Chapter 32 Changes in the history of Chinese novels (1)

The Historical Changes of Chinese Fiction This article is a transcript of Lu Xun's lectures in Xi'an in July 1924. After I revised it, it was included in the "Summer School Jointly Organized by National Northwest University and Shaanxi Education Department" published by Northwest University Publishing Department in March 1925. Collection of Lectures (2). What I am talking about is the historical changes of Chinese novels.Many historians say that the history of human beings is evolution, so China is certainly no exception.But looking at the situation of China's evolution, there are two very special phenomena: one is that the new ones come back for a long time, and the old ones come back, that is, repetition; Abandoned, that is, messy.But does it not evolve?That's not the case, it's just relatively slow, which makes us impatient people feel like three autumns a day.Literature and art, one of the novels of literature and art, is naturally the same.For example, even today, in many works, the dross of Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the thinking methods of primitive people are still there.In today's talk, I want to ignore these dross—although it is still very popular in society—and find a clue to progress from the messy backward works. It is divided into six lectures.

Lecture 1: From Myth to Immortal Legend The name of novels can be found in what Zhuangzi said in ancient times, "decorating novels to serve as county magistrates". "County" means high, which means high reputation; "Ling" means beauty, which means good reputation.But this refers to his so-called trivial words, which are not related to Taoism, which are different from the so-called novels later. For example, the students of Confucius, Yangzi[1], and Mozi[2] can all be called novels from Zhuangzi's point of view;As for the "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi" that say: "Novelists are talking in the streets and alleys." It is used to examine the national conditions and customs of the country; it does not have the value of what is now called a novel.

How did the novel originate?According to the "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi": "Novelists are popular because of barnyard officials." Whether or not barnyard officials collect novels is another issue; Even if there is, it is only the origin of fiction books, not the origin of novels.As for the current group of scholars who study literary history, they mostly believe that novels originated from myths.Because primitive peoples live in caves and see everything in the world, which is not always changing—such as wind, rain, earthquake, etc.—there are inconceivable resistances that cannot be grasped by human beings. They are very surprised. Named as a god; and imagine the life and actions of the gods, such as the Chinese saying that Pan Gu created the world, and this is a successful "myth".Evolving from the mythology, the story is gradually approaching human nature, and most of the people who appear are "half gods". For example, the heroes who have made great achievements in ancient times, their talents are higher than ordinary people, because they are bestowed by heaven.For example, Jiandi swallowed swallow eggs and gave birth to Shang, Yao's words "emerged in ten days", and Yao made Yi shoot them, all of which are different from ordinary people.These oral traditions are called "legends" today.If it evolves from this point, the serious matter will be classified as history; the anecdotal history will become a novel.

I think, in the sequence of literary and artistic works, I am afraid that poetry comes first and novels follow.Poetry begins with labor and religion.First, because when working, singing while working can make you forget your hard work, so it develops from simple shouting until it develops your own mind and feelings, and has a natural rhyme; The gods gradually became adored because of fear, so they sang their mighty spirits and praised their meritorious deeds, which became the origin of poetry.As for novels, I think they start from rest.When people are working, they use songs to amuse themselves and forget their hard work. When they are resting, they must also find something to entertain themselves.This kind of thing is talking about stories with each other, and this talking about stories is the origin of the novel. —So poetry is verse, born of labor; fiction is prose, born of rest.

