Chapter 33 The Historical Changes of Chinese Fiction (2)

[1] Here, "fiction" should be "opera". 〔2〕Hu Shi said in his "Journey to the West": "I always suspect that this magical monkey is not a domestic product, but a piece imported from India. Maybe even the myth of Wuzhiqi was imitated by India's influence. " He also said: "According to the guidance of Dr. Ganghetai, I found a Hanuman in India's oldest chronicle poem "Lama Biography", which can probably be regarded as the back of the Monkey King" (see " Hu Shi Wen Cun "two episodes).Gang Hetai, an aristocrat in the Tsarist Russian era, came to China after the October Revolution and taught ancient Indian religion and Sanskrit at Peking University.

〔3〕"Red Line", Ming Liang Chenyu once wrote the drama "Red Line Girl". "Hong Fu", Ming Zhang Fengyi once wrote the legendary "Red Fu Ji". Lecture 4: Song People's "Speaking" and Its Influence I said it last time: Legendary novels will be extinct by the time of the fall of the Tang Dynasty.As far as the Song Dynasty, although there were also legends, they were quite different.Because the people of the Tang Dynasty mostly described current events, while the people of the Song Dynasty mostly talked about ancient things.The novels of the Tang Dynasty had few lessons; while those of the Song Dynasty had more lessons.Probably in the Tang Dynasty, speech was more free, even if you write about current events, you will not get into trouble; but in the Song Dynasty, taboos became more and more, so the literati tried to avoid it and talked about ancient things.In addition, Neo Confucianism was at its peak in the Song Dynasty, so the novels were also more Neo-Confucianism, thinking that novels are insignificant unless they contain lessons.But the reason why literature and art are literature and art is not because of lessons. If you turn novels into self-cultivation textbooks, what is literature and art?Although people in the Song Dynasty still wrote legends, that's what I mean when I say that legends are extinct.However, the literati and bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty, for the credit for the novel, were compiling the book "Taiping Guangji".This book is a collection of trivial language novels from the Han Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty, with a total of 500 volumes, which can also be called the culmination of novels.But this is not their own initiative, but the government summoned them to do it.Because at the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the world was unified and the country was peaceful. Because famous scholars from all over the world were recruited and favored by them, they were asked to write books. At that time, "Wenyuan Yinghua", "Taiping Yulan" and "Taiping Guangji" were achieved.The purpose of the Dasein government is to use this business to adopt celebrities in order to reduce their political reaction. It is certainly not interested in literature and art; but inadvertently, it has left us a forest of ancient novels.As for creation, the scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty did not really contribute much.But at that time, there was another kind of common people's novel in the society, which took its place.This kind of work not only has a different genre, but also reforms in the articles, using vernacular, so it is really a major change in the history of fiction.Because at that time, although ordinary literati and bureaucrats all talked about Confucianism and despised novels, ordinary people still wanted to entertain themselves; it is not surprising that common people's novels have risen.

In the Song Dynasty, Yu Bian was established as the capital, and there were many people and people in Kangfu. Because of this, there were many entertainments. There was a kind of zaju in the market, and this zaju included the so-called "talking". "Speaking" is divided into four subjects: first, telling history; second, talking about scriptures and scriptures; third, novels; "Talking about history" refers to historical events and biographies of famous people, etc.; it is the origin of later historical novels. "Shuo Jing Huan Jing" is a speech on Buddhist scriptures in common language. "Fiction" is short talk. "Hesheng" is to read two vague poems first, and then read a few more sentences before you can understand the meaning, which is probably satirical.These four subjects were later related to novels, only "telling history" and "fiction".At that time, people who practiced this kind of profession were called "speakers"; and they also organized groups called "Eloquent Clubs".They also compiled a kind of book to rely on and develop when speaking. This book is called "Hua Ben".In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, this kind of script was still popular, but when the Song Dynasty perished, and when the Yuan people entered China, Zaju disappeared, and the script was no longer popular.In the Ming Dynasty, although there were still speakers—for example, Liu Jingting was a famous speaker at that time—but they were no longer the true faces of Song people; moreover, they no longer belonged to Zaju, and they did not have any organization.Up to now, we can hardly know what the script of the Song Dynasty is. ——Fortunately, several books have been reprinted and engraved, which can be used as specimens.

One is "Pinghua of the History of the Five Dynasties", which can be read as a history lecture.The style of telling history is probably from the beginning of the world to the dynasty to be talked about. The same is true of "Five Dynasties Shipinghua"; its articles start with poems, enter the main text next, and end with poems, and each paragraph is always evidenced by poems.But the problem lies in the fact that there are too many fictitious events, but less use of historical events.As for poetry, I think it was probably influenced by the people of the Tang Dynasty: because in the Tang Dynasty there was a lot of emphasis on poetry, and those who were able to write poems were pure; I haven't changed it in the novel I made.Furthermore, if the words “I don’t know what’s going to happen next time? Let’s listen to the next episode” always appear at the end of each chapter in historical novels, I think it probably originated from the speaker, because the speaker must hope that people will come to listen again next time, so it must be used. A thrilling unfinished business holds them back.As for the current chapter novels still imitating it, it is just a relic, just like the cecum in our belly, useless.One is "Popular Novels of Jingben", which is already incomplete, and there are more than ten articles left.The so-called novels in "Speaking" are not like the so-called novels in a broad sense today, but they are very short and use current events.First of all, let’s talk about a provocateur, or use poems, or still use stories, called "Victory Touhui"-"Touhui" means the previous return; "Desheng" is an auspicious word. ——I entered this article later, but it is not lengthy, the length is about the same as the beginning, and it will be completed in a short time.It can be seen that the so-called novel in the speech of the Song Dynasty means "short story". Although "Jingben Popular Novels" is not complete, it is enough to see the general outline of that type of novel.

