Chapter 112 (12) Speech and Metonymy

"Mansou Shihua" contains Chen Benming's so-called "words do not use words"①, which is absolutely different from what is said in "Lengzhai Yehua" and "Tongmeng Shixun"②.I am the same as the skin, but I am different. ③.Chen Shiyun: "The predecessors said that poetry should be used in words, not in style, because the meaning is deep. If the words are cold, they will say: 'You can swallow but not rinse'; '." The two examples are Dongpo's poems, respectively "Qixian Sanxia Bridge" and "Suhaihui Temple". "Speaking and body" refers to general Taoist sentiments; "speech and function" refers to showing things and turning emptiness into reality, so that the outline can be settled.

Wu Mengchuang's "Wind into the Pine" poem ④: "Wasps explore the swings frequently, and there are slender hands at that time, and they are fragrant"; the "use" of "bee exploration" is used to confirm the body of "fragrant" (see "Guan Zhuibian" 628- 629 pages).The method of covering and depicting is not to use "replacement characters". This kind of description can also be referred to as "replacement characters"; for example, those who talk about "beautiful women" use "use" to show "body" and use fruit to explain the cause:

"One look at the city of Qingren, and then look at the country of Qingren", if you soak in fakes, "Qingcheng" and "Qingguo" become Shuli's "substitute words".However, the original intention of casting Ci was not to avoid "name" at first, but to say bluntly that "there are beautiful women in the north". "Substitute words" are classified into two categories. "Lengzhai Evening Talk" said that Jing Gong's poems "words use but not name", not "water", "willow", "silk", "wheat", but "duck green", "goose yellow", "white snow" , "Huangyun"; it is the nature of the imitation thing, to replace the name of the thing.Han and Meng's "Chengnan Lianju" replaced "jujube" and "melon" with "red wrinkle" and "yellow group", Changji's "Song of General Lu" replaced "heaven" with "Yuan Cang", and "Yanmen Taishou Xing" used "Yulong" instead of "sword" belongs to this category. "Tongmeng Shixun" discusses "the beauty of articles", such as "not talking about writing Fu, but talking about 'carving insects', not talking about sending books, but saying 'cooking carp', who don't know cold food, but saying 'forbidden fire' is Quoting the truth of things, replacing the names of things" (see "Selected Notes on Song Poetry" on Yan Shu).Zicai ridiculed "Zhe school"

Using "replacement words" mostly belongs to this category.One is based on the nature of things themselves, and the other is idioms based on precedents of things.In the poetry and prose of the Six Dynasties, official affairs are the most important, borrowing from the past to apply to the present, and the words are "replacement" (see pages 1420 and 1474 of "Guan Zhui Bian").The prevailing customs are also popular. "Yan's Family Instructions? Mian Xue" to ridicule ⑤: "In the south of the Yangtze River, strong words are used to pretend to be Zhou Zheng, and cholera is Bolu. Words and food make a living, Taoism money is Kong Fang, questions are Chu Qiu, marriages are banquets, and kings are everything. Zhongxuan ⑥, Yu Liu is all injustice ⑦. There are one or two hundred cases."

(563-564 pages) Aristotle's "Rhetoric of Words" early said that the elegant words ⑧ did not know the name of things but wrote the shape of things.Quintilian, the master of rhetoric in ancient Rome, must rectify the name of predicates. Those who care about the obscenity and vulgarity of things, their names are not suitable for writing, and they must be replaced by euphemistic words.Weida's "Poetry" ⑨ earnestly teaches people to chant things in poems, not to explain things clearly, but to set them off vaguely, and to point out sideways: For example, the names of the god of valley, the god of wine, and the god of the sea are called instead of the name of valley, wine, and sea.It is similar to our country's "Speaking of Liu Bigong", "Du Kang Jieyou", "Heaven and Wu Xiaoshun", "Wei Wu's descendants", "Qingxiang Shiye", "Black-clothed children", "Su Xiaoxiang folks" and so on.Shaoling's "Send to Yuezhou Jia Sima Liuzhang, Bazhou Yanba Shijun": "Jia's pen discusses loneliness ⑩, Yan Jun's poems ⑾", which are called Jia Yi and Yan Zhu; People"⑿: "Thinking of Yan Zi on the beach⒀, remembering Xu You in the mountains"⒁, which means Yan Guang and Xu You.Both are "substitute characters" for two ancient people with the same surname, especially in Ming poetry. (Pages 567-568) ① "Mansou Poetry Talk": written by Qing Dynasty painter Xie Yuan (styled Dongjun, nicknamed Mansou), one volume. "Shuo Yu" (Wanwei Shantang version) has no author.

② "Lengzhai Night Talk": written by Song Shihui Hong, ten volumes. "Tongmeng Poetry Training": written by Song Chang, three volumes. ③ On page 247 of "Tan Yi Lu", the substitute words are mixed up with "words, words, words, words, words, words, words, words, words, names", so it is specified here.Substitute words, such as using "Qiuhu" to replace "Longmen", and "Wei Zhang" to replace "Pubian". "Words do not speak name", as in Wang Anshi's poem: "The green scales of ducks in the wind rise up, and the goose yellow curls up in the sun." The last sentence refers to the role of water, and the wind blows the water to create microwaves.The next sentence refers to the role of willow, the young leaves of willow are curling up and bowing their heads.That is to say, use, not water and willow.

