzi? Parallel Thumb", which records that Zang (slave) and Gu (child) shepherd the sheep, Zang Xiece read, Gu gambled, and the two All perish.The next sentence uses "Zhuangzi? Tian Zifang": "The king of Chu sat with Lord Fan. Shaoyan, the king of Chu said three people who said 'everything is dead'. Fanjun said: 'The death of everyone is not enough to kill me'...then the existence of Chu is not enough to survive. By From this point of view, it is true that Chu has not existed since the beginning of death.” That is to say, Fan Jun said that the destruction of the country cannot destroy me, and I still exist.Then the existence of the state of Chu cannot make the king of Chu exist forever. Even though the state of Chu exists, the king of Chu will die.That is to say, everything has never died, and Chu has never survived.Fan here refers to Lord Fan who is still alive, and Chu here refers to the king of Chu who is still alive.These two poems all use allusions, which Fang Dongshu thinks is not acceptable. Western art talker Ma Leibo commented on poetry and Flaubert wrote, both of which pay attention to "not committing the same characters". It can be seen that Chinese and foreign poets and prose writers, ancient and modern, have the same opinion on the issue of character refinement. (2) (Huang Tingjian) The third song of "Gift to Gao Zimian": "There are eyes in the sentences that are picked up, and Peng Ze's intention is to have no strings." Note from Tianshe: "It is said that the eyes of Lao Du's poems are in the sentence, just like Peng Ze's qin, the meaning is beyond the strings." Yellow eyes don’t drive away” ②, Tianshe’s note: “Lu Zhi’s self-evaluation of Yuanyoujian’s words says: ‘There are pens in the words, just like the eyes in the sentences of Zen’; and the six-character poem says: ‘There are eyes in the sentences’. "It refers to the gift of Gao Zimian's first ③. "Ying Kui Lv Sui" Volume 4 Valley "Sending Uncle's Wilderness to Xuanzhou" ④, Fang Xugu commented: "Ming, Cui, Feng, and Wo are also poetic eyes. Houshan said, "There are yellow eyes in the sentence, don't drive." , Yes." Those who praised Shaoling with valleys in Juhou Mountain returned to the valleys.In Southern Song Dynasty Yu Shoulao's "Zunbaitang Collection" ⑤ Volume 2 "Gift to Pan Jieban" said: "Whoever has eyes in the sentence will know it, but I will only know the sound on the string";The eyes are the gods and the heart pivot (see pages 714 and 791 of "Guan Zhuibian"), the first treasure of "Vimalakirti's Sutras? Buddha Country Pin" uses verses to praise the Buddha ⑥, Seng Zhao commented to ⑦: "The five emotions Hundred skeletons have the longest eyes." Gai Yi has a general theory since ancient times.The scriptures then use the eyes as a metaphor for the essence of the wonderful way⑧, such as Shi Zhizhao compiled the sentences of sects and Gude's singing and sayings⑨, and named it "The Eyes of Humans and Heaven".Xu Wenchang's "Qingteng Shuwu Collected Works" Volume 10 Eighteen "Lunzhong" No. 5 said: "What is the eye. Just like the human body, the body is similar to the skin and hair, and the courtiers and concubines are similar.When it comes to the eyes, it suddenly becomes clear, bright and different, suddenly alert.Those who are gentle and eye-catching, this is also the case.Therefore, poems have poetic eyes, and Zen sentences have Zen eyes" and so on. Gao Shan said: "There are eyes in the collected sentences", which means that the beauty of Du's poems is worthy of exploration. And people in the sect, such as Shen Zen, died in the sentences. In the next ⑾, the flowers are chasing the end, and they mistakenly believe that the unique sentence eyes are just a close-fitting confrontation. It is also short-sighted. The eye of poetry is a dead eye rather than a living eye". For example, Lu Juren's "Tongmeng Poetry Training" records Pan Bin's old saying⒀: "The fifth word of a seven-character poem should be heard, such as "reflecting into the river and turning over the stone wall, returning to the cloud, surrounded by trees, and lost the mountain village." ', turn and lose are loud words.The third character of the five-character poem should be ringing, such as "round lotus floating small leaves, fine wheat falling light flowers", floating and falling are ringing characters.The so-called sounder is also committed to the place. " Zhang Zishao's "Hengpu Heart Biography" records Wen Juren's poems⒁, "There must be one or two