But in ancient times, whether it is a novel or a poem, its elements are always inseparable from mythology.India, Egypt, Greece are all like this, and so is China.It's just that there are no major works containing mythology in China; its sporadic mythology has not yet been collected into a special book.If we want to seek, we can only get a little from ancient books, and the most important thing in this kind of ancient books is to push.However, this book is also unsystematic, and the most important one, which is related to later records, is the story of the Queen Mother of the West. Let me cite one of them:

"Yushan is also the residence of the Queen Mother of the West. The Queen Mother of the West looks like a human being, with a leopard tail and tiger teeth whistling well, fluffy hair and a hoopla. She is the strongest of the heavens and the five cripples." There are many such things.This classic was popular until the Tang Dynasty, when it was taken away by the old mother of Lishan.In addition, there is another kind of "Mu Tianzi Biography", which tells the story of King Mu of Zhou driving eight steeds to the west, and is one of the miscellaneous books in the ancient tombs of Jijun. ——In short, there are very few mythological materials in ancient China. The owners are only fragments, and there are no long-form ones.We want to deduce the reasons here, I think there are two most important ones:

1. Too hard work. Because the Chinese nation first lived in the Yellow River Basin, the natural environment is not good. To make a living, they live very hard. Because of this, they value reality and despise fantasy, so myths cannot be developed and passed down.Although labor is a source of literature and art, there are conditions: it must not be excessive.All kinds of poetry can be produced only when work and rest are balanced, or when a little sleep is hard, and when there is a little spare time, I talk about novels.If you work too much, have little rest time, and have no room to recover from fatigue, you will have no time to sleep and eat, let alone literature and art.

2. It is easy to forget. Because in ancient China, gods, earth, humans, and ghosts were often mixed up, the original beliefs existed in legends, and the sun rose endlessly, so the old ones were dead, and future generations could not know.Such as Shentu and Yulei, the great gods in ancient times, are said to hold a kind of reed rope in their hands to bind tigers and ward off evil spirits, so they were regarded as door gods in ancient times.But later, the door gods were changed to Qin Qiong and Yuchi Jingde, and various facts were cited as evidence, so later generations only knew Qin Qiong and Yuchi Jingde as door gods, but no longer knew Shentu, Yu Lei, let alone pretentiousness. their stories too.In addition, there are many such.

There are no long stories in Chinese mythology. Now let’s look at the novels in "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi": Many of the catalogs of novels in "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi" are gone now, but only Some remains can still be seen.For example, "Qing Shizi" quoted in "Da Dai Li" and "Bao Fu Pian" said: "The ancients went out at the age of eight to live in a foreign house, learning small skills and performing small duties; with their hair tied up, they went to university, learning great skills and performing major duties. When they lived, they learned etiquette, when they walked, they admired jade, and when they got promoted, they learned Hearing the voice of Heluan, it is because of a non-secluded heart that there is no self-entry.

..." The words "Qing Shi Zi" are ancient novels; but as far as we can see, they are the same as "Book of Rites", so I don't know why they are considered novels?Perhaps it is because there are many differences between it and Confucianism.As for all the so-called novels of the Han Dynasty today, there are two called Dongfang Shuo's: one, "Shen Yi Jing", and two, "Ten Continents".There are also two kinds of Ban Gu's works: 1. "Hanwu Stories"; 2. "Hanwudi Internal Biography".In addition, there are "Dong Ming Ji" by Guo Xian, and "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" by Liu Xin. The article in "Shen Yi Jing" is a copy, and there are so many weird things in it.Now take one out:

