Chapter 38 (15) Ideas and Empathy

Fu Weichang's "Thoughts are like flowing water" ①, Shaoling's "sorrow is like a mountain"②, Zhao Gu's "sorrow reaches and overlaps"③, Li Qi or Li Qunyu's "sorrow measures the depth of the sea"④, poets in this system, There are many examples.Images and objects should be used to imitate the song, although the scene is also present, but the inside and outside are still judged.I only use the mountains and rivers to understand my disposition, not to see my disposition in the mountains and waters; therefore, I only say that my heart is like a landscape, but I don’t know the mountains and rivers, and I have my own heart, and I treat my heart as a reflection.Yan Tieqiao's "Quan Han Wen" Volume 39, Liu Xiang's "Bie Lu" said ⑤: "People's fleas and lice, if there are too many people, the ground will itch, and cutting diamonds will cause pain in the ground." On attacking bandits, "the bamboo and wood must be removed, like a baby with many gnats on its head, it must be shaved off." "Lun Heng? Jie Jie Pian" said ⑦ "The ground of a residential area is like the skin of a person with fleas, lice, and thieves", all of which are just empathy. , Suspense words.It's not really called earth skin and stone bones, you can know and feel.Try to compare Liu Gengsheng's so-called "ground pain" with Meng Dongye's poem "Xing Shang": "Treading the ground is afraid of the pain of the ground, and damages the roots of the other tree. Sincerely God does not know, cut off my descendants." He only imagined, This is the same feeling, but the realm is very different.You have to linger around the scene, that is, you can see me from things, just like I house things, and you can communicate with each other.The relationship between things and me has not disappeared, but the relationship between things and me has been agreed.The appearance has not been sent, the old things are still outside my body, and I can appreciate them; the love has been agreed, and the old things are like my heart, and I can blend with them. "The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye" chapter Confucius said that "knowledge moves", so "joy water", "benevolent man is quiet", so "leshan".For the purpose of traveling in mountains and rivers, it is the most straightforward.The benevolent and the wise are in the stillness of the mountains and the movement of the water, see each other and see wisdom, and they are in harmony with each other, so they are happy.However, the stillness of mountains does not mean benevolence, and the movement of water does not mean wisdom. They are still separated from each other, so they can be obtained and enjoyed.A foreign body is a different body, which is in harmony with my body and mind but is still separated. This is where the joy can be, and the joy is not the same. It is the same for both men and women.There is no fake other thing, enjoy yourself, and things are not allowed, even aftertaste and obscenity, you must also create an external environment with your heart.Although Dong Zhongshu's "Spring and Autumn Fanlu" 72nd "Ode to Mountains and Rivers" does not quote this section ⑧, it actually expands its meaning; unfortunately, the understanding is not deep, and it is just a comparison, and it refers to self-cultivation, which has nothing to do with pleasure.Dai Kui's "Two Praises of Mountains and Rivers" also lacks the fun of traveling and refreshing⑨.Dong Xiang quoted "Jiebi Nanshan" and "the dead are like this", which can be used as an explanation.

Fushan is like Shi Yin⑩, water is like the dead, things and people need to be connected, and the realm stops at comparison.If you enjoy the mountains and the water, you can see me in things, and the inside is connected, so there is no need for outsiders to catch and put it in one place.According to Confucius, he gained a lot from water. In addition to the music and water sighed in the former house, Xu Zidao in "Mencius? Li Louzhang" said to Confucius: "Water is good." Zhuangzi Zangshan and Zhongni Linchuan speak"⑿, saying that Confucius sighed about the passing water, which is quite good. "Zihuazi? Zhizhong" chapter ⒀: "Those who watch the flowing water flow together with the water, and those whose eyes move and their hearts die." A few subtle enlightenment, the true way has come out of this state.If you regard dead objects as alive, and still objects as moving, for example: "Mountains open and clouds exhale, wind and waves produce flowers", Liang Zhuji's poem "Farewell is too late"⒁. "The tower gushes out"⒂, "the river embraces"⒃, "the peak can spit out the moon"⒄, "the wave wants to reach the sky"⒅, "one water protects the field to surround the green, two mountains push the door to send greenery⒆", Such example sentences, just open the book.However, it is just that the inanimate is like a person who suddenly has life. It is not that the ruthless and the human have feelings, but that the immobile suddenly takes the initiative, and it is not that the insensible understands the same feeling. There are still differences.

