The first from text to article Among the primitive people in the past, Gai only used his gestures and voices to express his affection among the population.The voices change and change into words, and the words are harmonious and beautiful, which is a song of Zhao.When the grass is ignorant, the common people are simple and honest, and the mind is depressed inside, then they will sing and sing according to their feelings. When the world changes outside, they will only be afraid to praise and sing enthusiastically. Forget it, pass it on by word of mouth, or catch future generations.There are witches again, whose job is to communicate with the gods, and they perform songs and dances to pray for spirits, and their praises are used by the crowd, and their use will become more and more extensive.Try to find out that today's barbarians, although they are extremely ugly, do not have clothes and palace writing, but there are probably people who sing gods and express emotions, and summon spirits and ghosts.Lu Buweiyun said, "In the old days of Ge Tian's music, three people played oxtails, and they cast enough to sing eight songs." [1] ("Lu Shi Chunqiu", "Zhongxia Ji", "Ancient Music") Zheng Xuan said that "the prosperity of poetry is also Forgive me not in the age of the emperor." ("Preface to the Book of Poetry") [2] Although it is ancient and unwritten, and it is difficult to obtain credit, it can be proved that today's savages and Kui's human psychology should be based on Lu's words. It's closer to the truth.

However, the speaker is like a storm. After the turmoil, there is no trace left. Relying on word of mouth alone is not enough to travel far or lag behind.The poet feels things, sends out a song, and the song is already touched, and the matter is over.If you want to remember your words and deeds and keep your merits, you will only rely on words, and you are afraid of forgetting. Therefore, the ancients tried to tie knots to rule, and the later saints easily use letters.The method of knotting a rope is unknown today; in the book, it is said that "in ancient times, the Paoxi clan was the king of the world. Take all the body, take all things from afar, and then start to make gossip." ("Yi" and "Xia Xici") "Shen Nong's repeated repetitions are sixty-four lines." (3) (Sima Zhen's "Bu Shi Ji") quite It seems to be the beginning of the text.Its texts are preserved in "Yi" (4)), and the pictures are accumulated into images, short and long, and the changes are endless, and they are not related to the later texts.Therefore, Xu Shenfu thought that "the Yellow Emperor's history of Cangjie saw the traces of the hooves of birds and beasts, and he knew how to distinguish them from each other, and he first created a book contract" ("Shuowenjiezixu").

The achievement of the most important writing should be achieved over the years, and it will be popularized by all hands and shared by the whole group. It is very difficult to pinpoint who is the author, and it is also based on conjecture to attribute the credit to one sage. Xu Shen[5] said, "Cangjie wrote books at the beginning, based on pictograms, so they were called Wen. Later, when the phonetic and sound benefited each other, they were called Zi. The writing of words is also called "Zi". The book. The book is like this....Zhou Li entered elementary school at the age of eight, and the Bao family taught the sons of the country. He first used the six books. The second is pictograms, pictograms are painted into objects, and they are interspersed with the body, the sun and the moon are also; Comparing class and friendship, it is true for Wu Xin; the fifth is to transfer annotations, those who transfer annotations, build a poem, agree to accept each other, and the old test is also true; It’s true that things are long.” (“Shuowen Jiezi Xu”) refers to the matter of pictograms and meanings, and the matter of sound under the guise of pictograms, transliteration, and exegesis.The deeds of Yu Xia's book are not visible today, and the book of Yu Yu [6] is not enough forgery. Since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there have been many carved on bone armor and gold stones. Down to the Qin and Han Dynasties, the writing is more complicated, and six things are captured, roughly reconcile.The meaning is that when a character is written for the first time, it must be pictographic at the beginning, and it is easy to see and understand.Today's characters have many forms and sounds, and observe their structure. Ninety-nine take the image as the foundation. When reciting a word, you should know the shape, sound and meaning. Knowledge and use, one word is the whole.In the article, it is written that the mountain is called the steep and steep, and the water is called the surging ocean, which is covered with verdant trees, and it seems like abundant trees, trout, bream, eel and carp, such as many fish.Therefore, its letter has three beauties: the beauty of meaning is to touch the heart, one is the beauty; the beauty of sound is to touch the ear, the second is;

Even the characters are also called the text.And its prosperity is also covered by witch history.Witches use the records of the gods to go further, and history uses the records of human affairs, but they still report to the heavens; if you turn to today's "Yi" and "Yi", you can get a similarity.As for the real situation in ancient times, it is impossible to test the desert, and it is difficult to know the names of the emperors and emperors. The world regards the emperor, the emperor, the emperor and the emperor as the three emperors [7], and the order of the three is the beginning, followed by the people who have nests [8] Fuxi Shennong, the evolution process of the Ming people, is almost all ordered by future generations, and it is not a real name.When he descended to Xuanyuan, there were many legends. When he was arrested in Yu Xia, there was a writing about Jian Ce's chopsticks that has been handed down to this day.

