Chapter 111 (11) Personification and Metonymy

Changji likes to use words such as "cry" and "cry".Those who sing about plants and trees are like "Hibiscus Weeping Dew and Fragrant Orchid Smiling" in "Konghou Yin"; "Nine peaks are quiet, green and tears are red" in "Xiangfei", "Bamboo Crying Mountain and Dewy Moon" in "Yellow Head Man", "Cold Red Weeping and Dewy Crying Color" in "Nanshan Tianzhong", "New Bamboo Shoots" The dew suppresses the smoke and crows thousands of branches", "The Moon Clears the Dew and Autumn Tears" in "Song of Five Little Pine", "The fine green and red clusters, when the road is full of tears and laughter" in "Changgu" "Grass hair hangs down on the temples, light dew weeps and tears". The tomb of Confucius Mountain ①, so it says: "Clouds are miserable, wind is sad, pine mourns and dew weeps"; , the pine wind mourns towards the evening"; the valley is nostalgic for the past, so it is said: "The sound of pines in the thousands of valleys is in the ears, and the meaning is not as sad as this article. This is all mourning, so I feel that Wanhui feels the same, the birds are also startled, and the flowers are tears. If you hang around in vain, it is like the so-called in "Liu Zi? Like a smile. "Mose guesses, as Shu Yuanyu's "Peony Fu" said ④: "The one who faces is like a welcome, the one who recites it is like a formula, the one who holds it is like a word, the one who holds it is like a swallow, the one who bows is like sorrow, the one who looks up is like joy, and the one who looks up is like joy." It's like dancing, the side is like falling, the second is like drunk, and the miserable is like farewell.Or it is like a move, or it is like thinking, or it is like singing with the wind, or it is like sorrow. "It's all done by chance. It's not impossible. How can it be like Changji's endless articles, who force the vegetation to pay the debt of tears. I am also a servant who hates people. During the years, I wash my face with tears. Chanting insects and birds is like "Autumn Comes" The "decaying lights, the wefts and the cold elements", the "geese singing in the cool wind and the sky in the water" in "Song of the Emperor", "the solitary luan crying in surprise and thinking about autumn" in "Mrs. Li", and the "birds singing in the city" in "Ping Feng Song". "Chu Nu Sleeping", "Jiang Crying Deep Bamboo" in "Chasing Fu Painting Jiangtan Garden" ⑤, "Shalao Shaji Weeping" in "Send Fourteen Brothers", "Lying and Listening to Shaji Weeping" in "Fangzhongsi" "It's just a cliché, not very clever. "The thousand-year-old stone bed cries ghost workers" in "Yu Ge Pian" is just the meaning of Du's poem "Shang Crying Real Killer". "Under the Moon Hook", and "Cooking Dragons, Cannons and Phoenixes Weeping in Jade Fat" in "Jiang Jinjiu", one describes the scene and the other is vivid and vivid, and it is a true chemical stroke. (51-52 pages)

Changji is also good at using pronouns, so he doesn't want to say the names of things directly.For example, the sword is called "Jade Dragon", the wine is called "Amber", the sky is called "Yuan Cang", the autumn flowers are called "Cold Red", and the spring grass is called "Cold Green".People know that Han Meng's "Chengnan Lianju" ⑥ has "red wrinkle" and "yellow group", but they don't know that Changji's "Spring Returning to Changgu" and "Shicheng Dawn" have "fine green" and "group red".When I saw it once in a while, it was cool and glamorous again, but Changji couldn't stop using it.For example, the five rhythms of "Ode to Bamboo" are sticky and sluggish, so it goes without saying. "The Song of the Sword" and "The Walking of the Tiger" are both good police articles, but like a doctor's book coupon, the word "donkey" is not found throughout the article.Wang Chuanshan's "Xitang Yongri Introduction" ridiculed Yang Wengong's "Hanwu" poem as a "Hanwu Mystery"⑦, and Changji's two poems are also sword riddles and tiger riddles, just like Guan Gongming's Ci Er⑧. "Yaohuale" says: "The water of the lead flower washes the bones of the king, and compares it with the king to make the real quality"; if you want to maintain the Si language, you also comment on his poems.