In addition to the above two, there is also a "Da Song Xuanhe Legacy", which has poems at the beginning and end, and some slang sentences in the middle, which is close to "telling history" rather than oral talk; it is like a "novel" and not concise; What has already been mentioned about Liangshanbo is the harbinger of "Water Margin", and it is something that can be paid attention to.There is also a newly discovered book called "Tang Sanzang Master's Quotation of Poetry" - this book has long since disappeared in China, it was brought back from Japan - this so-called "Poetry Talk" is not what people say today Shihua means that there are poems and words; in other words: it is also an alias for a type of novel that focuses on "poems as evidence".

This "Da Tang Sanzang Master Qujing Shihua" is the first voice, but it is quite different. Steal, and Tang Seng mission to steal. ——This is not so much the age, but the difference in the author's thinking.Because the author is a scholar-bureaucrat, and the author of "Qujing Shihua" is a city resident.The scholar-bureaucrats are very strict on people, thinking that Tang Priest should not steal ginseng fruit, so they must push this matter to monkeys; while the city commentators are more forgiving, thinking that Tang Priest stealing a few peaches is so important, so they stop doing it wholeheartedly. He deliberately concealed it for him, and actually put a pen to write it.

In short, the influence of Song people's "speech" was very great, and nine out of ten of the later novels were based on the script.For example, the narration of fragments such as the following novels, Ru, etc., is to imitate the "novels" of Song Dynasty.2. The narrations of later chapter novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and other long novels are all based on "telling history".Among them, the influence of telling history is greater, and from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present, the "Twenty-Four Histories" have all been performed.Among the writers, another famous figure appeared, that is Luo Guanzhong.

Luo Guanzhong, a native of Qiantang, lived around the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty.He has written many novels, but unfortunately only four remain.And these four kinds have been changed arbitrarily by later generations, and they are no longer what they used to be. ——Because the Chinese have always regarded novels as insignificant, not like classics, so they like to change them casually——As for the deeds of Guanzhong’s life, we don’t know it now; They are all dumb, that is also a rumor.Guanzhong's four novels are: 1.; 2.; 3. "Biography of Sui and Tang Dynasties"; "The Legend of Sansui Ping Yao in the Northern Song Dynasty" is a record of Beizhou King Ze's use of sorcery to cause chaos. There are three people who pacify him, and their names all have the word "Sui", so they are called "San Sui Ping Yao". "Biography of Sui and Tang Dynasties" narrates the events from the Zen position in the Sui Dynasty to the Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty. ——The structure and articles of these two books are not very good, and they are not popular in society; the most popular and powerful ones are and.

1. The story of the Three Kingdoms did not start from Luo Guanzhong. In the Song Dynasty, the old sayings in the alleys had "said three points", so they told the story of the Three Kingdoms. Su Dongpo also said: "Wang Peng Changyun said: 'Children in the alleys... sit and listen to old sayings, even talk about the affairs of the Three Kingdoms. When they hear Liu Xuande's defeat, they frown frequently, and some people shed tears; when they hear Cao Cao's defeat, they sing happily. So if you know the virtue of a gentleman and a villain, you will not cut it for a hundred lives.'" It can be seen that there were books of this kind before Luo Guanzhong.Because the affairs of the Three Kingdoms are not as chaotic as the Five Dynasties; nor are they as simple as the Chu and Han Dynasties; they are neither simple nor complicated, suitable for novels.Moreover, the heroes of the Three Kingdoms era were very moving in terms of wisdom, martial arts and bravery, so people like to use them as the basis for novels.Furthermore, there is Pei Songzhi's commentary on "Records of the Three Kingdoms", which is very detailed and enough to draw people's attention to the affairs of the Three Kingdoms.As far as whether Luo Guanzhong was created or inherited, I dare not make a hasty conclusion now; but in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, there was a saying in the title of "Jin Pingyang Marquis Chen Shou History Biography, Ming Luoben Compilation", it can be seen that it is directly based on Chen Shou's " Romance of the Three Kingdoms is based on it.But what is now has been changed by later generations, and it is not what it used to be.If discussing the advantages and disadvantages of his book, the critics believe that there are three disadvantages: (1) It is easy to be misunderstood.Because of the things described in the middle, seven points are true, and three points are false; but in reality, more is false than less, so people may inevitably believe that the false is true.For example, Wang Yuyang is a famous poet and a scholar, and the title of his poem is "Diao Pang Shiyuan on Luofengpo" [1]. . (2) The description is too real.There is no harm at all for those who write well;

And those who can't write well are of no benefit at all.In fact, this is not true in fact, because a person cannot be all good or all bad.For example, Cao Cao also has his political advantages; and Liu Bei, Guan Yu, etc., cannot be said to be undisputed, but the author does not care about it, but writes subjectively, and often becomes an unreasonable person. (3) Articles and ideas do not match—that is, what the author expresses cannot be consistent with what the author imagines.For example, if he wants to write about Cao Cao's treachery, the result seems to be bold and wise; if he wants to write about Kong Ming's wisdom, the result seems to be cunning. ——However, after all, it has a very good place, such as the section where Guan Yunchang kills Huaxiong, it is really impressive; the section where Cao Cao is released on Huarong Road is full of righteousness and courage, just like seeing him.Later, there were many historical novels, such as "Kaikai Romance", "East-West Han Romance", "East-West Jin Romance", "Before and After Tang Dynasty Romance", "Southern and Northern Song Dynasty Romance", "Qing History Romance"... none of them could keep up. .So people like to read it; it will still be able to maintain its considerable value in the future.