Wushi is not a poet. Although his job is limited to preaching stories, he also relied on oral and ear at the beginning of his life. In case of mistakes, he practiced sentences and consonants for memorization.Once the text is written, there is no danger of mistakes, but the simple strategy is cumbersome, and the writing is laborious, so the text should be frugal to save material resources, or because of old habits, rhyme is still used.Today, there are Huangdi's "Daoyan" [9] (see "Lushi Chunqiu"), "Jin Ren Ming" [10] ("Shuo Yuan"), Zhuanxu's "Dan Shu" [11] ("Da Dai Ri Ji"), Although Emperor Ku's "Zheng Yu" [12] ("Jia Yi's New Book") was published together with books from Qin and Han dynasties, it is not reliable, but most of them harmonize with their pronunciation and occasionally their words, making it easy for readers to catch their tongues, which is almost the same as the ancient way.

Inferring from the preface, the original text is almost slightly different from the language, and it should have algae rhyme for easy recitation.However, in the Han Dynasty, everything that is equal to bamboo and silk was called an article ("Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi"); later, it may expand its territory, and everything that can be drawn and written, and those that catch the eyes belong to it.Liu Xie of Liang [14] said that "the origin of humanities originates from Tai Chi" ("Original Dao"), the three talents are manifested, and the Tao is wonderful, "the formation is formed when the form is established, and the text is born when the sound is produced", so All the tiger-banxiaqi and Lin Laiquan's rhyme are articles.It is said that it is sweaty and cannot be heard.For a slightly narrow meaning, there is a saying in "Yi" that "things are mixed, so they are called texts." [15] "Shuowen Jiezi" said, "Writing is wrongly drawn." Wrong but not chaotic, it is also close to the image of Lier.As far as Liu Xi [16] said, "The literary writer gathers many colors to form a beautiful embroidery, and gathers many characters to form meanings, just like literary embroidery" ("Shiming").It is true that the matter of the article should have diction and meaning, and it should be decorated with flowers, just like embroidery. "Shuowen" also has the word "彣", which says:

"Also"; "North, Yuzhang Ye" [17].Gai means this.Then there is no need to use it, but the proviso and articles are now commonly known as literature. Although Liu Xie said so.Nearby and Wanpin, animals and plants are all written. ..." Since the Jin and Song Dynasties, the distinction between writing and writing has been very serious. His "Zong Shu Pian" says, "Today there is a common saying: there is writing and writing. I think that there is no rhyme in writing, and rhyme in writing. "Xiao Yi [18]'s interpretation is particularly clear, saying:

"Today's disciples turn to teachers and accept them. Those who understand the scriptures of sages are called Confucianists; Qu Yuan, Song Yumei, and Changqing's disciples, who stop at Ci Fu, are called Wen." Like Bo Song, if it is like that, it is generally called a pen. Those who sing rumors and linger in mourning are called essays.” He also said, “The pen, if it retreats, it is not a complete article, and if it advances, it does not take meaning. It is a coincidence. It’s just the tip of the brush. To be like a writer, it must be rich and colorful, the palace is full of manliness, lips and kisses can be met, and the spirit is swaying. But the source of ancient writing and today’s writing is different.”

("Jinlouzi" and "Liyan Pian") cover the boundaries of the articles at that time, which can be extremely relaxed. If they are vertical, they will include the shapes and sounds of Wanhui; Only by changing human feelings can we be called literary.Otherwise, it is generally called the pen. The words and the poems are opposed to each other, the Tang Dynasty was still the same, and when the Song and Yuan Dynasties were caught, the meaning was obscured, so the loose style of the pen was also called Wen, and it was called its use, so it contained the Tao, raised the scriptures, and punished the beautiful words. , the sermon notice, Gao Zhang Wenyuan.In the Qing Dynasty, Ruan Yuan [19] wrote "Wen Yan Shuo", and his Zifu also wrote "Wen Bi Dui", which restores the ancient friendship, but his theory is also not good.