Gai is secluded and good-natured, cool and beautiful, and thinks that ordinary things are too vulgar to be included in poetry.I couldn't avoid it, so I decorated it with chalk ⑨ and embroidered it ⑩.The subtlety is concealed, and the truth is seriously injured.Ox ghosts and snake spirits, so they are unconventional; pronouns are sharp and new, so the text is shallow.Zhang Jie's "Suihantang Poetry Talk" ⑾ says that Changji's poems "only know that there are flowers, plants, bees and butterflies, but not that everything in the world is poetry", which really shows the shortcomings of Changji. The four characters "Flowers, Grass, Bees and Butterflies" are also the real version of the Changji language in Zhao Lin's "Yinhualu" in Tang Dynasty⑿.Changji is laid out and pursued, although the scene is secluded, the embrace is not deep; the flowers are scattered and the algae are scattered, and it is easy to supply.Ruo Tao, Du, Han, and Su masters turned corruption into wonder, tried their best to be vulgar and elegant, and there is no such language in Xi Nu's ancient kit⒀.Those who deviate from the path must be narrow. That's why Si is a genius, and that's why he doesn't want to be a great talent. (Pages 57-58) ① Zishan: written by Yu Xin, a writer of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

② Bin Wang: Tang Dynasty poet Luo Bin Wang.One of the Four Heroes of the early Tang Dynasty. ③ "Liu Zi", also known as "Xin Lun", has ten volumes, and the surname of the author is not signed. It should be written by Liu Zhou (word Kong Zhao) of the Northern Qi Dynasty. ④ Shu Yuanyu: A poet in the Tang Dynasty. ⑤舋舋 (feifei lung lung): human bear. ⑥Han Meng: Tang Hanyu and Meng Jiao. ⑦Wang Chuanshan: Wang Fuzhi, a litterateur in the Qing Dynasty, with the word Ernong and the name Jiangzhai, was named because he lived in Shichuanshan, Hengyang.Yang Wengong: Yang Yi, a writer in the Song Dynasty, with the word Da Nian.

⑧ Guan Gongming: Guan Ren, the family of Wei Xingxiang in the Three Kingdoms. ⑨ Chalk (e evil): Apply white powder to it. ⑩鞶 (pan plate) 帨 (sleeping): big belt and scarf. ⑾ "Sui Han Tang Poetry Talk": written by Zhang Jie in the Southern Song Dynasty, two volumes. ⑿ "Yinhualu": ​​notes, six volumes.Remember a lot of miscellaneous things. ⒀Xi Nu Ancient Tips Bag: Li Shangyin's "Li Changji Biography": "Heng was a Xi Nu since he was a child, riding a donkey, carrying an ancient broken kit, and if he got something, he would put it in the bag."

Here are two articles from Li He's easy-to-use characters, and talk about the artistic experience of refining characters in poetry and prose. 1. Li He likes to use words such as "cry" and "cry". The use of words such as "cry" and "cry" in poems did not start from Li He. Yu Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties wrote "The epitaph of Mrs. Luo's family, Mrs. Sun Xia, governor of Yanglin Bo, the governor of Zhou Dynasty", which reads "clouds are sad, wind is sad, pine is sad and dew." Weeping, the bright moon is empty, how sad it is for the gods", "wind"

"Cloud", "pine" and "dew" are originally without soul and emotion, but Yu Xin also writes "miserable", "sorrowful" and "sorrowful" "Weeping"; in the early Tang Dynasty, Luo Binwang wrote the fourth part of "The Elegy of Le Dafu" "The grass dew weeps in spring, and the pine wind mourns in the evening", using the same wording method as Yu Xin; "Tears, hate farewell birds startled", also wrote that flowers will "splash tears" and birds will "startle"; they wrote this, all for the purpose of chanting scenery or expressing emotions, not only in mourning poems. Using words such as "cry", "tear", and "cry" occasionally gives people a sense of freshness.Li He likes to use this kind of words in his poems. For example, when he writes about plants and trees, he says "hibiscus weeps with dew and fragrant orchids laugh"; Almost "heavy and long", forcing the grass, trees, insects and birds to be the debtors of tears, so I don't feel the freshness and joy of the words.Only the "crying cricket hanging under the moon hook" in "Gongwa Song" uses a mole cricket to cry towards the moon, writing a desolate night scene; , using the word "weeping" to write the sound of cooking high-grade food in the kettle, "the sound is so vivid, the pen of real chemistry".In addition, Li He also likes to use ghost characters, such as "Chunfang Zhengzi Jianzi Song": "The ghost mother cries in the autumn suburbs"; "Autumn Comes": "Autumn grave ghosts sing Bao's poems"; :