characters in each sentence, and the ringing word is a magic finger. For example, 'a bird passes by lightly', 'flying swallows are slanted by the wind', Guo and Shou are both resounding words in the sentence". "Lao Xue'an Notes" Volume Five Records once sent Yao to comment on Li Xuji's poems as "work" and "hate dumb"⒂, Xuji gradually realized his method, and taught Yan Yuanxian⒃, and Yuan Xian taught the Second Song Dynasty⒄, and then lost; " However, Jiangxi poets always say that the third character of the five characters and the fifth character of the seven characters should sound, and this is also what they mean.” Guan Pan and Lu Lun’s “Xiang” mentioned similarly, not the floating sound of the main character’s sound suppressing the sound, but the meaning of the main character It is a warning strategy for the whole sentence ⒅, which can make the rest of the four characters and six characters shine, which is not necessarily the same as Zeng's meaning of abstaining from "dumb". Volume 1 of "Zhuzhuang Shihua" quotes "Manzhai Quotations" ⒆: "Five-character poems use the third character as the sentence point, and seven-character poems use the fifth character as the sentence point. The ancients refined characters only in the sentence point." This is what Pan Luzhi said.Fang Xugu especially used this Mingzhao to congratulate Huanggong on Volume 1 of "Zaijiuyuan Poetry Talk" and scoffed at the falseness of the sentence eyes in his "Lvsui". Taking Jinggong's five laws as an example, the eight sentences have "six eyes" , too much", covering "you only need two good eyes in life, so why bother to show great compassion".Ji Xiaolan refuted Xu Gu (21) in more detail in "Lyue Sui Journal Mistakes".Peeking at "Lengzhai Night Talk" (22) Volume 5 quotes Jinggong "The river and the moon turn into daylight, and the mountains and clouds divide into darkness and dusk", "One water protects the fields and surrounds the green, and the two mountains push the gates to send greenery", Dongpo "was afraid that the flowers would fall asleep late at night, and the high-burning red candles would illuminate the new makeup", "I will bring this stone home, with the East China Sea in my sleeve", and remembered the saying of the valley: "This is called the eye in the sentence. Scholars don't know this witty saying. , the rhyme is invincible." The five characters "Zhuan", "Fen", "Hu", "Pai", and "Send" in the two couplets of Husband and Jinggong can still be regarded as the words of Manzhai and Xugu; The third word in the seven-character poem and the fifth word "general" are not dedicated.Ruo Dongpo's four sentences are definitely not one-word warnings. "Rong Zhai Continued Writing" Volume Eight Records Valley Poem (23): "Returning to Yan has nothing to do with March, and the cicada is singing with a branch." The word "Yong" was originally called "Bao", and it was changed to "Zhan". "Zai" means "belt" and "yao" until the word "yong" is determined, and today it is called "remnant cicada is occupying". Then the refinement is in the fourth character (for this link, see "Deng Nan Chan Temple Huai Pei Zhongmou" in Volume 3 of "Supplement to the Outside of the Valley", where "Zheng" is changed to "Jew"). Therefore, the "sentence limit" in Shanshan's words is different from the beginning, and it is not limited to the "sentence eyes" spoken by the people in the school, and the chapters can be read. "Law Sui" Volume 14 Shaoling "Xiao Wang", Xu Gu commented: "The fifth and sixth are eyes for the eyes, hidden, clear, and heard"; Xiaolan commented: "Feng Yun: "When looking for a good sentence in ordinary times, there is naturally a strong part of the five characters; every word of Xu Gu's poems is very embarrassing.If the sentence "spring grass grows in the pond", what word is the eye of the sentence? '" The sentence of "Pond" and the four sentences of Dongpo called by the valley are complementary. Fan Yuanshi wrote a book called "Poetry Eyes of Qianxi" (24), which discusses poetry in general, but has not yet understood the meaning of the valley. The fake book "Miscellaneous Notes of Yunxian" Juan 3 (25) and Juan 8 cited "Zhongrong Juyan" (Volume 5 and Juan 6 cited "Continued Zhongrong Juyan"), the fragments are only words, and it is difficult to find out. However, the Zhongji Office of the Southern Dynasty picked up Huang Biejia from the Northern Song Dynasty Ya Houhui, as Gu Huan ridiculed (26): "Lu Shang stole Chen Heng's Qi (27), Liu