Second, the story of Song Jiang and others did not start from Luo Guanzhong; because Song Jiang was a real person, and it is also a fact that he was a thief. Things about him have become social legends since the Southern Song Dynasty.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were Gao Ru, Li Song, etc., who wrote novels based on the stories of the Water Margin; Gong Shengyu, a survivor of the Song Dynasty, also wrote "Song Jiang Thirty-six People Praise"; Jiedushi" and other words, it can be seen that this kind of story has already spread to the population, or there are various simple books, which is unknown.Later, Luo Guanzhong gathered various novels or small books of "Water Margin" stories, and the choice of them became the majority.But the original ones are now unavailable, and there are two types of current ones: One is seventy chapters; the other is more than seventy chapters.The one with more than seventy chapters is firstly about Hong Taiwei who mistakenly went away from demons, and then a hundred or eight people gradually gathered in Liangshanpo to rob houses, and later they were recruited to break Liao, Ping Tianhu, Wang Qing, capture Fang La, and set up a court. great merit.In the end, the court was suspicious, and Song Jiang died of poison, and finally became a god.Among them, the theory of recruiting security is the thought from the late Song Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty. Because the society was in turmoil at that time, the officers and soldiers suppressed the civilians, and those who were peaceful endured it, and those who were not peaceful separated and became robbers.On the one hand, the robbers resisted the officers and soldiers, and the officers and soldiers were invincible. On the other hand, they plundered the people, and the people were naturally harassed by them from time to time; Resist him, so the thief was praised at that time again.As for the level of Song Jiang taking poison, it was joined in the early Ming Dynasty. After Ming Taizu unified the world, he was suspicious of heroes and killed them rampantly. go. —This is also the case of the factually deficient, the novel reuniting him. Many people thought it was Shi Naian who did it.Because there are more than seventy chapters, there are two types: complex and simplified. One of the authors of the complex is Shi Naian.However, this Shi Naian may be an excuse for the person who later became the fanben, but he was actually born after Luo Guanzhong.Later generations saw the inscription of Nai'an in the complex version, and thought that the simplified version was the abridged version, so they regarded Nai'an as an older person and ranked it before Guanzhong.At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Jin Shengtan said that "zhaoan" is good until it is good, and then it will be bad; He also claimed to have obtained the ancient version, and decided that "Zhao'an" was written by Nai'an, and it was continued by Luo Guanzhong, and he scolded him severely.So he deleted all "Zhaoan" from now on, and only saved the first seventy episodes—this is the current edition.He probably didn't have any ancient texts, but he just deleted them based on his own opinion. The ancient texts and so on are nothing more than a means of "restraining the ancients".However, there are some discrepancies before and after the article, but it is exactly as Sheng Tan said. However, as I said before: it is composed of many oral traditions or stories from the small book "Water Margin", so of course there are not all of them.Besides, it is more difficult to describe articles after a successful career than when you are a bandit. It is not uncommon for a large book to end poorly, and it cannot be concluded that it is Luo Guanzhong's sequel.As for why Jin Shengtan deleted the articles after "Zhaoan"?This was probably influenced by the social environment at that time.Mr. Hu Shizhi said: "Sheng Tan was born in an era when thieves spread all over the world. He saw Zhang Xianzhong and Li Zicheng like thieves spreading poison all over the country, so he felt that thieves should not be advocated, but should be punished with words and pens." This is very true.It was Sheng Tan who thought that it was unreliable to use bandits to put down foreign bandits, so he didn't want to listen to the rumors of Song Jiang's meritorious deeds. But after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the power of foreign tribes flourished, and a few survivors felt the pain of subjugation, so they forgot the pain of the bandits and expressed sympathy with the robbers.For example, Chen Chen, a survivor of the Ming Dynasty, wrote "The Later Water Margin" under the name of Yandang Shanqiao.He said: After the death of Song Jiang, the remaining comrades were still Song Yujin, but they did not succeed. Li Jun led the crowd to Siam and became the king of Siam. ——This is what it means to sympathize with robbers because the country is occupied by foreigners.But later things changed, and even the sense of race was forgotten, so Yu Wanchun wrote "Jie Shui Hu Zhuan" during the Daoguang period, saying that the mountain bandits Song Jiang and others were all killed by officers and soldiers.His articles are beautiful, and his descriptions are not bad, but his thoughts are really unsightly. ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕The poem "Hanging Pang Shiyuan on Luofengpo" can be found in Volume 10 of Wang Shizhen's "The Essence of Yuyang Mountain People". The fifth lecture explains the two main trends of novels Last time I gave a general overview of Song Zhi's novels.As for Yuan, its lyrics and music are very developed, but in terms of novels, there is nothing to say.Now let's talk about the novels of the Ming Dynasty.In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, that is, before and after Jiajing, many novels appeared, among which there were two main trends: first, those about the struggle between gods and demons;Let's break it down now: 1. The rise of this trend of thought about the struggle between gods and demons was also influenced by the religions and alchemists at that time.In Xuanhe period of Song Dynasty, Taoism was worshiped very much; in Yuan Dynasty, Buddhism and Taoism were worshiped together, and the influence of alchemists was not small; in the Ming Dynasty, it had declined at first, but in Chenghua, it raised its head again, and there were alchemists at that time. Li Zi, Ji Xiao of the Shi family, and Yu Yong, a seductive man in the Zhengde period, all worshiped officials with miscellaneous skills. Because of the increasing popularity of demonic and delusional theories, their influence reached the articles.What's more, the disputes between the three religions have never been resolved. Most of them are mutually reconciled and tolerated, and finally they are called "same origin".Whenever new sects come in, although they regard each other as heretics and cause some disputes, once they think that they are of the same origin, there is no discrimination. heresy.The thinking at that time was extremely vague. The evil and righteousness described in the novel were not Confucianism and Buddhism, or Taoism and Buddhism, or Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism and White Lotus. Give them a title called Gods and Demons Novels. This kind of main trend can be represented by three novels: (1); (2) "Fengshen Zhuan"; (3) "Sanbao Eunuch Western Records". (1) People in the world think that Qiu Changchun, a Taoist priest of the Yuan Dynasty, did it, but it is not.Qiu Changchun himself has three other volumes, which are travel notes, which are still preserved in Dao Zang: but because the title of the book is the same, people mistakenly think it is one.In addition, those who engraved novels in the early Qing Dynasty took Yu Ji's "Changchun Real Man's Journey to the West Preface" as the top one, and people even believed that it was done by Qiu Changchun. ——Actually, the person who did this was Wu Chengen from Shanyang, Jiangsu.This can be seen in the "Huai'an Mansion Chronicle" compiled in the Ming Dynasty; however, this record was deleted in the Qing Dynasty.What I see now is 100 chapters. First, Sun Wukong became enlightened, then the origin of the Tang monk's learning of Buddhist scriptures, and after eighty-one hardships, he finally returned to the East. This novel was not written by Wu Cheng'en either, because "The Poems of the Master of Tang Sanzang's Learning from Buddhist Sutras"—as mentioned earlier—has already talked about the Monkey Walker, the God of the Deep River[1], and various strange lands.The zajus of the Yuan Dynasty also used Tang Sanzang to learn scriptures from the West as materials. In addition, there was also a brief "Journey to the West Biography" in the Ming Dynasty-from this we can see that Xuanzang's journey to the west has gradually evolved into a mythical story from the end of Tang Dynasty to Song Yuan Dynasty, and most of them were written as simple novels. They will be brought together to form the majority.Cheng Enben is good at being funny, he talks about the joy, anger, sorrow, and joy of monsters, which are all close to human feelings, so everyone likes to watch it!This is his skill.What's more, it makes people look at it, and they don't have any heart. It's not like, when they see Liu Sheng, they are happy, and when they see Cao Sheng, they hate it; because the above mentioned are all monsters. We watched it, but found it amusing. It was—that was his skill, too.As for the purpose of this book, some people say it is to encourage learning;But according to my opinion, it is only because of the author's game, just because he was influenced by the same origin of the three religions, so Sakyamuni, Laojun, Guanyin, Zhenxing, Yuanshen and so on are omnipresent, so that no matter what All believers can attach themselves to the church.If we have to ask its general purpose, then I think what Xie Zhaoyan J, a man of the Ming Dynasty said, "...the ape is the god of the