It's more like "the setting sun is far away, and the worry is not extreme", "the water flows without competition, and the clouds care about it too late", this kind of sincere scene, care about the emotion and the scene is vague, almost beyond the signs, it is suitable for poetry rather than painting. The "delay" in "meaning is late" is a matter of time, which is not easy to be expressed by those who are picturesque in space art.And "no competition" and "buji", if the words are lacking and negative, the meaning is more than sufficient; Yufu's "Wuji and Taiji" ⒇, "Silence is better than sound" (21), seem to be the opposite of existence, and there is It is full of categories.This is especially the specialty of writing and language, which is beyond the reach of other arts. (Pages 53-54) ①Wei Chang: The characters of Wei Xuqian of the Three Kingdoms.Xu Qian's "Room Thoughts": "Thinking of the king is like running water, so there is no time to be poor."

② Shaoling: Du Fu's "Five Hundred Characters of Yonghuai from Beijing to Fengxian County": "Worrying about the end of Qi Zhongnan, the cave can't be left." Zhongnan is the name of the mountain, so it is called "Worry is like a mountain". ③Zhao Gu: Poet of the Tang Dynasty, poem: "The setting sun overlaps with the tower and the mountain, and it has more than doubled the sorrow of leisure." ④ Li Qunyu (one work by Li Qi) "Rainy Night Although the Chief": "Please measure the East China Sea to see the shallow and deep sorrow."

⑤ Yan Tieqiao: Qing Yan Kejun.There is a collection of "The Complete Antiquity, Three Dynasties, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties", 747 volumes.Liu Xiang: real name Gengsheng, a writer in the Han Dynasty, who wrote a volume of "Bie Lu". ⑥ "East View of Han Ji": written by Han Liu Zhen and others, twenty-four volumes. ⑦ "Lunheng": written by Wang Chong, a philosopher of the Han Dynasty, in thirty volumes. ⑧ "Chunqiu Fanlu": written by Dong Zhongshu, a Confucianist in the Han Dynasty, in seventeen volumes.He used to be the Prime Minister of Jiangdu, also known as Prime Minister Dong.Volume 16 "Ode to Mountains and Rivers": "It is harmless to make it high. It is harmless to make it big.... Entering in the unclear, and coming out in the clean, it is like a good person. Go to the rocks of thousands of miles There is no doubt that you are like a brave man. Everything is caused by fire, but water alone wins it. You are like a warrior. If you gain life and lose it, you are like a virtuous man. Confucius said on the river: "The dead are like a husband , not giving up day and night', this is what it means."

That means self-cultivation. ⑨ "Mountain Praise": "It is said that benevolence is happy, but this is my birthday." 10 Shi Yin: "The Book of Songs? Festival Nanshan": "Hehe Shi Yin, the people have Erzhan." Refers to the famous Zhou Taishi Yin. ⑾Xu Zi: Xu Pi, a disciple of Mencius. ⑿ "Zongjinglu": Buddhist books written by Zen Master Yanshou of Wuyue Yongming Temple, 100 volumes.Liu Zhan: A native of the Song Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. "Zhuangzi? The Great Master": "Hiding the mountain in the lake". "The Analects of Confucius? Zihan": "The son said on the river:

'The dead are like husbands, never giving up day and night. '" ⒀ "Zihuazi": written by Cheng Ben in the Spring and Autumn Period, ten volumes. ⒁Zhu Jishi: Liang Ren, whose name is unknown.The title of this poem is "Farewell is not as good as a gift to He Yin Erji Shishi". ⒂Cen Shen's "Climbing the Pagoda of Ci'en Temple with Gao Shi and Xue Ju": "The pagoda is like a gushing out". ⒃ Du Fu's "Jiangcun": "The Qingjiang River embraces the village." ⒄ Du Fu's "Moon": "Sigeng Mountain spits out the moon."