Ji stole Wang Mang's man" already. (329-331 pages) "Lao Xue'an Notes" records that Zeng Zhiyao taught Li Xu to use the "Xiang Zi" formula, which can be compared with Fang Hui's comments in "Ying Kui Lv Sui". "Lyue Sui" volume four and two selected Xu Ji's "Ci Yun and Runan Xiucai's Tour of the Pure Land" to attend, Fang Comment also recorded that Zhi Yao gave the poem formula, Shen Yan said: "Yu said that this number of words poets have a great opportunity. Also, it is better to be dumb without working than to be loud without working. Pan Bin used the eyes in the sentence as the sound of the word, Lu Juren also said that the words sounded and the sentences sounded; Zhu Wengong blamed them for not all the poems in their later years. Scholars should get rid of their dumbness first. Between the cadences, the meaning is the pulse, the frame is the bone, and the words are the eyes, and it will be exhausted." The old man only said "ringing words", and the theory of "eyes in sentences" came out Fang's benefits.Volume 16 of Du Shaoling's "Nine Days at Lantian Cui's Village": "When I grow old, I am sad and autumn is strong and I am lenient, and when I am happy, I will make you happy today." I think that the bones and eyes of poetry are also. But if you read five characters in a low voice, but read two characters loudly, you will see the meaning." Gai said that the warning policy of the word meaning in a sentence is the "sentence eye", so it is appropriate to " If the sound of a word is loud, such as the sound of "knock" is louder than "tui", it is not the "sentence eye".His words are not necessarily the same as Zeng's purpose of abstaining from "dumbness".Volume 42 Chen Houshan's "Present to Wang Yuxiu and Shang Zichang": "When you meet a big enemy, you can be fearless, and forcefully draw and trim your eyebrows every time"; These two characters, where the spirit is at ease? Those who are good at reciting ancient poems, embellish one or two good characters, and sing aloud to know where the focus of force is." These two sentences "use force to focus on" are the words "greedy" and "forceful" at the beginning of the sentence. "The two characters, "neng" and "every" are used for meritorious deeds; Fang's adherence to Pan Bing's old saying that "the fifth character of seven-character poems must be heard", so he discarded the original and chased the last, and picked out the "eyes of the sentence" to cover his eyes like red yarn.Volume 1 of Shaoling's "Climbing Yueyang Tower", the comment begins with a clear meaning: "The place where the circle is everywhere is the eye in the sentence". "However, if it is in the same volume as Chen Jianzhai's "Crossing the River": Shake the boat and balance [circle] to cross, and welcome people and trees to [circle]"; Song Zhiwen's "Dengyuetai" (28): "The ground is wet and smoke often [circle], and the mountain is clear and rainy half [circle]"; Yang Gongji's "Above the Manna" (29): "The cloud holds the [circle] tower out of the sky, and the wind floats [circle] Zhong Pan falls to the world"; all The fourth or second word in the circle is "sentence eye", which is also obedient to the old theory that "the third word in five-character poems, and the fifth word in seven-character poems should ring".The Fang family has no reason to advance or retreat. ("Qian Zhongshu Research", pp. 9-10) ① "Houshan Poetry Notes": Song Renyuan (No. Tianshe) wrote notes for Chen Shidao's poems, twelve volumes. ②Huang Biejia: Song Huang Tingjian. ③Gao Zimian: Song Dynasty writer Gao Hezi. ④ "Ying Kui Lu Sui": Written by Yuan Fang Hui (No. Xu Gu), 49 volumes. ⑤ "Zunbaitang Collection": written by Yu Shou, six volumes. ⑥ "The Sutras Said by Vimalakirti": the three volumes of "Vimalakirti Sutra", translated by Qin Luoshi. "Buddha Kingdom Pin" is one of them. ⑦ Seng Zhao: One of the four sages under Qin Luoshi's sect, who annotated ten volumes of "Vimalakirti Sutra". 8 Interpretation Code: The Code of Buddhism.Song Shi Zhizhao wrote "The Eyes of Man and Heaven", six volumes, which collects the essentials of various schools of Zen. 9 Gude: An ancient monk with high morality. 