Chapter 77 (3) On the circle

Pearls and bombs have long become the customary metaphors of poetry and prose in our country, and there are several examples of them. Volume 131 of "Quan Tang Wen" Wang Wugong's "Ode to Beishan" ①: "Fu is advocating, poetry is like a bullet"; Xie Xuanhui was sent early to enter the text ②.Volume 9 of Mei Shengyu's "Wanling Collection" "Hui Chen Langzhong's Poetry Collection" ③: "Three hundred pearls, each with a diameter of one inch and a circle." There are several articles, beautiful as if you can eat. Qingyanmei is in the snow, and Yuanmeizhu is walking on the plate." Zhang Guanzhi's "Ziming Collection" ⑤ Volume 5 "Wang Mengde reads a long time away and returns to Huihui Poems": "The new poem after the farewell is like a circle Bomb." Chen Shoulao's "Yuan Chuang Ji" ⑥ Volume 7 "Also titled Ye Zichun Poetry": "The one who shoots the ball is not because it is round and familiar." There is also "Ding Shi" ⑦ "the round is the standard style, Its momentum also rotates on its own. If it is square, it is rectangular, and its momentum is also self-sustaining." "Fengcai" said "the beginning and the end are rounded, and the order is consistent and orderly", "Sound Rhythm" "the movement of cutting rhymes, the momentum seems to turn round"; others It generally refers to the comprehensiveness of talent and thinking, such as "Ming Poetry" "Appropriate to the nature, seldom can be round", "Lunshuo" "Yigui is round, and words are not broken", "Lici" "Li Yuanshi Secret", "Zhixia" "It's hard to solve it when you think about it".Chen Zongzhi's "Supplements to the Collection of Former Sages" volume Zhou Zhoufu "Hong Zhiyuan repeatedly came to ask poems and write long sentences" ⑧: "The ancients had a well-established method of composing poems, and the sentences were round and round, and the words were alive"; Kuang Kuisheng's "Huifeng Cihua" Volume one ⑨:

"The circle of the pen is the lowest level, the meaning is the middle level, and the spirit is the best. If you can be round, you can see your academic ability, and you can see your talent." Since the Six Dynasties, art talkers have heard the word "round" and they are slippery. carry on. (Pages 432-433) ①Wang Wugong: Wang Ji, a writer in the Tang Dynasty. ② Xie Xuanhui: Xie Tiao, a writer in the Southern Qi Dynasty.He called the poem "round and beautiful, flowing like a bullet". ③Mei Shengyu: The character of Mei Yaochen, a writer in Song Dynasty.He has written sixty volumes of "Wanling Collection".

④ Zeng Jifu: The Song Dynasty writer Zeng Jizi, named Chashan Jushi.He has written eight volumes of Cha Shan Ji. ⑤ Zhang Guanzhi: The character of Zhang Fu, a writer in the Song Dynasty, who called himself Yizu Jushi.He has written six volumes of Ziming Ji. ⑥Chen Shoulao: The character of Chen Qiqing, a writer in the Song Dynasty.He has written ten volumes of "Yuan Chuang Ji". ⑦: Written by Liu Xie in the last years of the Southern Qi Dynasty.There are fifty chapters in the book, "Fixation", "Melting Cutting", "Sound Rhythm", "Ming Poetry", etc., are the titles of the chapters.

⑧Chen Zongzhi: Chen Qizi, the last writer.There are five volumes of Supplements to the Collection of Former Sages.Zhou Fu: Song Dynasty writer, word Tao. 9 Kuang Kuisheng: Kuang Zhouyi, a modern word theorist.He wrote five volumes of "Hui Feng Ci Hua" and continued to compile two volumes. Art talkers have always talked about the principle of "avoiding straight and expensive songs" in poetry and prose, and often use the metaphors of "beads" and "round" as poetry comments.For example, Wang Ji's "poetry is like a bullet", Mei Yaochen's "pearl" and "diameter is round", Zeng Ji's "round and beautiful pearl", Zhang Fu's "new poem is like a bullet", etc., have become critical poems. The standard of art is just like Chen Qiqing's so-called roundness, Zhou Fu's so-called round sentences and calligraphy, and Kuang Zhouyi's so-called "round pen", "round meaning" and "round spirit".It is pointed out here that the above statement is not their own invention. As early as the Six Dynasties, Xie Tiao of the Southern Dynasty Qi had already mentioned it, and Liu Xie, the author of the earliest monograph on literary theory, had also discussed it many times.For example, when talking about determining the genre and style of an article in "Fixing Potential", it advocates following the trend formed naturally by the content. The round ones will naturally turn, and the square ones will naturally be stable, so there is no need to insist on pursuing the square and round; , advocates orderly writing from the beginning to the end, the tone is cohesive, the tones are coherent, round and without gaps, and considerate; "Sound and Rhythm" talks about tones, advocating the interaction of the circumflex, high and low, and length of the tones according to the naturally formed rhythm. Harmony can only be achieved by proper use and deployment, rhythmic rhythm, and graceful flow. "Ming Poems" is devoted to poetry. There are many genres and styles of poems, such as three-character, four-character, and five-character. To Tongyuan, who is good at all kinds of styles; "Lunshuopian" is devoted to discussing words, advocating that there must be theory first, arguments, comprehensive arguments, avoid branches, and make the truth clear, etc. It can be seen that Liu Xie regards "circle" as an art. A mature performance in life cannot be achieved overnight.