④Wu Mengchuang: Song poet Wu Wenying, styled Junte, named himself Mengchuang. ⑤ "Yan's Family Instructions": Yan Zhi's deduction and writing in the Northern Qi Dynasty, two volumes. "Mian Xue" is the title of the article. ⑥ Zhongxuan: The character of Wang Can, a poet of Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms. ⑦ Gongqian: The character of Liu Zhen, a poet of Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms. ⑧ Aristotle: Ancient Greek philosopher.His "Poetics" and "Rhetoric" are famous works in literary theory. 9 Weida: Italian writers in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

⑩ Borrowing Jia Yi from the Han Dynasty to mourn Qu Yuan's weeping language. ⑾ Borrowing more than a dozen poems from Yan Zhuo of the Han Dynasty. ⑿ Cen Jiazhou: Cen Shen, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, was once the governor of Jiazhou. ⒀Borrowing Yan Guang from the Han Dynasty to plow the Fuchun Mountains, later generations named his fishing place Yanling Lase. ⒁ Borrowing from the ancient high-ranking scholar Xu You to let the world go, and cultivate Jishan in secret. These two are about the difference between "words use not words style" and the use of substitute words. "Words use without words" is a profound rhetorical method of "describing and depicting", which "turns emptiness into reality and makes the outline clear."For example, Su Shi's "Su Haihui Temple" does not write about the tranquility in the temple, but writes "no people or shoes are heard", only the sound of people walking, but no people's voices, which shows that the temple is extremely quiet. Handwriting.Another example is the Han Li Yannian song: "There are beauties in the north, peerless and independent. Once you look at the city of people, then you look at the country." He does not describe the body of the beauty, such as what is the eyebrows, shoulders, neck, face, waist, etc. like what.Only write about the role of beauties, look at the people who can move the whole city, and then consider the people who can move the whole country.This poem clearly shows that words need no words.Writing in this way is more attractive and touching than sitting down to describe eyebrows, face, and shoulders.

Another example is Wu Wenying's "Wind into the Pine", which uses the specific thing of "the wasps frequently explore" to confirm the invisible existence of the fragrance condensed in the slender hands.The rhetorical method of using "fruit" to explain "cause" can sometimes be passed on as a substitute word, such as "Qingcheng" and "Qingguo", which have become synonymous with "beauty" and "shuli". "Speak its use but not its name", such as "the green scales of the duck in the wind, and the light yellow curling down in the sun" (quoted in "Shilin Shihua"), Shi Huihong said that in Wang Anshi's poems, "duck green" was used instead of water, and "duck green" was used to replace water with "Goose yellow" substitute willow.And "reduce the white snow and mulberry green, and cut off the yellow cloud rice to be fragrant", use "white snow" instead of silk, and use "yellow cloud" instead of wheat.Mr. Qian believes that these are actually substitute words, which are different from "words use but not words".The joint sentence between Han Yu and Meng Jiao:

"Red wrinkled sun eaves tiles, yellow group is the door balance" ("Chengnan couplet"), "red wrinkled" and "yellow group" are used instead of "jujube" and "melon".Li He's substituting "Yuan Cang" and "Yulong" for "Heaven" and "Sword" also belong to this category, and they all avoid direct statement "in terms of the nature of things".Or use the idioms of things, "implicitly tune its words", such as writing Fu, sending books, and cold food, but talking about "carving insects", "cooking carp", and "banning fire". Those who "carve dragons", that is, carved dragon characters, come from the fact that during the Warring States period, the Qi people Zou Xun modified the characters for Zouyan; Ruler book"

"Cold food" comes from the old custom of prohibiting fire during the Chinese cold food festival.Or "quote the facts of things to replace the names of things", but care must be taken to shorten and shorten properly, and not to split the facts to the point of being unreasonable.For example, "Selected Notes on Song Poetry" discusses Yan Shu, citing "Chu Meng Prophet Xie Yeliang" in "Fu De Qiu Yu", which shortens the story of King Huai of Chu's dream of Wushan Goddess to "Chu Meng". Two words, this is an example of a good contraction; Hu Su shortened Laozi's "like ascending the Spring Terrace" to "Laotai", and the shortening was far-fetched.Or borrowing from the past to apply the present, such as talking about food for living, talking about money for Confucius, talking about marriage is about feasting, calling the king is about Zhongxuan, etc., are obvious substitute words. Aristotle regards the rhetorical technique of substituting names for things as "elegance of words"; Quintilian believed that things that are vulgar and not suitable for blunt words can be replaced by euphemistic words;This has existed in ancient China, for example, saying that wine must be Du Kang, and saying that Liu must be public.Du Fu used Jia Yi's Jia Lai to refer to Jia Zhi, Yan Zhu's Yan Lai to refer to Yan Wu, and Cen Shen used Yan Guang and Xu Youlai to compare the hermits who lived in seclusion in the mountains. They all used ancient names to replace the names of people with the same surname today.This substitution of borrowing from the past and applying the present has almost become a formula in the poetry of the Ming Dynasty.