Chapter 101 6. Rhetoric (1) Broad metaphor (1)

(Huang Tingjian) "Guanwangzhuzhujiajiafengmi" ①: "He Lang tried soup cakes with dew wet ②, and baked Xunling sticks for incense every day. ③" Qingshen's note: "The poet sings about flowers, Duo is more beautiful, the valley is full of beauty, and he is more beautiful than his husband; see "Lengzhai Night Talk" ④. Li Yishan's poem: "Xie Lang's sleeves first turned snow ⑤, and Xun Ling replaced the incense burner." "According to the quotation, see Volume 4 of "Lengzhai Yehua", Yishan's couplet published "Rewarding Cui Bazaomei with Gifts and Shows", and Volume 20 of "Yeke Series" also said that this couplet is the ancestor of the valley ⑥. "Lengzhai Night Talk" also quoted Nai Shuyuancai's "Begonia" poem⑦: "After the rain, the concubine bathed in the wet spring⑧, and the soup cake with thick soup tried He Lang", saying that its meaning was better than that of the valley; it should be It is said that both beautiful women and beautiful men are compared.In fact, Yishan's "Peony" says: "Mrs. Juanwei at the beginning of the brocade curtain⑨, the embroidered quilt is still piled up with Yue Jun"⑩, which has already been compared. (Pages 341-342) ① Fengjiu: that is, tea flower, Rosaceae.

② He Lang: He Yan of the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, styled Uncle Ping, with a fair face and beautiful appearance, was sometimes called Fu Fen He Lang. ③ Xun Ling: Wei Xunyu of the Three Kingdoms, with the word Wenruo, "Xiangyang Ji" records: Xun Ling came to someone's house, and sat there for three days. ④ "Lengzhai Night Talk": written by Song Shi Huihong (formerly known as Hong Juefan), ten volumes. ⑤ Xie Lang: Xie Zhuang in the Song Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties, with a beautiful appearance, tasted the snow clothes when he was in the palace, and the emperor thought it was auspicious.

⑥ "Wild Guest Series": written by Song Wangmao, 30 volumes. ⑦Yuancai: Song musician Peng Yuancai, Uncle Shi Huihong.At that time, Hongjue Fan was strange in poetry, Zheng Yuanzuo was strange in life, and Yuan Cai was strange in music, which are called Xinmao Sanqi. ⑧ Refers to Yang Taizhen, the noble concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, who once bathed in the hot spring of Huaqing Palace (in the south of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province today). ⑨Use Confucius to defend against, and see Haizi in the brocade curtain, which is like a blooming flower. "Dian Lue": "The lady is in the brocade."

⑩Using the embroidered quilt of the king of Yue E to embrace the girl of Yue, as a metaphor for the budding of the peony.See "Shuo Yuan? Shan Shuo" by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. Metaphors are popularly known as metaphors, which have a long tradition in Chinese poetry. The first sentence of the first "Guan Sui" uses the courtship of a beloved bird as a metaphor for the love between men and women.Here we cite Huang Tingjian's "Guan Wang Zhu Jia Feng Mei", which compares its white color with He Yan, a beautiful man, and its fragrance with Xun Yu's fragrance, which is indeed rare.Because it is common to compare flowers and women with each other.This article is mainly about broad metaphors, that is, using several things to describe a kind of flower. Li Shangyin’s poems have already adopted this method in rhetoric, such as the neck couplet of the poem "Peony": "Where did the Shi family candles ever be cut? Smoking?" In the Jin Dynasty, Shi Chong used candles instead of salary as a metaphor for the wealth of peonies; in Xun Ling's case, he didn't need to use incense burners to compare the fragrance of peonies. Here he not only uses men to describe flowers, but also uses beautiful women to describe flowers. And at the same time, two men are used to describe a kind of peony.It is still the first couplet of this song "Peony": "Mrs. Wei at the beginning of the brocade curtain, the embroidered quilt is still piled up with Yue E Jun." Nanzi is used as a metaphor for the blooming peony in the brocade curtain, and the embroidered quilt is piled up with Yue E Jun. The female is a metaphor for a peony that is about to bloom. With the charming posture of two kinds of women, it is a metaphor for a peony that is in full bloom and has buds that are ready to bloom. The images are very vivid.Here is also a quote from Peng Yuancai's poem "Begonia". One sentence refers to Concubine Yang's beauty when she comes out of the bath, which refers to her shyness;And with the beauty of the beautiful woman, the beautiful husband and the beauty of Begonia, it is lifelike.In addition, there are also three things for comparison, such as He Zhu's "Sapphire Case": "How much is the Department of Xianchou? Yichuan Tobacco, the city is full of wind and rain, and plums are yellow and rainy."