※ ※ ※ 〔1〕Lu Buwei (?—235 BC) was born in Puyang (now part of Henan) at the end of the Warring States Period. He was originally a big businessman.King Qin Zhuangxiang and Qin Wangzheng were prime ministers, but they were dismissed afterward, fearing suicide.He once ordered his disciples to compile "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals", 26 volumes.Ge Tianshi, one of the legendary clan leaders. Eight Ques, according to "Lu Shi Chunqiu Zhongxia Ji Ancient Music", namely "Zaimin", "Xuanniao", "Suicaomu", "Fenwugu", "Respecting Tianchang", "Jiandigong", "Fenwugu", "Jiandi Gong", Yidide", "Total Beasts".

[2] Zheng Xuan (127-200), styled Kangcheng, was born in Gaomi (now Shandong), Beihai, Eastern Han Dynasty. The "Shipu" written respectively explains the regions and times of each part of Feng, Ya and Song; the relationship between the formation of the general description of "Shipu Preface" and the times.The emperor refers to the family of Fuxi (also known as the family of Paoxi). According to legend, he taught the people to make nets and engage in fishing, hunting and animal husbandry. 〔3〕According to Tang Simazhen's Supplementary Records ("The Book of Three Emperors"): "The Emperor Yan Shennong,... Chop wood for plowing, kneading wood for plowing, and plowing for plowing, to teach thousands of people, and began to teach farming, so it is named Shennong.So he made a wax sacrifice, whipped plants and trees with ocher, and began to taste all kinds of herbs and medicine.It is also used as the five-string harp.Teach people that day and night are the market, trade and retreat, everyone gets what he wants.Therefore, the eight trigrams are divided into sixty-four lines. " [4] "Yi", also known as "Book of Changes", is an ancient divination book in my country.Divide scriptures and biography.The scriptures have three parts: hexagrams, hexagrams, and lines; there are ten biography, which are explanations of the scriptures. [5] Xu Shen (approximately 58-approximately 147), courtesy name Shuzhong, was born in Zhaoling, Runan (now Yancheng, Henan) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.The 30 volumes of "Shuowen Jiezi" written by him are important works of philology.The following "The book is like it", Tang Kong Yingda's "Preface to the Book of Justice": ""Xuanjiqiu" says: 'The book is like it.' The book, write its words, as it is, and feel free." Entered elementary school at the age of eight. "Da Dai Li Ji·Bao Fu Pian" contains: "The ancients went out at the age of eight and went to the foreign house, learning small skills and performing small duties." "Contains: "The Bao family remonstrates the evil of the king, and raises the sons of the country with Taoism, which are the six arts of teaching." The six arts refer to rites, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and mathematics.Books, that is, six books. 〔6〕岣嵝絝絝书书 On the Wei Peak of Mount Heng, Hunan, there is an inscription of more than 70 characters, with strange and ancient characters. [7] There are different opinions about the Three Emperors. "The Emperor's Century" says: "The heaven and the earth were opened up, and there were the emperors of heaven, the emperors of the earth, and the emperors of the people." Kong Anguo in the Western Han Dynasty "Preface to Shangshu": "The books of Fuxi, Shennong, and Huangdi are called three tombs"; Tang Kong Yingda's "Justice" : "The Book of the Three Emperors is the Three Graves." [8] Youchao and Suiren are the legendary clan leaders.According to legend, Youchao taught people to live in nests, so they were named Chaoshi; Suiren taught people to drill wood to make fire and start cooked food, so they were named Suirenshi. [9] The ancient emperor in the legend of the Yellow Emperor. "Historical Records of the Five Emperors": "The Yellow Emperor, the son of Shaodian, surnamed Gongsun, named Xuanyuan."For example, "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" records the words of the Yellow Emperor: "Sound is forbidden, color is forbidden, clothing is heavy, fragrance is heavy, taste is heavy, and room is heavy." 〔10〕 "Jin Ren Ming" Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty "Shuo Yuan·Jing Shen" records that Confucius saw a gold man (bronze man) in Zhoutai Temple, with an inscription engraved on the back, and there is a sentence: "The Yingying is not extinguished, and the flames are helpless. Trickling If it is not obstructed, it will become a river. If it does not stop, it will become a snare. If it is not cut down, it will find an ax." 