10 Xu Wenchang: The Ming Dynasty writer Xu Wei.He has written thirty volumes of Collected Works of Qingteng Bookstore. ⑾ The death of Chan Chan is at the bottom of the sentence: Chan Chan does not realize the Tao, but only studies in words. ⑿ "Poetry Raft": written by Qing Dynasty writer He Yisun (zi Ziyi), one volume. ⒀ "Tongmeng Poetry Training": written by Song Dynasty writer Lu Benzhong (zi Juren), three volumes.Pan Bing Lao: Pan Dalin, a writer in the Song Dynasty. ⒁ "Biography of Hengpu Heart": written by Song Dynasty writer Zhang Jiucheng (zi Zishao), three volumes, it is Zhang Jiucheng's quotations. ⒂ "Lao Xue'an Notes": written by Song Luyou, ten volumes.Both Zeng Zhiyao and Li Xuji were writers of the Song Dynasty. ⒃Yan Yuanxian: Song Dynasty writer Yan Shu, styled Shutong, posthumous posthumous Yuanxian. (12) The Second Song Dynasty: Brothers Song Xiang and Song Qi, writers of the Song Dynasty. (10) Warning: There are enough shocking parts in the poems. ⒆ "Zhuzhuang Shihua": written by Song He Xiwen, twenty-four volumes. "Manzhai Quotations": Poems from the Song Dynasty, the author is unknown. ⒇ "Zaijiuyuan Poetry Talk": written by Heshang (word Huang Gong) in Qing Dynasty, three volumes. (21) "Lyue Sui Journal Mistakes": written by Qing Ji (word Xiaolan), forty-nine volumes. (22) "Lengzhai Night Talk": written by Song Shihui Hong, ten volumes. (23) "Rongzhai Continuation": written by Song Hongmai, sixteen volumes. (24) "Poetry Eye of Qianxi": written by Song Fan Zhongwen (character real), one volume. (25) "Miscellaneous Notes of Yunxian": written by Tang Fengzhi (?), ten volumes.Since the Song Dynasty, it has been regarded as a fake book. (26) Gu Huan: Qi writer in the Southern Dynasties, with the word Jingyi. (27) Lu Shang: Jiang Ziya.Chen Heng: That is Chen Chengzi who murdered Duke Jian of Qi. (28) Song Zhiwen: A poet in the Tang Dynasty, with the word Yanqing. (29) Yang Gongji: Song Dynasty poet Yang Pan. These two chapters are mainly about the ancients' poems, and the most important thing to pay attention to in refining words and characters is the eyes in the sentence, also known as the eyes of poetry, which refers to the wonderful and vivid words in the poems, and is a warning for the whole sentence.Huang Tingjian's poem "To Gao Zimian" mentioned Du Fu's poems, the eyes are in the sentence, just like Tao Qian's qin, the meaning is beyond the string; Eye. 1. The basis for putting forward the eyes of poetry: "Guan Zhuibian? Taiping Guangji" talks about the figure paintings of the Jin Dynasty painter Gu Kaizhi, who did not close his eyes for several years, and said: "When you light your eyes, you want to speak"; Su Shi explained "A Du "Chinese" language, saying "the difficulty of conveying the spirit lies in the eyes" (quoted in "The Legend of the Gods"); "Mencius? Di said that the eyes are the most expressive officials on the human face; Shi Dian also uses the eyes as a metaphor to express the wonderful way.It can be seen that both China and foreign countries have attached great importance to the performance of the eyes. Since the "eyes are the hub of the gods and the heart", in today's words, the eyes are the windows of the soul, then the "poetic eye" seems to be regarded as the soul of poetry.Here is a quote from Xu Wei: The human body’s only eyes are “suddenly, brightly and differently, and suddenly alert. Those who have a gentle eye, this is also the case. Therefore, poems have poetic eyes, and Zen sentences have Zen eyes.” This is particularly clear. 2. What is the eye: Huang Tingjian said that "there are eyes in the collected sentences", which refers to the beauty of Du's poems, which are "resisting exploration and exploration", and the "sentence eyes" that some people in the Jiangxi School of Poetry say is against the "sentence eyes" of modern poetry Differently, He Yisun ridiculed the so-called "sentence eye", which was just "one or two words, referring to the ancient poet's eye", which was actually a "dead eye", not a "living eye" created by himself. Pan Dalin said: "The fifth character of seven-character poems should ring" and "the third character of five-character poems should sound", that is to say, the eyes should ring in the sentence. Manzhai Quotations" so-called "the ancients refined their characters only at the eyes of the sentence"; Lu Benzhong, when discussing poetry, advocated that "every sentence must have one or two characters ringing", and even required that every word be ringing and every sentence be ringing. Miaozhi", from this example sentence, he is different from Pan Dalin, and he does not limit the word "Xiang" in the five-character poem to be in the third character. fifth word.Zeng Zhiyao commented on Li Xuji's poems: "Work" and "hate the dumb", "It's better