"A false beast emerges from the barren mountains in the southwest. Its shape is like a dove, and its human face can speak. It often deceives people. It talks about east and west, and talks about evil and good. Its meat is delicious, and it is not true to eat it." ("Southwest Desolation Classic." ") "Ten Continents" is a record of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's hearing of the ten continents in the Queen Mother of the West. It is also imitated, but it is a little more solemn than "Shen Yi Jing". "Stories of Han Wu" and "Inner Biography of Emperor Wu of Han" both record the events from the birth to the death of Emperor Wu. "Dong Ming Ji" is about the magic of immortals and strange things in the distance. "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" is a miscellaneous record of trivial matters in the world. However, "Shen Yi Jing" and "Ten Continents" are not recorded in "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi". It can be seen that they were not made by Dongfang Shuo, but forged by later generations. "Hanwu Stories" and "Hanwudi Neizhuan" are different from Ban Gu's other articles, with Buddhist language mixed in them. - Buddhism was not popular at that time, and Han people never liked to speak Buddhist language - we can see It's also fake.As for "Dong Ming Ji", "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes" has been tested to be written by people from the Six Dynasties. ——So the six novels mentioned above are all fake.Only Liu Xiang's "Biography of the Immortals" [3] is true.Ge Hong of the Jin Dynasty also wrote "The Legend of the Immortals" [4], and there were more in the Tang and Song Dynasties. It was very influential in later thoughts and novels.But Liu Xiang's "Biography of the Immortals" was not intended to be a novel at the time, but was done as a real thing. No, it is still used as a material for children's books.A question often arises now: is this kind of myth, can it be used as a children's book?Let's also say something by the way.Those who oppose it say: Teaching children with such myths can only develop superstition, which is very harmful; while those who are in favor say: Teaching children with such myths is in line with Ertang's nature, which is very touching. Fun, no harm done.In my opinion, it depends on the state of education in the society. If children can continue to receive better education, they will naturally understand and avoid superstition when they study science in the future, so of course there is no harm; but if children cannot continue to receive a little education Without deep education, if learning does not improve, the myths taught in childhood will always be believed to be true, so they may be harmful. ※ ※ ※ [1] Yang Zi is Yang Zhu, a native of Wei State in the early Warring States period.Advocates the "for me" thought of "valuing life and self", "preserving the truth of the whole nature, and not being overwhelmed with things".His remarks and deeds can be found in "Mencius", "Han Feizi", "Lu Shi Chunqiu" and other books. Although there is a chapter on "Yang Zhu" in "Liezi", it is falsely entrusted by later generations. 〔2〕Mozi (approximately 468-376 BC), named Zhai, was born in Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.He used to be a doctor of the Song Dynasty and the founder of the Mohist school.He advocated the idea of ​​"universal love" of "love without distinction". Existing "Mozi" fifty-three. [3] "Biography of Lie Xian" and "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" describe two volumes, written by Liu Xiang.Describe the story of Chisongzi and other seventy-one immortals. 〔4〕Ten volumes of "Shenxian Zhuan" and "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" are written by Ge Hong.It narrates the story of Xu You, Chaofu and other eighty-four people who were listed in the immortal class. Lecture 2: Zhiguai and Zhiren in the Six Dynasties I talked about it last time: 1. Mythology is the germination of literature and art.Second, there are very few myths in China.Three, all the myths, there is no long story.4. The novels uploaded in "Hanshu" and "Yiwenzhi" no longer exist.5. Most of the existing Han Chinese novels are fake.How about we look at the novels of the Six Dynasties now?China originally believed in ghosts and gods, but ghosts and gods were separated from humans. Because they wanted people to communicate with ghosts and gods, witches came out.Later, witches were divided into two factions: one was alchemists; the other was still witches.Witches talk more about ghosts, and alchemists talk more about alchemy and seeking immortals. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the wind has become more and more prosperous, and it has not stopped until the Six Dynasties. Therefore, there are many books about ghosts, like "Natural History" says: "Prince Yan's alchemy is from Qin. If you want to return, please ask the king of Qin. The king would not listen, and said absurdly, 'It is okay to make the black head white and the horse to grow horns.' Dan looked up and sighed, the black head was white, and bowed down. But alas, the horse has horns. King Qin had no choice but to send it..." (Volume 8 "Historical Supplement") This is all a grotesque theory, influenced by alchemists' thinking.Another example is Liu Jingshu's "Yi Yuan": "In Yixizhong, Xu's maidservant Lan from the East China Sea suddenly suffered from jaundice, and she wiped it abnormally. They observed it together and saw a broom coming from a corner to the maidservant's bed. She took it and burned it, and the sister-in-law recovered immediately." (Volume 8) It can be seen that people in the Six Dynasties regarded everything as a monster. This is precisely the shaman's thinking, which is the so-called "religion of all gods".This kind of thinking, until now, still exists, such as: It is common to hang a plaque on the tree that says "response to requests", which is enough to prove that the society still regards trees as gods, just like the people of the Six Dynasties are superstitious.In fact, this kind of thinking originally existed in ancient times no matter what country, but it gradually disappeared later.But China is still flourishing. Among the novels of Zhiguai in the Six Dynasties, in addition to "Natural History" and "Yiyuan", there are also "Sou Shen Ji" by Gan Bao and "Sou Shen Ji Ji" by Tao Qian.However, most of "Sou Shen Ji" has been lost, and what is preserved now is a book composed of quotes from various books compiled by the Ming Dynasty, plus other books on strange things. It is a half-truth and half-false book.As for "Sou Shen Hou Ji", it also records supernatural changes, but Tao Qian is open-minded, so he may not have done this, and it is probably someone else's excuse. In addition, there is another way to help the people of the Six Dynasties to develop their thoughts of ghosts and monsters, which is the import of Indian thoughts.Because of the Jin, Song, Qi, and Liang dynasties, Buddhism was very popular, and many Buddhist scriptures were translated at that time, and at the same time there were also mixed stories about ghosts, magic, and strange things. Therefore, ghosts and ghosts from China and India were incorporated into the novel at that time, making it more developed. For example, the story of Yangxian Goose Cage is: "Yangxian Xu Yan was traveling in Sui'an Mountain, and met a scholar... lying on the side of the road, his feet hurt, and asked to send him to the goose cage. Yan thought it was a joke, and the scholar went into the cage... as if sitting with two geese, and the goose also Don't be surprised. Yan carries the cage and goes away without feeling heavy. Walking forward and resting under the tree, the scholar came out of the cage and said to Yan: "I want to be a king." Yan said: 'good. ’ Then he spit out a copper dowry with delicacies in his mouth. ... After a few drinks, Yan said, "Xiang Jiang will accompany a woman by himself, and now I want to invite her temporarily." '... spit out another woman in the mouth, and... have a feast together.The Russian scholar was lying drunk, and the woman called Yan and said: "...Xiang also stole a man to go with him,...call him temporarily...'...the woman spit out a man..." This kind of thinking is not unique to China, but is completely influenced by Indian thought. From this we can also see how the strange novels of the Six Dynasties are related to India.However, it should be noted that the absurdities of people in the Six Dynasties are generally the same as today's journal news, and they did not intend to write novels at that time. The novels of Zhiguai in the Six Dynasties, as mentioned above, let us now talk about the novels of Zhiren.The novels of Zhiren in the Six Dynasties are also very simple, and the comrades are almost strange. This is written by Song Liu Yiqing, which can be used as a representative.Now let me cite a couple of things: "Ruan Guanglu once had a good car in Shan, and he gave it to everyone who borrowed it. Someone buried his mother and wanted to borrow it, but he dared not say anything. Ruan Hou heard about it, and sighed: "I have a car, but people dare not borrow it. Why do you do it?" So Burn it." (Volume 1 "The Virtue Chapter") "Liu Lingheng indulged in wine, or took off his clothes and naked in the house. When