The last three sentences use tobacco, wind catkins, and plum rain as three disturbing things to describe sorrow, which is more troublesome than the deep sorrow of "can't bear it".There are also comparisons of four or five things, which Mr. Qian calls extensive. (2) Volume 8 of "Consciousness-Only Theory": "The illusory manifestation of the mind is like illusions, sun flames, dreams, mirror images, light and shadows, valley sounds, and water moons." It is not ten, eight, or six, but for Seven such as also ②. ("Qian Zhongshu Research", page 32) ① "Cheng Wei Consciousness Theory": Discussed by ten great theorists including Dharma protectors, and the thirty poems of Shiqin, which were later combined into ten volumes by Tang Xuanzang. essential.

②Ten examples: ten metaphors, the twelfth list of ten metaphors in "Zhu Dharma Commentary" are: like illusion, like flame, like the moon in water, like the void, like sound, like the city of Dharva, like a dream, like a shadow , Like an image in a mirror, like a transformation. The second statement in "The Sutra of Vimalakirti? Convenience Products" says that "the body is impermanent, without strength, powerlessness, and firmness". Ten metaphors for "impermanence" and "no firmness" are: like foam, bubbles, and flames , Like plantains, like illusions, like dreams, like shadows, like ringing, like floating clouds, like electricity.Eight such as: Tang translation "Avatamsaka Sutra? Ten Lands" twenty-sixth four successively cited eight metaphors twice: like an illusion, like a dream, like a shadow, like a sound, like the moon in the water, like an image in a mirror, like an image in a mirror. Flame, such as Hua.Six Likes: The "Six Likes" in the "Diamond Sutra" are the most widely spread, namely: dreams, illusions, bubbles, shadows, dew, and electricity.Tang Yin, a painter of the Ming Dynasty, called himself Liuru, which originated from this. The Kumarajiva translation of the "Avatamsaka Sutra" has "six suchnesses", and the four translations of Hezhenyi, Xuanzang, Yijing, and Bodhiliuzhi have "like lamps, stars, and clouds" as "nine suchnesses".Christian poems refer to the fragility of life, giving more than ten metaphors, namely: like a dream, like a bubble, like a shadow, like dew, like electricity, like a cloud, like a flower on a branch, like thunder under the moon, like a leaf in the wind, like an arrow off its string, like a The bird is empty and so on.That is to say, it is short, impermanent, and will never return.The interpretation here is based on the Supplement to Tan Yi Lu. "Consciousness-Only Theory" cites the emptiness of the mind as seven metaphors.

Broad metaphors are the continuous use of multiple metaphors, such as the "ten likes" in Buddhism.There are many similarities between poetic metaphors and Zen metaphors, so there are some who "tell poetry with Zen" in ancient poetry circles, such as Yan Yu in Song Dynasty ("Canglang Shihua"), Zhong Xing and Tan Yuanchun in Ming Dynasty ("Shigui"), etc. , and read poetry as a meditation.But Zen and poetry are different after all. Zen can be enlightened through poetry, and once enlightened, one can "catch the fish and forget the trap", which goes without saying.Using Zen metaphors to explain the enlightenment of poetry, one cannot use metaphors after enlightenment, metaphors become an essential part of poetry, and without metaphors there is no poetry.Poetry enlightenment and Zen enlightenment have similarities in the point of sudden enlightenment.For example, Buddhist metaphors for the non-stop arising and ceasing of dharmas, or the impermanence of the human body, or the emptiness of the mind, such as illusions, dreams, shadows, bubbles, electricity, ringing, dew, floating clouds, etc.The poet Yu Shengsheng also has sayings such as "life is like a dream", "life is like morning dew" (Cao Cao's "Duan Ge Xing"), "life is like a passing marriage cloud" and so on.Plotina, the master of Western mysticism, referred to the emptiness of the world, saying "land in a dream", "shadow in a mirror", and "image in water". Said: "The shadow is already weak, and the dream of the shadow is weaker than the shadow." The overlapping of the shadow and the dream is a metaphor for life. Policies".Christian poetry refers to the fragility of life, which is impermanent and impermanent. Poets refer to the shallowness of life and "like glass" also refers to its fragility. Bai Juyi wrote "Jian Jian Yin":

"Most good things are not firm, and colorful clouds are easy to scatter and glass is brittle" and so on.Therefore, whether you say "ten likes", "eight likes", "seven likes", "six likes", etc., it is a metaphor for something that is not long-lasting and difficult to capture, and is meant to sigh its mystery. The metaphors of Buddhist scholars and literati in ancient and modern China and abroad have invented each other.All the above are benefited from the Supplement to Tan Yi Lu.The use of this kind of metaphor, in today's Chinese folk, is increasingly changing from fiction to reality, such as "rabbit tail" or "grasshopper after autumn" and so on.