not to work and make a sound." It can be seen that what he calls a dumb person means that the word should not sound when there should be a word.Judging from the examples of poems listed by Pan and Lu Lun "Xiang", such as "reflecting into the river and overturning the stone wall, returning to the mountain village surrounded by clouds and trees", "the round lotus floats with small leaves, the fine wheat falls and the flowers are light", "flying swallows are slanted by the wind" and so on. , not simply advocating the sound of the word sound, but advocating that the meaning of the word should be the warning policy of the whole sentence. Make the rest of the characters "give weight to add luster"; Zeng's "dumbness" seems to focus on the loudness of the sound of the characters, which is relatively narrow; The fifth character is "sentence eyes". Fang Hui's idea is the same. He Shang is very disapproving. Wang Anshi's five rhythms and eight sentences actually have "six eyes". 3. Shi Huihong quoted Wang Anshi's "Jiangyue" and "Yi Shui" in "Lengzhai Evening Talk", and Su Shi's "only fear" In the two couplets of "I carry", Huang Tingjian said that "they are all called the eyes in the sentence". However, among the five "sentence eyes" in Wang Anshi's four sentences, four of the sentence eyes are in the third word of the seven words, and only one sentence eye is in the seven words. The fifth character of the words; and Su Shi's two couplets are by no means based on a single word; Hong Mai quoted Huang Tingjian's seven words in "Rongzhai Supplement" "Gao Chan is using a branch to sing", pointing out that what he repeatedly tempered and revised is the first The four characters "use", not the fifth character "one".Therefore, when appreciating five- and seven-character regulated poems, one cannot mechanically follow the "Manzhai Yulu" and Fang Hui and others to find the "sentence eye" at the fixed position of each sentence, but to truly appreciate the poems. Intriguing place. (3) (Huang Tingjian) The second song of "Ciyun Xiangheqing and Zou Tianxi Night Talking about the South Pole Pavilion": "Sit in and get more guests from the south of the Yangtze River, and open the south window to borrow the moon to see." Note from Tianshe: "Meng Jiao's poem: 'Borrowing the moon from the South Tower Middle'." According to the sentence, there is the word "see" in order to get "borrow". Word power.Tianshe only saw the word "borrowing the moon", but it didn't get the marrow.Xiangshan's "Jixian Pond Answers to the Waiter's Questions" says: "The moon in the pool is useless for leisure, and the master can borrow guests to travel without it"; and "Guo Zheng Chushi" says: "So I didn't come here to ask for other things, so I borrowed the South Pavilion to look at the mountain temporarily. " Zhu Qingyu's poem "Chaozhou Han Envoy Set Banquet" (one of which is Li Pin's "Answer to Han Zhongcheng's tolerance for not drinking") says: "The amorous prefect sits idle, borrowing the time to watch the green hills." Guanxiu's "Late Watch" says: "Look for the place where the flowers grow, and use the moon to cross Qianwan." If you don't have the characters of You, Wang, Kan and Guo, borrowing characters is useless.Later, Chen Jianzhai's "To Dong's Garden Pavilion" said ②: "The curtain hooks are hung with all the futons to stabilize, and the ten-zhang empty courtyard borrows the rain to look." If you don’t get it, borrow someone’s fence to enjoy the yellow flowers”; and Zhao Yuzhai’s "Qingming" says: "I am sad that Qingming has not returned, but I borrow someone’s door to plant weeping poplars." Qu Zongji ④ "Qingming" says: "Looking at pear blossoms through pavilions." Tang Ziwei's "Moju" is quoted in the volume of "Pao Lu Poetry Talk" ⑤: "Borrowing people's fences to see the west wind." Yun: "Borrow people's pavilions to see Wushan Mountain." The author is special, all of them are based on reading, appreciating, and inserting characters, and the valley's hands and eyes are also restored.Liu Xuxi commented on "Jian Zhai Ji" ⑦, and commented on the sentence "Shizhang empty court borrows rain to see": "Excellent use of borrowed characters" seems to have been forgotten in Binggu's sentence. (331-332 pages) ① Zhu Qingyu, Li Pin and Guan Xiu were all Tang Dynasty writers. ② Chen Jianzhai: Song Chen Yuyi. ③ "Meizhen Poetry Talk": written by Yuan Wei Ju'an, three volumes.Ye Jingyi: Song Dynasty writer Ye Shaoweng. ④ "Poetry Collection of