people saw it and laughed at him, Ling said: 'I take the sky and the earth as my buildings, and my houses as my coats. Why do you come into my coat?'" (Volume 2 "Ren's Birthday") This is the so-called demeanor of Jin people.Looking at it from our current perspective, Ruan Guanglu's burning of cars and Liu Ling's exuberance seem a little strange, but Jin people don't think it strange, because at that time what was valued was strange behavior and mysterious talk.This kind of clear talk originally came from the clear discussion of the Han Dynasty.At the end of the Han Dynasty, the politics was dark, and the general celebrities discussed political affairs. At first, they were very powerful in society, but later they were envied by the rulers, and they were gradually killed. For example, Kong Rong and Mi Heng were all killed by Cao Cao. The celebrities of the generation no longer dare to talk about political affairs, and once they become dedicated to metaphysics; clear discussions but not political affairs, this has become the so-called clear talk.But this kind of celebrity who talked about it was still very powerful in society at that time. If he couldn't talk about it, it seemed that he was not qualified to be a celebrity; and the book "Shi Shuo" can almost be regarded as a textbook for celebrities. In the past, "Shi Shuo" still had "Yu Lin" and "Guo Zi", but now they are gone. The "Shi Shuo" is a compilation of old texts from the later Han Dynasty to the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.Later, Liu Xiaobiao commented on "Shi Shuo", and there were more than 400 kinds of ancient books cited in the notes, but not many of them exist now; In addition, there is another kind of "Laughing Forest" by Wei Handan Chun, which is also earlier than "Shi Shuo". Its articles are more simple than "Shi Shuo", and they are gone now, but there are still a few posthumous texts quoted in the Tang and Song Dynasties. I will also list one of them now: "A's parents are here, and they returned after three years of schooling. My uncle asked him what he had learned, and he said goodbye to his father for a long time. He replied: "Weiyang thinks more than Qin Kang." (Qin Kang's parents are dead). Counting, "Er Xue Xi Yi." The answer: "Seldom miss the training of the court, so learning is useless." ("Guangji" 262) From this we can see that what is said in "Xiao Lin" is probably nothing more than a humorous talk. Take "Xiao Lin" and "Shi Shuo" two books, but they didn't develop much in the end, because they only imitated but didn't develop.For example, "Xiao Lin Guang Ji", the most popular in society, is of course a branch of "Xiao Lin", but what "Xiao Lin" says is mostly intellectually funny; but in "Xiao Lin Guang Ji"[2], it falls on the form The humorous ones only use slanderous words to tease people physically, and are involved in frivolity, so the fun of the funny is much lowered. As for "Shi Shuo", there were more imitations later, from Liu Xiaobiao's "Xu Shi Shuo"—— See "Tang Zhi" - until the "Jin Shi Shuo" written by Wang Hao of the Qing Dynasty, and now the "Xin Shi Shuo" written by Yi Zongkui, etc., are all imitations of "Shi Shuo".However, the situation in the Jin Dynasty was completely different from that of modern society. It is ridiculous to still imitate the novels of that time today.Because we know that from the end of the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties to usurp the era, the world was in turmoil, and many people embraced world-weariness; in addition, Buddhism and Taoism were popular for a while, and they all talked about transcending the world. Ascension, so they like to take medicine; there is a group of people who want to wander in drunkenness forever, and don't care about world affairs, so they like to drink.Those who take medicine—the medicine taken by the Jin people, we know Wushi San, which is made of five kinds of stones. The skin is often not washed, and there are a lot of lice, so it is said: "Talk about the lice." ——This was the state of society in Jin Dynasty.However, people born in modern times, whose living conditions are completely different, want to imitate the novels produced by the social background at that time, isn’t it a joke? I said above: People in the Six Dynasties did not intend to write novels, because they saw ghosts and human affairs as the same, and regarded them as facts; therefore, "Old Tang Book" and "Yiwenzhi" did not write books about ghosts like that. Put it in the novel, but classified it into the category of historical