"Pearl" and "round" are also commonly used in ancient poetry to describe music that is difficult to capture, such as Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing", which describes the scene of a female pipa playing: "The big strings are noisy like rain, and the small strings are like whispers. The sound of the pipa is mixed and mixed, and the big pearls and small pearls fall on the jade plate." To express the ever-changing sound of the pipa with concrete and sensible things, we use "big pearls and small pearls". On the jade plate, it is really jade-run and round, crisp and sweet.Another example is Yuan Zhen's "Little Hujia Yin", which describes Jiang Xuan playing the little Hujia, playing the sound of sorrow and anger, as "circling the fingers and reeling round the gong", and his fingers are rolling like the potter's wheel on the well, which shows the flexibility of his fingering. The sound that pops up will naturally have a tendency to loop back and forth. "Talking about Art" has a chapter dedicated to "talking about roundness". Mr. Qian used rich examples to show the thought that roundness is the most important thing among ancient and modern Chinese and foreign art talkers, and pointed out: "There is nothing too round if the shape is simple and complete." , even "the sages said that the Tao is wonderful, and they also use the circle as an image", "translators of Buddhist scriptures also named "Yuantong" and "Yuanjue"", which shows that "the meaning of circle is great".Talking about art, there are many people who talk about it, such as Xie Tiao, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi, Sikong Tu, Mei Yaochen, Su Shi, Ye Shi, Zhao Shixiu, etc., all of them regard pearls as round and jade as the top. The German critic Tick called it round. The beginning and end of shape is a university question and a great art; British female essayist Li Fanon discusses writing, and she focuses on the use of words and sentences, the layout of the article, and the clues of the plot; the Scottish poet Smith also compared poetry to "stars and circles". ".

In fact, circle is curved, that is, tactful.Such as Du Fu's "Moon Night": Tonight, it's the moon in Fuzhou, and I can only watch it in my boudoir.Pity the little children from afar, but don't remember Chang'an.The fragrant mist and the cloud are wet, and the clear brilliance and jade arms are cold. When to lean on the false cover, and dry the tears with double photos. This was written by Du Fu when he went to Suzong alone and was taken captive by Anshi's rebels to Chang'an on the way. At that time, his wife was in Fuzhou, Shaanxi. Du Fu missed his wife to the moon and wrote this poem.But instead of directly writing about his own nostalgia, he writes about his wife's nostalgia for him in a tortuous way, using his children's incomprehensible memories to set off his wife's "seeing alone", and showing their loneliness after separation.The neck couplet is Du Fu imagining his wife looking at the moon for a long time and missing him, staying up late at night, so that the clouds are wet and the jade arms are cold.Wei Lian even expanded his imagination, looking forward to the reunion, the two looked at the moon together, recalling the separation caused by this period of history, they will meet again in the end, so there is no need to shed tears.The whole poem is full of twists and turns, and the lyrical clues and layout arrangements are all "round".There are many examples of such poems, such as Zhang Ruoxu's "Moonlight Night on the Spring River" and Li Shangyin's "Night Rain to the North", etc., are all lyrical and melodious poems with beautiful rhythm.

Mr. Qian, while discussing poetry and prose, valued music and roundness, pointed out that the opposite is true when discussing people, and straightness is valued.Emperor Wen of Liang Jian said: "The way to build a body is different from writing. To build a body, you must first pay attention to it, and your writing must be dissolute." It is easy to slippery, and most people are not happy.Kuang Zhouyi's specific analysis of "circle" is very insightful. Brush circles are easier to achieve through learning and honing, while meaning circles require deeper learning. Shenyuan is the highest level, the highest state, and the highest standard for poetry and prose.