〔11〕 Zhuanxu According to "Emperor Century", Zhuanxu is "Gaoyang clan, grandson of the Yellow Emperor". "Da Dai Li Ji · Wu Wang Jianzuo" contains Zhuan Xu's "Danshu" saying: "Respect wins laziness, good luck, laziness wins respect, perishes; righteousness wins desire, obedience, desire wins righteousness, evil." 〔12〕Diku According to the "Emperor Century", Diku is "Gaoxin, the grandson of Shaohao", and Shaohao is the son of the Yellow Emperor. "Jia Zi's New Book Xiuzheng Yu (Part 1)" records Emperor Ku's saying: "Demo is higher than philanthropy, and politics is higher than Boli people. Therefore, there is no government greater than faith, and governance is greater than benevolence. I am cautious about this." .” 〔13〕 "Blunt speech is speech, and discussion is difficult speech" see the third volume of "Shuowen Jiezi". 〔14〕Liu Xie (?—about 520), styled Yanhe, was born in Dongguan (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) in Liangnan in the Southern Dynasties.Written in ten volumes and fifty articles, it is the first systematic monograph on literary theory and criticism in China.The following, from "shown by the three talents" to "all are articles", are all based on "Wen Xin Diao Long · Yuan Dao": "The high and low position, so the two appearances are born. Only ginseng, which is loved by the soul, is called the three talents; It is the beauty of the five elements, and it is the heart of the world. The heart is born and established, and the words are established and civilized, which is the way of nature. It is close to all things, and animals and plants are all written: dragons and phoenixes are painted with algae to show auspiciousness, tigers and leopards are painted with brilliance. The color of clouds and clouds is more wonderful than that of a painter; the grass and trees are magnificent, and they are not as wonderful as a brocade craftsman; the outer decoration of the husband covers the natural ears. As for the sound of the forest, the tune is like a cymbal; the rhyme of springs and stones is as harmonious as a ball. ; Therefore, when the shape is established, the chapter is completed, and when the sound is produced, the text is born." [15] See "Yi Xici (Part 2)" for the phrase "things are miscellaneous, so it is called Wen".Things refer to yin and yang.These two sentences mean that yin (-) and yang (—) are intricately intertwined, which is the text. [16] Liu Xi, courtesy name Chengguo, was born in Beihai (now Weifang, Shandong) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The story is unknown. The "Explanation of Names" written in eight volumes explains the meaning of words with the same or similar sounds, and infers the origin of the names of things. 〔17〕 "Yuan Zhang Ye" Xu Shen's original "Shuowen Jiezi" "Northern, there are articles". Duan Yucai's note in the Qing Dynasty: "Yuan, also, there is a department called Yu, and there is also Yuzhang." Yi, Duan's note: "It is made of hair decorations and paintings." 〔18〕Xiao Yi (508-554) is Emperor Liang Yuan, who named himself Jinlouzi.At the beginning, he was granted the title of King of Eastern Hunan, and later became the emperor.The "Jinlouzi", written in handwriting, originally consisted of ten volumes, but now there are six volumes.Yan Zhuan below, that is, Yan Zuan, with the word Xu Bo, was born in Anhan, Brazil, Jin Dynasty.He was once a member of Taifu Yang Junshe, and there is a biography in "Book of Jin".Bo Song, surnamed Zhang Mingsong, was born in Wuyang in the late Western Han Dynasty.Because he was good at composing memorials, he was granted the title of Marquis Shude and the prefect of Danyang. "Han Shu Wang Mang Biography" contains the saying of the time: "If you want to be sealed, pass Zhang Bosong; fight with strength, it is better to play skillfully." Be a "master's disciple" and "shake the soul". 〔19〕Ruan Yuan (1764-1849) styled Boyuan, nicknamed Yuntai, was born in Qing Yizheng (now Jiangsu).He is the author of "Jing Jing Shi Ji", including "Wen Yan Shuo", "Wen Yun Shuo", "Discussing Ancient Documents with Friends", etc., discussing the classification of writing style.His son Ruan Fu wrote "Wen Bi Dui", saying that "Writing is written by those who have sentimental speech and rhyme", and "Writing is written by those who speak bluntly and without literary talent".This article is included in the book "Wenbi Kao" edited by him, and it can also be found in Ruan Yuan's "Three Collections of Jingshi Shixuehaitang Wenbi Policy Questions".