biography, it was not until Song Ouyang Xiu that it was classified into the novel.However, the part of Zhiren was more important than the part of Zhiguai in the Six Dynasties, because it had a lot to do with fame; like at that time, if rural scholars wanted to become famous, they had to find famous people. In the Jin Dynasty, they had to Going to visit Wang Dao, Xie An is a first-class person, as the saying goes, "once you climb the Dragon Gate, you will be worth ten times."But if you want to talk to such celebrities, you must be able to suit their tastes, and if you want to suit their tastes, you must read books like "Shi Shuo" and "Yu Lin".For example: At that time Ruan Xuanzi saw Taiwei Wang Yifu, Yifu asked the similarities and differences of Lao Zhuang, Xuanzi replied: "It will not be the same." Yifu admired him very much and gave him an official job, which is the so-called "three-language 掾".But how to say the word "will not be the same"?Some people say it means "almost different"; some say it means "whether it's different"-in short, it's just an ambiguous and vague talk.If you want to learn this kind of misty talk, you have to read "Shi Shuo". ※ ※ ※ 〔1〕Kong Rong (153-208) was born in Lu State (now Qufu, Shandong) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He used to be Prime Minister of Beihai, but was killed by Cao Cao because he opposed Cao Cao.Mi Heng (173-198), courtesy name Zhengping, was born in Pingyuanban (now Shanerlinyi) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.Because he opposed Cao Cao, he was sent to Liu Biao, and Liu Biao sent him to Huang Zu, who was finally killed by Huang Zu. 〔2〕 "Xiao Lin Guang Ji" Qing game master series.A collection of jokes, four volumes, divided into twelve categories such as ancient beauty, rot, shape, boudoir style. Lecture 3 Legend of Tang Dynasty When the novel arrived in the Tang Dynasty, a big change took place.As I said before: during the Six Dynasties, the essays on Zhiguai and Zhiren were very brief and regarded as facts; in the Tang Dynasty, they were consciously written novels, which can be regarded as a great progress in the history of fiction. Moreover, the article is very long, and can describe twists and turns, which is quite different from the previous simple and ancient style, which can be regarded as a great improvement in style.But at that time, as a person of ancient literature, I was very dissatisfied when I saw it, and called it "legendary style". The word "Legend" actually meant Zi derogation at that time, not the so-called "Legend" in modern people's minds.However, there are not many such legendary novels now, only "Taiping Guangji" in the early Song Dynasty-this book can be regarded as a large category of novels, it is composed of novels collected from the Six Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty-we can still see them in it. The outline of legendary novels in the Tang Dynasty: In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Du wrote "The Story of the Ancient Mirror". Strange bottom flow.In addition, there is "Bai Yuan Biography" written by Anonymous, which says that Liang Jiang Ouyang He went to Changle and went deep into the stream cave. His wife was plundered by Bai Yuan.Hehou was killed by Emperor Chen Wu. His son Ouyang Xun was very famous in the early Tang Dynasty, and he looked like a macaque, so those who avoid it made this biography. Later, fake novels were used to attack people, so it can be seen that they were popular at that time. When Wu Zetian arrived, there was a "Youxian Cave" written by Zhang Zhuo. It was a self-narrative that he walked from Chang'an to Hehuang. On the way, he stayed with a family late at night. There were two women in this family, named Shiniang and Wusao, who drank and had fun with him. Etc.The facts are not very complicated, but written in parallel style.This kind of novel in parallel style has never existed before, so it can be regarded as a special kind of work.Later, the "Yanshan Outer History" written by Chen Qiu in the Qing Dynasty was in parallel style, and the author thought that he was the one who created novels in parallel style, but he didn't know that it had already started with Zhang Jue.But "Youxian Cave" has been lost in China for a long time; only in Japan, it still exists, because Zhang Zuo was very famous at that time, and foreigners came to China, and whenever they bought his articles with a lot of money, this may have been brought with them at that time A sort of.In fact, his articles are very clever, and they