⒅Bao Zhao's "Dengda Lei'an and Sister Shu": "Tengbo touches the sky." ⒆Wang Anshi's "Mr. Shuhuyin's Wall": "One water protects the field and surrounds the green, and the two mountains send the green." ⒇ Zhou Dunyi's "Taiji Tushuo": "Wuji is Taiji". (21) Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing": "Silence is better than sound at this time." This article mainly discusses the exchange and integration of emotions between the spiritual writer and the inanimate and unconscious landscape, that is, the relationship between emotion and scenery, and the problem of the writer's description of scenery.No matter Xu Qian's "Thoughts are like flowing water", Du Fu's "Worry comes like a mountain", Zhao Gu's "Sorrow reaches mountains and overlaps", and Li Qunyu's "Sorrow measures the depth of the sea", they just use the flow of water as a metaphor for the longing of longing, and the overlapping of mountains as a metaphor The depth of sorrow is measured by the depth of the sea, and the elusive and abstract thoughts and sorrows are exaggerated and visualized, and the scene in the metaphor is used to set off an endless, heavy and profound artistic realm. , This is a way of writing "to find my temperament through mountains and rivers, not to see my temperament through mountains and rivers", so "only say that my heart is like a landscape of mountains and rivers".

The "itch in the ground" and "pain in the ground" mentioned by Liu Xiang in "Bie Lu" and "pain in the ground when stepping on the ground" by Meng Jiao are the writer's words of "putting oneself in the ground": people live on the ground, like fleas and lice on their bodies, chiseling Wearing rocks through mountains is like piercing one's own body, so there will be the assumption of pain and itching on the ground. It is not true that "soil skin and stone bones can be felt and felt", and using one's own body as a metaphor for things, although the body is different, the nature is the same.

Because things and I are interdependent and have not been annihilated, then "things are still outside of me", we can face and appreciate them; things and my feelings have been matched, then things can be integrated with each other just like my feelings.But things and I are different bodies after all. Although they can be in harmony with me, they are not the same thing after all. As Confucius said: A wise person enjoys water and loves activities; a benevolent person enjoys mountains and loves silence. This shows the connection and communication between human nature and natural mountains and rivers, that is, one can see oneself in things, or know that "landscapes also have their own heart", which needs to be reflected in my heart, and the meaning of traveling in mountains and rivers Here, the writer touches the scene to create emotion, and the reason why the scene is triggered is also here.

Cheng Ben said: "Those who watch the flowing water flow together with the water", not to say that the eyes follow the movement, but that the heart is passing by, so they can regard "dead objects as alive, and still objects as moving", such as Zhu Jishi's "Mountain Opening the clouds and exhaling, the wind and waves blooming flowers", it is about inanimate things like ordinary people, who suddenly have life, mountains can open and close, clouds can breathe out, the wind can be angry, waves can produce flowers, make the heartless have feelings, and the immovable will automatically , to inspire each other with a spiritual heart.Another example is Xie Tiao's "He Song Ji Shi Sheng Zhong Shi": "The setting sun is far away from the birds, and the sorrow is endless." The sun has set, but the birds don't know how to get tired, and fly farther.Du Fu's "Jiangting": "The flow of water does not compete with the heart, and the clouds care about it too late."This is the scene of Jiangting seen by the poet. Tao Yuanming's "Return to Come": "Yun Wuxin came out of Xiu, and the bird knew to return when he was tired." Du Fu is even more indifferent, the water does not compete, but the heart does not compete, the clouds do not flow, and the meaning is too late.Xie Du's four sentences are all based on the scene, although the emotion is in the heart, it comes from the scene.For the painter, only "the setting sun flies away from the birds" can be included in the painting, while the other few sentences can only be expressed in words.Although the text says "Water flows and the heart does not compete" and "Worry cannot be extreme", what it says is "no competition" "Not extreme", but the expressions of "heart" and "worry" are both substantial.This is just like "Wuji and Taiji", from "Wuji" "Tai Chi" is produced, "Tai Chi" is a group of vitality before the division of heaven and earth, and this vitality comes from the earlier "Wuji". For example, "Silence is better than sound at this time", and the sudden stop when playing music is "silence". "Heart" and "worry" feel deep meaning.