heart, and the pig is the spirit of the mind. The beginning is indulgence, and there is no way to restrain it. And the curse of the tight band can make the heart ape tame and subdue him until death, and Gai also asks for a metaphor for peace of mind." These few words are enough to say it all.Later, there were times and so on, but they couldn't get rid of the pattern of the previous book.As far as Dong said, it has become a satirical novel, which has nothing to do with this category. (2) "Fengshen Zhuan" and "Fengshen Zhuan" are also very popular in society, but we have no way of knowing who wrote them.Some people say: the author is a poor man, he made this book and sold it as a dowry for his daughter, but this is just a legend without evidence. Its thinking is also influenced by the vagueness of the same origin of the three religions; the narration is that Xin Jinxiang Nuwa Palace wrote poems to imply the gods, and the gods ordered the three demons to confuse the king to help Zhou.The above talk more about wars, gods and Buddhas are mixed, those who help the Zhou are to explain the teachings; those who help the Yin are to stop the teachings.I think that "explaining" means clarifying, and "explaining teaching" means orthodox teaching; ——In short, it is influenced by the same origin of the three religions, and the three religions are regarded as gods, and other religions are regarded as demons. (3) "Sanbao Eunuch Western Records" and "Sanbao Eunuch Western Records" are books written during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, which are rare now; this book tells the story of Zheng He, the eunuch in Yongle, who served thirty-nine foreign countries and made them pay tribute.It is said in the book that when Zheng He went to the West, Elder Bifeng assisted him.In this book, although it is about a war between countries, China is close to a god, while foreigners are in the status of demons, so it is still a novel of gods and demons.However, the work of this book is also related to the environment at that time, because Zheng Hezhi had a great reputation in the Ming Dynasty and was loved by the world; after Jiajing, Japanese pirates were rampant in the southeast, and the people were hurting the current weakness, so I felt sorry for him. Xi Zhisheng wrote this book.But those who don't think about generals but think about eunuchs, who don't rely on military strength but rely on spells, are bound by traditional thinking; on the other hand, eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty often served as supervisors of the army, and their power was very powerful.This idea of ​​using magic to attack foreign countries has been handed down until the Qing Dynasty. It was believed to be true, and the Boxers experimented once. 2. When novels about gods and demons became popular, novels about worldly situations also came into being. The reason, of course, was inseparable from the social conditions at that time, and there was a category, which was the same as novels about gods and demons, and alchemists. It has a lot to do with it.This kind of novels probably narrate some romantic and indulgent things, in the midst of joys and sorrows, and describe the scorching state of the world.The most famous thing is that the book narrates the deeds of his family with the help of Ximen Qing as the host.Ximen Qing used to have one wife and three concubines, but later fell in love with Pan Jinlian again, and took her as a concubine with her husband, Wu Da;Later, Li Ping'er and Ximen Qing both died first, Pan Jinlian was killed by Wu Song, and Chunmei also died of fornication and violence.When Jin Bing arrived in Qinghe, Qing's wife and his posthumous son, brother Xiao, wanted to go to Jinan. On the way, they met monk Pujing and led them to Yongfu Temple.Because Pan Jinlian, Li Ping'er, and Chunmei in this book are all important figures, so the title of the book is called.In the novels of the Ming Dynasty, those who talk about filth, every time the characters point out something, they use words to avenge their revenge. Like Ximen Qing mentioned in this book, he is a gentleman, and he is probably no more than the author’s enemy. But who does he belong to? Now there is nothing to test.As for who the author is, we still don't know yet.Some people say: Wang Shizhen did this to avenge his father, because his father Wang Ying was killed by Yan Song, and Yan Song's son Shifan was in power for a while, and any memorials that were not good for Yan Song would be suppressed by him and would not let the emperor go to court. smell.Wang Shizhen found out that Shifan liked to read novels, so he wrote this book, which made him indulge in it and had no time to care about others, so he could go to Yansong's memorial.Therefore, in the reprinted editions of the early Qing Dynasty, "Theory of Bitter Filial Piety" tops it. But this is just speculation, not credible.His article was well done, and Wang Shizhen was the most famous writer at that time, so the world married him