may not be good, but the style is more lively. From Tang to Kaiyuan and after Tianbao, the author Weiqi was very different from before.Those who looked down on novels in the past are now writing novels. This has something to do with the environment at that time, because during the exams in the Tang Dynasty, the so-called "walking papers" were very important; Banknotes are made into papers and used to pay homage to celebrities at the time. If they are praised, they will be "ten times the price of sound".After arriving in Kaiyuan and Tianbao, I gradually became a little tired of poetry, so some people put novels in the scrolls, and they even got their names.Therefore, those who were dissatisfied with novels in the past are now starting to write more novels, and because of this, legendary novels are very popular for a while.In the Dali, Shen Jiji wrote it first—this book is very common in society, almost no one does not know—— The content roughly says: There was a Lu Sheng who was walking on the road in Handan and sighed for his frustration. He met Lu Weng and gave him a pillow. Shi is also very honorable. ——And from being promoted to Jinshi, he was promoted to Shangshu and Yushi doctor.Later, he was tabooed by Shi Zai, causing him to be demoted to Duanzhou.After a few years, he was chased after him as the order of Zhongshu, and he was named Duke of Yan.Later, when he was old and sick, he groaned and groaned in bed, until he died of breath.When he died in his dream, he woke up, but it was not time to cook a pot of rice. ——This is to persuade people not to rush forward, and to look down on fame and wealth.Later, "Handan Ji" written by Tang Xianzu of the Ming Dynasty, and "Xuhuangliang" in "Liao Zhai" written by Pu Songling of the Qing Dynasty were all based on this. In addition, there is a celebrity named Chen Hong. After he and his friend Bai Juyi went through the Anshi Rebellion, Concubine Yang Guifei died, and the beauty had fallen into the loess. ".This biography influenced later, and there was a legend made by Hong Sheng of the Qing Dynasty, which was based on it.At that time, there was another famous person, Bai Xingjian, the younger brother of Bai Juyi, who wrote a "Biography of Li Wa", which said: The son of a giant family in Xingyang, who came to Chang'an, was addicted to sensuality, poor and sick, and lived in exile. Lang. ——Wang Lang is the person who carries the coffin when someone goes out for a funeral, and must sing an elegy. ——Later, he was rescued by Li Wa and encouraged him to study, so he was promoted to the rank of official and joined the army.Xingjian's article is good, and the plot of Li Wa is very touching and impressive.This article also had a great influence on later novels [1], such as "Qujiangchi" by the Yuan people, and "Xiu Ru Ji" by Xue Jinyan from the Ming Dynasty, all of which are based on it. In the novels of the Tang Dynasty, ghosts and ghosts are not very much talked about, and there are occasional ones, but they are just embellishments.But there are also some collections of short stories that still talk about ghosts and ghosts, which are still influenced by the people of the Six Dynasties, such as Niu Sengru's "Xuanguailu", Duan Chengshi's "Youyang Miscellaneous", and Li Fuyan's "Xuxuanguai". Records", Zhang Du's "Xuan Shi Zhi", Su E's "Du Yang Miscellaneous", Pei Cheng's, etc., are all here.However, it was made by the people of the Tang Dynasty, so it is much more beautiful than the twists and turns made by the people of the Six Dynasties. In addition to the above-mentioned authors of the legends of the Tang Dynasty, there are two more influential and noteworthy authors: one is Yuan Weizhi, who has few works, but has a great influence and is very famous; , had a great influence, and the one who was not very famous later was Li Gongzuo.Now let me talk about the two separately: 1. Yuan Weizhi's works Yuan Wei's name is Zhen, a poet, as famous as Bai Juyi.There is only one novel he has written, which is about Zhang Sheng and Yingying. Everyone probably knows this, so I don't need to go into details.Weizhi's poems and essays are very famous, but this legend is not very outstanding. Moreover, at the end of the chapter, Zhang Shengzhi abandons Yingying and says, ".It's almost an apologetic text.However, many later songs came from this, such as "Xian Suo Xixiang" by Dong Xieyuan, a Jinren man - the current "West Chamber" is a performance; "The Romance of the South West Chamber" continued, "The Story of the South West Chamber" by Li Rihua of the Ming Dynasty, "The