Liechao": compiled by Qian Qianyi of Qing Dynasty, eighty-one volumes.Qu Zongji: Qu You, a writer of the Ming Dynasty. ⑤ "Paolu Poetry Talk": written by Shen Tao (No. Paolu) in Qing Dynasty, three volumes.Tang Ziwei: Ming Dynasty painter and poet Tang Yin, also known as Bohu. ⑥ Huang Xintian: Huang Ren, a poet of the Qing Dynasty. ⑦ Liu Xuxi: Song Dynasty writer Liu Chenweng. This article quotes the poems of Bai Juyi, Zhu Qingyu, Seng Guanxiu, Chen Yuyi, Ye Shaoweng, Qu Gu, Tang Yin, Huang Ren, etc. writers since the Tang Dynasty who use the word "borrowing". Well, we can't just rely on the use of the word "borrow", but rely on the cooperation of the word "kan".For example, Huang Tingjian's "Ciyun Xiangheqing and Zou Tianxi Yeyu Nanji Pavilion": "Open all the south windows to borrow the moon to see", this "borrow" means to take temporarily or rely on, what does "borrow the moon" do? The word "kan" is the origin of the word "borrow". It is only by supplementing it with a verb that the word "borrow" can be shown to be "excellently used". If the word "borrowing" is not found, this will only be discovered when you look at the whole sentence, and you can't just pay attention to whether it is the "sentence eye".Ren Yuan's annotations for Huang's poems only used Meng Jiao's poems to annotate "borrowing the moon", obviously ignoring the examination of the whole sentence.Among the poem examples cited here, whether it is "borrowing guests to travel", "borrowing the South Pavilion to look at the mountains", "borrowing the green hills to look", or "borrowing the moon to cross the bay", "borrowing the rain to look", "borrowing the fence to enjoy the flowers", etc. ", "Borrowing a door to plant poplars", "Borrowing a building to see flowers", "Borrowing a fence to see the wind", "Borrowing a pavilion to see a mountain" are all the same sentence patterns, the use of the word "borrowing" must have a purpose Sexual verbs are fine. (4) (Huang Tingjian) "Ciyun Presents Gongding": "For fear of getting out of yourself, killing him is like playing chess." Qingshen's annotation quotes "Zuo Zhuan": "Ningzi regards the king as much as playing chess." According to this sentence, the power of the word "kill" is used to talk about idioms, and it is no excuse to say that those who are jealous of the virtuous and capable are excluded.As early as in Ma Rong's Fu on Weiqi ①: "Go deep into the greedy land and kill the soldiers." Zhang Wencheng's "Chaoye Qianzai" ② Volume 2 records Liang Wudi's "Fang and others chess, want to kill" a paragraph, "response said: 'kill But.'" Yuan Wei's "Rewarding Xiaofu Seeing Gift" ③The seventh song chant "Throwing chess for nothing", there is a saying: "In the end, we must kill all the enemies at the edge." Zhang in the Northern Song Dynasty drafted "The Classic of Chess? Ninth cloud ④: "Chess is used to cheat and kill in the name of robbery and killing"; and "Number of Names" Chapter 11 lists thirty-two names of chess, and its twenty-seven to thirty states: "There are Zheng, there is robbery, there is holding, and there is killing." Later generations follow it, such as the fifty-fifth chapter Wang Tai said: "There are still people in the world who are as happy as killing arrow chess. I have killed arrow chess, and I am very happy." It is of course not surprising that the word "kill" is used when writing Go, because it is out of date.It will have a striking and startling effect if it is applied to the party of court scholars to fight against differences.Dingyenov ⑥ tasted that: industry disciplines, each has its own specialization, so each has its own vocabulary, and each vocabulary is also endowed with its own color.Its characters are in the vocabulary of the industry, such as white sand in the mud, silk dyed, and the toilets are confused; and when it is replaced by words of other industries, it is clear and eye-catching, such as a cluster of green and red, and snow branches stand up.Therefore, the word "kill" in the chess classic is a statement; but in this poem, it is like a sentence.Si is also an example of rhetoric "taking the old as new, and taking the vulgar as elegant".However, if the word "kill" does not have the three characters "like Go" as a backing, it is really said that he will be punished with a heavy code and die with a European sword; using the common language of criminal law to tell the story of the court will not be exciting.Sri Lanka also arranged a word example. (page 337) "Huainanzi? False." With "zai" as the heart is not empty, good at using words. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Zheng Xuan Biography": "When I was sick, Yuan Shao ordered his son Tan to send envoys to force Xuan to follow the army. It was a last resort; when he went to Yuancheng County, he was sick." "Returning the sick body"; "carrying the sick body" and the body "carrying the disease" have always been referred to as a metaphor, with the same meaning, both of which are "carrying things" and "carrying wine".The body "carrying illness" is also like "carrying sorrow and joy" in the heart.Cen Jiazhou's "Monk's House in Tishan Temple" ⑨: "The shadow of the window shakes the trees, and the shadow of the wall carries a peak."The calligraphy is more proficient in "Huainan" and "Fanshu". (377-378 pages) (Wang Anshi) "On the River": "The spring breeze is like mending the broken forest pond." Press the word "bu" to be effective.Changli "Hsinchu" says: "Replenish the forest with rare and skillful, and fight for land", Song Zijing's "Jingwen Ji" Volume 10 Volume 12 "Answer to Zhang Xueshi West Lake Impromptu" says: "Returning to the hegemony and prolonging the fall, and the rest to make up for the sparse forest"; Jing Gong did not say that the first thing is the second thing, but the spring breeze and the scenery, Baichang Suzhuo, there is no need to make up, and what is broken must be finished, the meaning of the sentence is especially superb.He Fanghui's "Qinghu Relics Collection" Volume 5⑾ "Guishan Evening Mooring" says: "Long forests make up the gaps in the mountains, and the tide marks between the green grasses". The word "broken" is also. (399 pages) (Yuan Haowen) "Toad Pond": "From now on, you will see toads as beautiful, and you will climb up to the blue clouds when you climb the sand." According to "Send Wang Yafu to Xu Jing": "The world is unpredictable, and there is a blue cloud ladder at the bottom of the well." One ridicule and one consolation, with the same meaning and different purpose. "nice" That is to say, "good vision" means to look at each other differently.Bai Letian's "Send a Silver Spoon and A Gui on the Road": "The boy needs to be pampered, and Mrs. Zou is the most beautiful." It is quite rare for the two characters to be used in this way in ancient poetry. (483 pages) ① Ma Rong: Han Dynasty writer. ②Zhang Wencheng: Tang Zhang's character.He has written a volume of "The Dynasty and the Field". ③Yuan Weizhi: The character of Yuan Zhen, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. ④ "Chess Classic": Song Zhang proposed to write, one volume, thirteen chapters. ⑤: A novel written by Wu Jingzi, a writer in the Qing Dynasty. ⑥ Dyenov: Soviet writer. ⑦ "Huainanzi": written by Liu An, king of Huainan in the Han Dynasty, 21 volumes. ⑧ Changji: Li He, a poet of the Tang Dynasty. 9 Cen Jiazhou: Cen Shen, a poet of the Tang Dynasty.He used to be the governor of Jiazhou. 10 "Jing Wen Ji": written by Song Qi (word Zi Jing), a writer of the Song Dynasty, sixty-two volumes. ⑾ "Qinghu Relics Collection": written by Song Hezhu (word Fanghui), nine volumes. Poetry should be written well, word refining is as important as rhetoric and sentence making. The story of Jia Dao, a famous chanting poet in the Tang Dynasty, is well known in ancient and modern poetry circles. Counting the stems and whiskers. Searching the sky should be boring, and searching the sea will also dry up" ("Bitter Yin"). Zhu Xi also said: "Looking at the text is like a cruel official running a prison. He just pushes and investigates to the end. He will never forgive him. The usage is profound, and there is no Human feelings." (Zhu Zi Yu Lei, Volume 140), it can be seen that refining characters is not easy.The four here are to explore the artistic experience of refining words and sentences from specific lines. 1. Huang Tingjian's "Ciyun Presents Gongding": "For fear of getting out of oneself, killing him is like playing chess." The background of the three characters "playing chess" makes this word "kill" different from the general borrowing of "criminal idioms", and it is even more brilliant.Before Huang Tingjian, Ma Rong's "Go Fu" used the word "kill", Zhang Jue's "Chaoye Qianzai" recorded that Emperor Wu of Liang used the word "kill" when playing chess with others, and Yuan Zhen "threw chess without incident". The word "kill" is used, and Mrs. Wang in the novel also uses the word "kill" when playing chess, but they all use it because they write about go, so they feel clichéd.