as the author.Later generations advocate this theory, and put "Bitter Filial Piety" at the top, but it is nothing more than a means to alleviate social attacks, and there is no evidence for what Wang Shizhen said. In addition, the story of indulgence, even more, is "Yujiao Li". But this book has been lost in the Qing Dynasty, and it is not the original if it is seen occasionally.There is another kind of "Xu Jin Ping Mei" written by Ding Yaokang, a native of Zhucheng, Shandong. It is quite different from the previous book. It is a theory of karma, that is, the descendants of Wuhan University became adulterers, and Pan Jinlian also became a Hejian woman, and was eventually sentenced to death. ; Ximen Qing turned into a dull man, just sitting and watching his wife and concubine have an affair. 〔2〕——It is unpleasant to see reincarnation.From then on, the novels of world affairs have clearly changed into books about retribution—become books about exhorting goodness.Such a novel about the later generations can never be completed if it is deduced, the third generation and the fourth generation. It is really a strange and interesting approach. But this happened in ancient India, such as the "Yanghorimara Sutra" [3] is an example. As mentioned above, on the one hand, novels of worldly feelings have such a change of cause and effect, but on the other hand, they also have another kind of reaction.It is about the so-called "gentle and honest", which can be represented by "Pingshan Lengyan" and "Yujiaoli".However, the titles of this kind of books are still often used, and the names of the characters in the book are often used as the title;The so-called talented people can probably write some poems, and when a talented person meets a beautiful woman, they often use poetry as a medium.This seems to be a marriage that is very contrary to "the order of the parents and the words of the matchmaker". It is somewhat opposed to the old habits, but when it comes to the reunion season, it is often married according to the order, and we know that the author has found something more. Great hat too.None of the articles in those books are good, but they are very famous in foreign countries.One is because there are French translations of "Yujiao Li" and "Pingshan Lengyan"; there are German translations in French, so people who study Chinese literature know that it is probably mentioned in the history of Chinese literature; In a monogamous country, there will be great disputes if more than one beautiful woman loves a talented man, but in these novels there is no problem, and they all get married at once. From their perspective, it is really strange And fun. ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕Shenhe Shen should be called "Shensha Shen" according to the "Da Tang Sanzang Qujing Shihua". [2] This is the plot of "Yujiao Li", please refer to the nineteenth chapter. 〔3〕The four volumes of "Yangbori Moluo Sutra", translated by Qiu Nabaduoluo in Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties.It belongs to the Mahayana Department, and tells the story of Buddha Jidu Yangbori Moluo. Sixth Lecture on the Four Schools of Qing Novels and Their Last Streams There are more types of novels and their changes in the Qing Dynasty than in the Ming Dynasty, but because of time constraints, I can only divide them into four schools to give a general idea.These four factions are: 1. Antiquity school; 2. Satire school; 3. Human sentiment school; 4. Chivalry school. 1. The so-called imitation of the ancient school refers to those who imitate the monsters of the Six Dynasties, or the legends of the Tang Dynasty.The single novels written by the Tang people were scattered and extinct in the Ming Dynasty. Occasionally, I saw imitations, and the world felt novel.At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Tang Quyou, the first rich man, imitated the legend of the Tang Dynasty and wrote "Jiandeng Xinhua". , until it was banned by the court, this trend gradually declined.But during the Jiajing period, the legendary novels of the Tang people became popular, and imitators have been everywhere since then. Literati generally like to write a few legendary articles;It was made by Pu Songling from Zichuan, Shandong.Some people say that before he wrote the book, he set up tea at the door every day, and asked passers-by to tell stories as materials for his writings; Come—such as "Fengyang Scholars", "Continuation of Huangliang" and so on—so he is listed in the imitation of ancient times.Most of the stories in the book are fairy tales, fox ghosts, spirits, etc., which are similar to the similar books published at that time, but its advantages are as follows: (1) The description is detailed and tortuous, and the pen is changeable and familiar. (2) It is said that demons and ghosts are humane and know the world, making people feel amiable, but not scary.However, too many classical works are used, which makes it difficult for ordinary people to read them. After it came out, it