Story of the South West Chamber" by Lu Cai, etc. There are so many, the whole guide comes from this article.But it is slightly different from what was originally described, that is: Xu Zhangsheng and Yingying finally reunited.This is because Chinese people like reunion very much, so it must be like this. Chinese people probably know the shortcomings of life reality, but they are unwilling to speak out; because once they are mentioned, "how to remedy this shortcoming" will occur If there are problems, or if it is inevitable to be bored or improved, things will be troublesome.The Chinese don't like trouble and boredom very much. Now if the shortcomings of life are described in the novel, it will make the readers feel uncomfortable.Therefore, those who are not reunited in history are often reunited in the novel; those who have no retribution, retribution and deceive each other. — This is really a question of national character. 2. Li Gongzuo's works Li Gongzuo has always been known to few people. He has written many novels, and now there are only four kinds: (1) "Nanke Taishou Biography": This biography is the most famous. One day, because of drunkenness, Fen was lying on the east verandah, and dreamed of two people in purple clothes. He came to invite him to Dahuai Anguo, recruited a son-in-law, and became the prefect of Nanke; because of his political achievements, he was promoted again high officials.Later, he led the army to fight with Tanluo Kingdom and was defeated, and the princess died again, so he was still sent back.When you wake up, you will have a dream for a moment, like living a lifetime; and when you look at the big locust tree, there is an ant hole, where ants are walking in and out. The so-called Dahuai Anguo, Nanke County, is here.The idea of ​​this article is similar to that, but its knots and aftertaste are leisurely, beyond what can be achieved.Later Tang Xianzu of the Ming Dynasty wrote "The Story of Nanke", which was passed down from here. (2) "Biography of Xie Xiao'e": This article tells that Xie Xiao'e's father and her husband traveled between rivers and lakes to do business and were killed by robbers.Xiao'e's Mengfu told the enemy that "the monkey in the car is the grass at the east gate"; and Mengfu told the enemy that he was "walking in the grass for a day". "Dongmencao" is the word "Shenlan"; "Walk in the grass, a husband for a day" is the word "Shenchun". Later, it was stolen because of it.Although this is solving puzzles and catching thieves, it has no great rationale, but its ideas have a great influence on later novels: For example, Li Fuyan interpreted his essays in "Xuxuanguailu", titled "Miaojini", and people in the Ming Dynasty wrote this work. flat words.If he described it in "Bao Gong An", there are many such people. (3) "Li Tang": This article is about Li Tang, the governor of Chuzhou. He heard that a fisherman saw a big iron lock in the water at the bottom of the turtle mountain. The monster, with snowy teeth and golden claws, rushed ashore, and the spectators ran, but the monster still pulled the iron lock into the water and did not come out again.Li Gongzuo explained: The monster is Wuzhiqi, the water god of Huaiwo. "Strength surpasses nine elephants, fights, leaps and gallops, light and sharp." Dayu made Gengchen control it, locked the neck with a big rope, and moved to the foot of Guishan Mountain in Huaiyin, so that the Huai River could flow safely.The impact of this article is also great. I think the Monkey King in the movie is just like Wuzhiqi.However, Mr. Hu Shizhi, a professor at Peking University, thought it came from India; Russian professor Gang Hetai also said that India also has such a story. [2] But from my point of view: the author has never read Buddhist scriptures; there are no words similar to this in the Indian scriptures translated by China; There are many places of influence.So I thought Sun Wukong attacked Wuzhiqi.But Mr. Hu Shizhi does not seem to think that Li Gongzuo was influenced by Indian legends. This is something I cannot say yet. (4) "Feng Yu of Lujiang River": The narrative of this article is very simple, and the article is not very good, so we don't have to talk about it now. The things in the novels of the Tang people were later moved to the songs.Such as "red thread", "red brush", "qiu beard"[3], etc., all originated from the legends of Tang Dynasty, so they spread indirectly throughout the society, and people still know it now.As for the legend itself, it died after the death of the Tang Dynasty. ※ ※ ※