同是一个“杀”字，用在弈棋上，是“置于本业词汇中，如白沙在泥”，自然平淡，看不出有什么特异，而黄庭坚将“杀”字移置于朝士之间的争斗，则产生了“醒目惊心”的艺术效果，精警而新鲜。这可以说是“以俗为雅”，“以故为新”的例子。 二、刘安在《淮南子?齐俗训》里写到“载哀”“载乐”，是“心”在“载”，也就是“哀”“乐”置居于心上，心里装着“哀”“乐”，故“闻歌”“见哭”之后会产生“泣”或“笑”的不同感情，“载”字形容“心之不虚”，还有所载，所以说“载” 字用得好。范晔写《后汉书?郑玄传》时，用了刘安的修辞法，既然“哀”“乐”可“载”于心，那么，“病”亦可“载”于身，即带病之身。这个“载”字的用法，到了李贺笔下又有所丰富，他在《出城寄权璩杨敬之》中有“何事还车载病身”，一个“载” 字两番用处，一是“车载病身”，直指；二是“载病”于身，曲喻。岑参《题山寺僧房》里有“墙阴载一峰”句，是写“峰”的影子落在墙上，也就是墙上留置下一个峰的阴影，墙“载”影，“载”字之用，尤为精妙。 三、王安石《江上》诗中有“春风似补林塘破”句，“补”字用得好，又用“春风” 来“补”林塘上草木疏稀或秃脱的地方，“句意尤佳”，可以使人想到万木复苏，春意盎然之情景。韩愈《新竹》有“稀生巧补林”句，“稀生”两字不如“破”字新巧，而“补”字又坐实于“林”，显得平平。宋祁“返霞延落照，余岫补疏林”联，对仗不错，颇有意境，但是“补”字用得死，是用起起伏伏的山峰“补”疏疏落落的林木，给人呆板之感。同样，贺铸的“长林补山豁，青草际潮痕”，也对仗得好，只是以长林“补” 山之缺处，与宋祁以起伏之山峰“补”林之疏处，句式相同，作意也相反相成，皆以实物补实物，觉得过于落实，韵味不足。 四、元好问《蟾池》以“蟆”“爬沙即上青云端”，嘲讽世间向上爬高位之辈；《送王亚夫归许昌》之“井底容有青云梯”，以“井底”喻许昌虽小，但总会有“青云梯”，会有步步高升的机会的，用意却在安慰与勉励王亚夫。两诗用“青云端”、“青云梯”，词意相同而用心各异。又《蟾池》中“从今见蟆当好看”与白居易的“邹婆为好看”，皆用“好看”两字，本意“善视”，这里则同是“另眼相看”之意，在古诗文中此类用法很少见。 (5) 定庵《梦中作四截句》①第二首：“叱起海红帘底月，四厢花影怒于潮”，奇语也。 亦似点化孙渊如妻王采薇《长离阁集?春夕》②：“一院露光团作雨，四山花影下如潮。” 王句传诵，《随园诗话》卷五即摘之。祖构不乏，如陈云伯《碧城仙馆诗钞》③卷二《月夜海上观潮》：“归来小卧剧清旷，花影如潮满秋帐”；孙子潇《天真阁集》④卷十四《落花和仲瞿》第二首：“满天红影下如潮，香骨虽销恨未销”；黄公度《人境庐诗草》⑤卷三《樱花歌》：“千金万金营香巢，花光照海影如潮。”定庵用“怒”字，遂精彩百倍。其《文续集?说居庸关》：“木多文杏、苹婆、棠梨，皆怒华”；包天笑钞录《定庵集外未刻诗?纪梦》⑥：“西池酒罢龙娇语，东海潮来月怒明”；盖喜使此字。王怀祖《读书杂志?史记》⑦四《平原君虞卿列传》引《广雅》说“怒”为“健”、“强”之义，《庄子?外物》：“草木怒生”，又《逍遥游》：“大鹏怒而飞”；《全唐文》⑧卷七百二十七舒元舆《牡丹赋》写花酣放云：“兀然盛怒，如将愤泄”，尤可参观《后汉书?第五伦传》：“鲜车怒马”，章怀注⑨：“谓马之肥壮，其气愤盈也。” 王荆公《寄育王大觉禅师》：“山木悲鸣水怒流”；《山谷外集》卷一《溪上吟》： “汀草怒长”，史容注引：“草木怒生”，又僧善权诗：“桃李纷已华，草木俱怒长。”⑩张皋文《茗柯文》三编《公祭董浔州文》⑾：“春葩怒抽，秋涛惊滂。” 夫枚乘《七发》⑿写“海水上潮”早曰：“突怒面无畏”，“如振如怒”，“发怒底沓”；“鼓怒溢浪”，“鼓怒作涛”，亦夙着于木、郭《海赋》、《江赋》⒀。 “潮”曰“怒”，已属陈言；“潮”喻“影”，亦怵人先；“影”曰“怒”，龃龉费解⒁。以“潮”周旋“怒”与“影”之间，骖靳参坐⒂，相得益彰。“影”与“怒” 如由“潮”之作合而缔交莫逆，“怒潮”之言如藉“影”之拂拭而减其陈，“影”、“潮”之喻如获“怒”为贯串而成其创。真诗中老斲轮也⒃。（462—463页） 陈文述《碧城仙馆诗钞》卷三《落花》之二：“芳径春残飞作雪，画帘风细下如潮。” 复用王采薇句；卷二有《题〈长离阁遗集〉》四律，倾倒采薇，以不及师事为恨。汪漱芳《出栈后宝鸡道中作》⒄：“直放丹梯下碧霄，四围山影泻如潮”（《晚晴簃诗汇》卷一二五），易“花影”为“山影”，避上句“下”字，遂用“泻”字，有矜气努力之态，甚不自在。阮元《小沧浪笔谈》卷一称引马履泰《出历城东门抵泺口》⒅：“荷花怒发疑瞋岸，黄犊闲眠解看人”，征之《秋药庵诗集》卷二，此联作：“荷花乱发瞋沙岸，黄犊闲眠看路人”，当是编集时改定。改本下句确胜原本，“解”字赘疣；上句“瞋”字险诡，原本以“怒”字照应，“疑”字斡旋，煞费周张，终未妥适，况突如其来，并无此二字先容乎？（《钱锺书研究》18—19页） 《永乐大典》卷九○○《诗》字引郭昂《偶然作》⒆：“群犬安然本一家，偶因投骨便相牙〔呀〕。白头野叟俱无问，醉眼留教看落花”，卷二三四六《乌》字引韩明善诗⒇：“花外提壶柳外莺，老乌傍立太粗生。世间好丑原无定，试倚茅檐看晚晴。”两篇命意亦均师少陵《缚鸡行》，而点破“俱无问”，“原无定”，便浅露矣。（同上20页） 少陵《课小竖斫舍北果林蔓》第二首：“青虫悬就日”；王钦臣《王氏谈录》记其父王洙“尝得句”云(21)：“槐杪青虫缒夕阳。”均体物佳句，而未道“悬虫低复上”。 杨万里《诚斋集》卷八《过招贤渡》之二：“柳上青虫宁许劣，垂丝到地却回身”，则写此。刘辰翁《戏题》，“惊谓青虫堕，垂丝忽上来”，又新意变陈矣。李铁君句见《睫巢集》卷四《幽栖》(22)，“坠”字当从原作“堕”。（同上20—21页）①定庵：清代文学家龚自珍号。有《龚定庵合集》。 ②《长离阁集》：清代女作家王采薇撰，一卷。渊如：清代作家孙星衍号。 ③陈云伯：清陈文述号。撰有《碧城仙馆诗钞》八卷。 ④孙子潇：清孙原湘字。撰有《天真阁集》三十卷。 ⑤黄公度：清黄遵宪字。撰有《人境庐诗草》十一卷。 ⑥包天笑：近人包公毅，号天笑生。辑有《定庵集外未刻诗》一卷。 ⑦王怀祖：清王念孙字。撰有《读书杂志》二卷。 ⑧《全唐文》：清嘉庆间敕编，一千卷。 ⑨章怀：唐高宗六子，名李贤，立为太子，諡章怀。为范晔修撰一百二十卷《后汉书》作注。 ⑩僧善权：宋僧，靖安高氏子。撰有《真隐集》。 ⑾张皋文：清张惠言字。撰有《茗柯文》五卷，分四编。 ⑿枚乘：汉代文学家。 ⒀木、郭：晋代文学家木华，字玄虚，作《海赋》；郭璞字景纯，作《江赋》。 ⒁龃龉（juyu举迂）：意不相和，常有摩擦。 ⒂骖靳（canjin参近）：驾车时两旁的马称骖，中间的马称服，骖马的头，当服马胸上的靳（皮带），指前后相随。 ⒃老斲（zhuo酌）轮：斲；砍；削。斲轮：砍木头做车轮。后来称对某种事情富有经验者为“斲轮老手”，亦即老手。 ⒄汪漱芳：清代作家，字润六，号柳桥。有《十梧山房集》。 ⒅阮元、马履泰：清代作家。阮有《小沧浪笔谈》四卷；马有《秋药庵诗集》八卷。 ⒆《永乐大典》：大型类书。明成祖永乐元年敕解缙以韵字类聚经史子集天文地理为一书，二万二千八百七十七卷，现存八百余卷。郭昂：元代作家，字彦高。 ⒇韩明善：元代作家韩性字。 (21)王钦臣：宋人，有《王氏谈录》一卷。 (22)李铁君：清代作家李锴字。撰有《睫巢集》六卷，后集二卷。 这四则引证历代若干诗例加以比较欣赏，从而论述用字、改字方面的艺术经验。 一、龚自珍诗喜用“怒”字，如《忏心》：“佛言劫火遇背销，何物千年怒若潮”；《己亥杂诗》：“怪道乌台牙放早，几人怒马出长安。”这里举引的《梦中作四截句》： “叱起海红帘底月，四厢花影怒于潮”，“怒”字用得尤奇。花之影茁壮纷繁如潮涌，使人可以想见花之繁盛和月之皎洁。在龚自珍之前，女诗人王采薇已先有创造性的构想，写下了：“一院露光团作雨，四山花影下如潮”的诗句，“下”字用得好，颇有动感，“花影”在“下”，可知月亮在走，给春天充满露光的夜晚凭添了一种神秘色彩。陈文述的“花影如潮满秋帐”，孙原湘的“满天红影下如潮”，黄遵宪的“花光照海影如潮”，也都写花影如潮，但读来觉得皆常见之形容，平淡而呆板，不如龚自珍用“怒”字，“遂精彩百倍”。“怒”字，王念孙引《广雅》，释为“健”、“强”之义，李贤为《后汉书?第五伦传》之“鲜车怒马”注，亦作“肥壮”之意解，早有“草木怒生”，“大鹏怒而飞”，枚乘《七发》写海水上潮，有“如振如怒”，“发怒底沓”，郭璞《海赋》亦有“鼓怒溢浪”，“鼓怒作涛”，皆在写一种威势，含有“健”“强” meaning.舒元舆赋牡丹“兀然盛怒”，王安石的“山木悲鸣水怒流”，黄庭坚的“汀草怒长”，僧善权的“草木俱怒长”，张惠言的“春葩怒抽”，或写水流之势，或状草木盛态，但都不如龚自珍的构想新奇。钱先生指出：“潮”曰“怒”，已属陈言；“潮”喻“影”，恐有人先用；“影”曰“怒”，意义不合，颇为费解，而龚自珍则以“潮”周旋于“怒” 与“影”之间，使其前后互有依傍，“影”与“怒”由“潮”作合而结交，使“怒潮” 这一陈言，借“影”的拂拭而增新意，以“潮”喻“影”，又以“怒”字为之贯串，遂成为独创的神来之笔。 二、王采薇《春夕》：“一院露光团作雨，四山花影下如潮”联，流传以后，仿效者众，陈文述的“芳径春残飞作雪，画帘风细下如潮”，仿王诗句式过于直露，写落花残片竟如飞雪，在微细的风中像潮水般纷纷落下，既夸张，又坐实，不如王作。汪漱芳亦仿王诗句式，作“四围山影泻如潮”，山影必是大片大片地遮下来，用“泻”字无不可，但终究过于雕琢。马履泰的仿作，无论是阮元所引，还是他本集所载，均及不上王作，但比较起来，在这两种版本的四句当中，还是以“荷花乱发瞋沙岸，黄犊闲眠看路人”两句胜，至少是写出了黄河岸边泺口小镇清闲自在的村景，饶有兴味。马履泰将原作“解看人”改作“看路人”较合，因“黄犊”解看人说不通。 三、杜甫的《缚鸡行》虽不常为选家所选，但确是一首意味深长的好诗：“小奴缚鸡向市卖，鸡被缚急相喧争。家中厌鸡食虫蚁，不知鸡卖还遭烹。虫鸡于人何厚薄，吾叱奴人解其缚。鸡虫得失无了时，注目寒江倚山阁。”因惜虫而将吃虫的鸡缚起出卖，谁知被卖的鸡也将如虫被吃，鸡虫难以两全，怎么办呢？惟有望江倚阁而已。把人世间的利害，形象地写出，给人留有思索寻味的余地，言有尽而意无穷。仇注杜诗引宋李浩（德远）《东西船行》拟杜诗：“东船得风帆席高，千里瞬息轻鸿毛。西船见笑苦迟钝，流汗撑折百张篙。明日风翻波浪异，西笑东船却如此。东西相笑无已时，我但行藏任天理。”用船