was popular for about a hundred years, during which many people imitated and praised it.But in the last years of Qianlong, Ji Yun, a native of Xianxian County, Zhili, came out to oppose him. Ji Yun said that there were two shortcomings: (1) The style was too complicated.That is to say, in one work of one person, it is inappropriate to have the style of two generations of articles. This is because there are long articles that imitate the legends of the Tang Dynasty, while some short articles resemble the monsters of the Six Dynasties. (2) The description is too detailed.This means that his works are about other people's deeds, and they are often too detailed to be known by himself. There are many things in which he may not be willing to tell, so how does the author know?In order to avoid these two shortcomings, Ji Yun completely imitated the Six Dynasties, advocating quality and overthrowing China, describing simple ancient times, and trying to avoid the practice of the Tang people.Most of the materials are self-made, and most of them borrow the words of fox ghosts to attack society.From my point of view, he himself doesn't believe in fox ghosts, but he thinks that he has to teach ordinary foolish people with the way of gods.But there is something admirable about him: he was born in the era of the strictest laws and regulations during the Qianlong period, and he dared to use articles to attack unreasonable etiquette and absurd customs in society. From the perspective of the time, he was really a very courageous person people.But at the end of the period, I can't understand his spirit of attacking society, but only imitate his meaning of using Shinto to teach, so this school of novels has almost become a book of exhortations. The works of the Antique School, since the above two books came out, everyone has learned them; Until now, even in Shanghai, there is still a group of so-called literati imitating it there. But there were no good results, and most of what they learned was dross, so the Antiquity Sect had already been trampled to death at the feet of its believers. 2. There were satirists in satirical novels in the Jin and Tang Dynasties, and there were especially many human love novels in the Ming Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty, there were very few satirical novels, and the famous and almost unique one was .It was made by Wu Jingzi from Quanjiao, Anhui.Jing Zi has seen and heard a lot, and is good at expressing, so all the narrations can be seen on paper; and the strange shapes and shapes of Confucian writers are unique and detailed.At that time, not a hundred years had passed since the end of the Ming Dynasty, and the legacy of the end of the Ming Dynasty still remained in the scholarly stream.As a scholar, Jingzi is familiar with the situation, so he can expose his ugly appearance in great detail.Although his book is a fragmented narrative without clues, it has many changes and is very interesting. There is no better satirical novelist in China than him.Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, diplomacy failed, and people in the society felt that their country was in decline, and they wanted to know why, and novelists also wanted to find out the reason; so Li Baojia blamed it on the officialdom and used the pseudonym of Nanting Tingchang. , made one.This book was very popular in the late Qing Dynasty, but the article ratio is much worse; moreover, the author is not very thorough about the situation in the officialdom, so there are often inaccuracies.Later, Wu Woyao, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, blamed the disappearance of old morality in society, and also used my fake name from Foshan to make a film.This book is also very popular, but when he describes the dark side of society, he often exaggerates and can't penetrate the subtleties, but he is impassioned as usual, which has the same shortcomings as Nan Tingting.These two books are made up of fragments, there are no clues or protagonists, and they are similar, but the artistic methods are far from it; the easiest to see is irony, and the two are close to abuse. Satirical novels are important in their subtlety and euphemism. If they are overstated, they will lose their literary value, and its last streams did not take this into account. Therefore, satirical novels can be said to have never been heard since then. 3. The novels of the school of human feelings can be well-known as representatives.Its initial name, which has eighty chapters in total, suddenly appeared in Beijing in the middle age of Qianlong.At first, they were all manuscripts, but Cheng Weiyuan's engraved edition was only available in the fifty-seventh year of Qianlong's reign. Forty more chapters were added, making a total of 120 chapters, and the name was changed.According to Wei Yuan, it was collected from old houses and drums.As for the original, it is rare now, but there is only one lithograph, and it is not known whether it is the original or not.What