"I would like to bring a Han halberd to recruit ghost books"; "Nanshan Tianzhong Xing": "Ghost lamps are like paint dotted with pine flowers"; "Gan Satire": "Ghost rain sprinkles empty grass"; Calling stars, calling ghosts, cups and plates, etc., are extremely sinister and eerie.Although Li He often used words such as "cry", "tear", "cry" and "ghost", they could be accompanied by gorgeous words, so they had an impact on Li Shangyin later. 2. The most common pronouns used in poetry and pronouns are puns, words with different sounds, in order to make the meaning expressed unclear and implicit.Li He has a eccentric personality and loves cold, colorful and beautiful words. He thinks that ordinary things in daily life are vulgar and cannot be included in poetry, so he refuses to directly name things, but uses pronouns, such as: "Jade Dragon" for swords, "Jade Dragon" for wine, and "Jade Dragon" for wine. Amber", the sky is called "Yuan Cang", autumn flowers are called "cold red", and spring grass is called "cold green".Before Li He, Han Yu and Meng Jiao's couplet poems also referred to jujube as "red wrinkle" and melon as "yellow group". Li He also referred to the leaves of trees and grass as "fine green" and flowers as "group". red".Some of this kind of pronouns resemble their images, some of them paint their colors, and they are occasionally seen in poems, so they can be called novel and gratifying.The problem with Li He's use of this type of code is that he uses it again and again, although it has been refurbished. For example, the sword in "Jianzige" is not replaced by "Yulong" but by "Sanchishui"; "Jinlin" replaces fish and so on, but because it is Li He's usual rhetorical method, people don't feel that it has been renovated.For example, the five laws of "Bamboo": "Entering the water, the light moves, and the green shadow springs when you take time out. Luhua grows bamboo shoots, moss and frost roots. Weaving can bear fragrance and sweat, and cutting can catch brocade scales. Three beams have been used, and one section is dedicated Wang Sun." As Mr. Qian pointed out:

"Stick and sluggish" to the extreme.These eight sentences mainly chanted the nature and use of bamboo. He did not understand and said that bamboo can be used to weave summer mats, but he wanted to write "weaving can bear fragrance and sweat"; it could be cut into fishing rods, but he wanted to write "cutting can be used for fishing". Jin Lin".Another example is "Fierce Tigers": "Long Ge Mo Chong, strong crossbow not to attack. Nursing grandchildren and feeding children, teach them to be ferocious. Raise your head as a city, and drop your tail as a banner. Huang Gong in the East China Sea, wandering at night when he is worried. When the road meets Zouyu, The cow mourns injustice. Why use a ruler knife? There is thunder on the wall. Under Mount Tai, women cry, officials have their way, and officials dare not listen." "Desire to be ferocious" means that a long dagger cannot sprint a tiger, and a strong bow cannot shoot a tiger.Tigers feed their offspring, that is, they give birth to the second and third generations of tigers.This four-character Yuefu song poem is nothing more than about the fact that the town is like a tiger, killing the people, but the court appeases, and the generals dare not march. This is a common scene in poems after the Anshi Rebellion, but he uses things in many places in his poems. : The head is the city, the tail is the Jing, from "Lu Shi Chunqiu? Xing Lun": As a prince, he wanted to win the three princes, but Yao refused to listen. Its tail can be used as a jingle"; Huang Gong from the East China Sea was able to use magic to control snakes and tigers when he was young, see "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes"; Niu Gong mourned and became a tiger in seven days, see "Huainanzi? Chu Zhenxun"; It is said that her father-in-law, husband, and son were all injured by tigers in "Book of Rites? Tan Gong". If you don't understand these scriptures, it will be difficult to truly understand this poem. Although it is a "good policeman", you can't help laughing He is a tiger riddle, so easy to use allusions.The reason why Li He's poems have such performance has a lot to do with his artistic pursuit. He always likes to use beautiful words to describe noble sons, Su Xiaoxiao, Mrs. Li, Xiangfei, Gongwa, Luomei, Zheng Ji, beauty, screen, butterfly, room, night drink, etc., he has formed his habit of trying to avoid colloquialism in his poems. ", the pronouns that are sharp, novel, and peculiar, seem shallow in meaning.Here Zhang Jie's evaluation is quite pertinent: Li He "only knows that there are flowers, plants, bees and butterflies, but does not know that everything in the world is poetry", which is just talking about his weakness.

In short, Mr. Qian's evaluation of Li He's "laying out the details, although the scenery is secluded, the embrace is not deep", is particularly appropriate.After all, he is not as good as Tao Qian, Du Fu, Han Yu, Su Shi, etc. He is good at turning decay into magic and vulgarity into elegance.Due to his eccentric and paranoid temperament, he limited his life scope and creative vision. Therefore, it is a pity that he can only become a short-lived wizard instead of a great talent.