is described is about the affairs of Jia's mansion in Stone City—not necessarily in Nanjing today.The main one is Baoyu, the son of Jia Zheng from the Rongguo Mansion, who is extremely intelligent and absolutely loves the opposite sex; there are actually many good women in Jia's mansion, and besides masters and servants, there are also many relatives, such as Daiyu, Baochai, etc., who all come to stay. Shi Xiangyun also often comes.But Baoyu and Daiyu loved each other the most; later Zheng married Baoyu, but welcomed Baochai. When Daiyu found out, she vomited blood and died.Baoyu was also depressed and became sick from lamentation.Later, Jia Amnesty of Ningguo Mansion was dismissed and searched, and Rong Mansion was involved. As a result, the family declined, Baoyu went crazy, and then suddenly changed careers, winning Juren.But after a while, he suddenly disappeared.Later, when Jia Zheng passed by Piling because his mother was buried, he saw a man with a bald head and bare feet, and bowed down to him. If he looked carefully, it was a precious jade. Just as he was about to ask questions, a monk came and pulled him away.After chasing after nothing, I just saw a vast expanse of wilderness. Everyone knows that the author is Cao Xueqin, because it is written in the book.As for what kind of person Cao Xueqin was, few people have mentioned it; now that Mr. Hu Shizhi's textual research, we can know the general idea.Xueqin's name is Qi, which means Qinpu, and she is a bannerman of the Han army.His grandfather's name was Yin, and he weaved for Jiangning in Kangxi.When Emperor Shizu of the Qing Dynasty visited the south, he used the Weaving Bureau as his palace.His father, , also weaves for Jiangning.From this we know that the author was really a son of a big family when he was young.He was born in Nanjing.When he was ten years old, he went to Beijing with his father.After that, for unknown reasons, the family fortune suddenly declined.Xueqin is middle-aged, and she lives in poverty in the western suburbs of Beijing, sometimes without enough to eat. But he also indulged in drinking and composing poems, and his creation was at this time.Unfortunately, because of his son's death, he was overwhelmed with grief, and he died - he was over forty years old - and he didn't finish it, there were only eighty chapters.Later, Cheng Weiyuan's engravings increased to 120 chapters. Although they were collected from various places, they were actually continued by his friend Gao E, not the original ones. There are many speculations about the meaning of the book.To cite the more important ones: (1) It is about Nalan Xingde's family affairs. The so-called Twelve Golden Hairpins are the people who Xingde enshrined as guests.这是因为性德是词人，是少年中举，他家后来也被查抄，和宝玉的情形相仿佛，所以猜想出来的。 但是查抄一事，宝玉在生前，而性德则在死后，其他不同之点也很多，所以其实并不很相像。（二）是说记顺治与董鄂妃的故事；而又以鄂妃为秦淮旧妓董小宛。清兵南下时，掠小宛到北京，因此有宠于清世祖，封为贵纪；后来小宛夭逝，清世祖非常哀痛，就出家到五台山做了和尚。中宝玉也做和尚，就是分明影射这一段故事。但是董鄂妃是满洲人，并非就是董小宛，清兵下江南的时候，小宛已经二十八岁了； 而顺治方十四岁，决不会有把小宛做妃的道理。所以这一说也不通的。（三）是说叙康熙朝政治底状态的；就是以为石头记是政治小说，书中本事，在吊明之亡，而揭清之失。如以“红”影“朱”字，以“石头”指“金陵”，以“贾”斥伪朝——即斥“清”，以金陵十二钗讥降清之名士。然此说未免近于穿凿，况且现在既知道作者既是汉军旗人，似乎不至于代汉人来抱亡国之痛的。（四）是说自叙；此说出来最早，而信者最少，现在可是多起来了。因为我们已知道雪芹自己的境遇，很和书中所叙相合。雪芹的祖父，父亲，都做过江宁织造，其家庭之豪华，实和贾府略同；雪芹幼时又是一个佳公子，有似于宝玉；而其后突然穷困，假定是被抄家或近于这一类事故所致，情理也可通——由此可知一书，说尾大部分为作者自叙，实是最为可信的一说。 至于说到的价值，可是在中国底小说中实在是不可多得的。其要点在敢于如实描写，并无讳饰，和从前的小说叙好人完全是好，坏人完全是坏的，大不相同，所以其中所叙的人物，都是真的人物。总之自有出来以后，传统的思想和写法都打破了。——它那文章的旖旎和缠绵，倒是还在其次的事。但是反对者却很多，以为将给青年以不好的影响。这就因为中国人看小说，不能用赏鉴的态度去欣赏它，却自己钻入书中，硬去充一个其中的脚色。所以青年看，便以宝玉，黛玉自居；而年老人看去，又多占据了贾政管束宝玉的身分，满心是利害的打算，别的什么也看不见了。 而后，续作极多：有，，《红楼后梦》，《红楼复梦》，《红楼补梦》，《红楼重梦》，《红楼幻梦》，《红楼圆梦》……大概是补其缺陷，结以团圆。 直到道光年中，才谈厌了。但要叙常人之家，则佳人又少，事故不多，于是便用了的笔调，去写优伶和妓女之事情，场面又为之一变。这有《品花宝鉴》，《青楼梦》可作代表。《品花宝鉴》是专叙乾隆以来北京底优伶的。 其中人物虽与不同，而仍以缠绵为主；所描写的伶人与狎客，也和佳人与才子差不多。《青楼梦》全书都讲妓女，但情形并非写实的，而是作者的理想。他以为只有妓女是才子的知己，经过若干周折，便即团圆，也仍脱不了明末的佳人才子这一派。到光绪中年，又有出现，虽然也写妓女，但不像《青楼梦》那样的理想，却以为妓女有好，有坏，较近于写实了。一到光绪末年，《九尾龟》〔1〕之类出，则所写的妓女都是坏人，狎客也像了无赖，与又不同。这样，作者对于妓家的写法凡三变，先是溢美，中是近真，临末又溢恶，并且故意夸张，谩骂起来；有几种还是诬蔑，讹诈的器具。人情小说底末流至于如此，实在是很可以诧异的。 四、侠义派侠义派底小说，可以用做代表。这书的起源，本是茶馆中的说书，后来能文的人，把它写出来，就通行于社会了。当时底小说，有等专讲柔情，一派，又专讲妖怪，人们大概也很觉得厌气了，而则别开生面，很是新奇，所以流行也就特别快，特别盛。当潘祖荫由北京回吴的时候，以此书示俞曲园，曲园很赞许，但嫌其太背于历史，乃为之改正第一回；又因书中的北侠，南侠，双侠，实已四人，三不能包，遂加上艾虎和沈仲元；索性改名为。这一种改本，现在盛行于江浙方面。但，也并非一时创作的书，宋包拯立朝刚正，《宋史》有传；而民间传说，则行事多怪异； 元朝就传为故事，明代又渐演为小说，就是《龙图公案》。后来这书的组织再加密些，又成为大部的《龙图公案》，也就是的蓝本了。因为社会上很欢迎，所以又有，，《英雄大八义》，《英雄小八义》，，《七剑十八义》等等都跟着出现。——这等小说，大概是叙侠义之士，除盗平叛的事情，而中间每以名臣大官，总领一切。其先又有《施公案》，同时则有《彭公案》一类的小说，也盛行一时。其中所叙的侠客，大半粗豪，很像《水浒》中底人物，故其事实虽然来自《龙图公案》，而源流则仍出于《水浒》。不过《水浒》中人物在反抗政府；而这一类书中底人物，则帮助政府，这是作者思想的大不同处，大概也因为社会背景不同之故罢。这些书大抵出于光绪初年，其先曾经有过几回国内的战争，如平长毛，平捻匪，平教匪等，许多市井中人，粗人无赖之流，因为从军立功，多得顶戴，人民非常羡慕，愿听“为王前驱”的故事，所以茶馆中发生的小说，自然也受了影响了。现在已出到二十四集，《施公案》出到十集，《彭公案》十七集，而大抵千篇一律，语多不通，我们对此，无多批评，只是很觉得作者和看者，都能够如此之不惮烦，也算是一件奇迹罢了。 上边所讲的四派小说，到现在还很通行。此外零碎小派的作品也还有，只好都略去了它们。至于民国以来所发生的新派的小说，还很年幼——正在发达创造之中，没有很大的著作，所以也姑且不提起它们了。 我讲的《中国小说的历史的变迁》在今天此刻就算终结了。在此两星期中，匆匆地只讲了一个大概，挂一漏万，固然在所不免，加以我的知识如此之少，讲话如此之拙，而天气又如此之热，而诸位有许多还始终来听完我的讲，这是我所非常之抱歉而且感谢的。 ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕《九尾龟》清末漱六山房（张春帆）撰。一九二回。叙写妓女生活。