Chapter 22 20. Rhyme

Rhyme is also a matter of meter, because a vassal can become a great power, so it is marked as an independent topic.I talked about modern poetry and ancient poetry before, and they all talked about rhyme; here I talked about words and rhyme, because if the rhyme can be divided into two categories, the rhyme of words belongs to the wide category (that is, it is different from modern poetry), But it is different from ancient poetry.That is to say, it has its own habits or methods, so it needs to stand on its own.I talk about habits or methods, not regulations, because unlike modern poetry, there are official rhymes that must be followed.There is no official rule, and the situation is the same as that of ancient poems.But there is another difference.One is the most obvious. The ancient poems use the pronunciation of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and the words are from the Tang and Song Dynasties. The pronunciation changes with the times, and quite quickly, so there must be differences.The second is that the author is different. The mainstream of ancient poetry comes from the pens of literati, which tends to be biased towards rules; the opposite is true for words, the mainstream comes from the mouth of singing girls (literati imitate, most of them are willing to follow the old way), and tend to be casual.Even as Li Yu said, the words must deliberately seek vulgarity.In this way, being close to the lower class and villages, the performance of rhyme becomes imprecise, or content with the same, in short, the restrictions are wide.Another result is that there are more differences.That is to say, sometimes it is unavoidable to bet one song like this, and another one like that.There is no official rhyme book, and the examples cannot be written in the same track and written in the same text. Is there any way to compare the "word rhyme"?

In the past, people who talked about thinking twice and not talking nonsense used a somewhat snobbish induction method, that is, they took more works from everyone and collected the situations that rhyme the same (such as Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan, etc.) Together, look, if "Zhong", "Red" and so on (the rhyme of the poem belongs to Yidong) and "Zong" and "Nong" (the rhyme of the poem belongs to Erdong) are all used in one song, it can be concluded that the lyrics and rhyme belong to The characters of Yidong can be shared with the characters belonging to Erdong.If such judgments accumulate too much, you will encounter a certain situation, with few examples, a certain situation, which seems to be out of the normal track, should you approve or not.This can also be lenient, that is, what is heard must be recorded; it can be strict, that is, it is important to give up light.Therefore, the rhyme of words is rarely the same as the rhyme of poetry, but different people will have different opinions (even if it is partial to the subsection).For those who fill in lyrics for other things, you don't need to ask too much about these, because it is difficult to clarify and not very useful.I would like to start with simplicity and pragmatism as the principle, and introduce the rhymes that have already been finished.

It starts with "Ci Lin Zhengyun" written in the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty.There have been such works before it, such as "Luo Fei Xuan Ci Yun" by the Song Dynasty (the original version may not be handed down), Li Yu's "Ci Yun" in the early Qing Dynasty, and later "Xue Yun" by Wu Hong and others who are more popular. "Song Zhai Ci Rhyme" and so on, all flaws and goodness meet each other, and there are even more flaws than goodness, which is not enough for training. "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" was written by Ge Zai, a native of Suzhou.Ge's fame is not high (just a tribute student), and he has no official position. He has devoted his whole life to Ci learning. He wrote "Ci Lin Zheng Yun". He himself said that his intention is:

There are two main points in writing lyrics, one is the rhythm, the other is the rhyme. If the rhythm is not coordinated, the sound will be good.Although the rhyme is relatively shallow, it has the most mistakes.There is nothing else, those who rely on talents disdain to stick to self-defense, and humble people often take the previous ones who are a little bit indiscriminate, to benefit from their omissions, and to go along with it, so as to self-proclaim that they are wandering without restraint, where will it stop?I worry about it.Because thinking about ancient times has no rhyme, the words of the ancients are also rhyme.The rhyme used by the ancients does not necessarily belong to one painting, but there are many excellent poems by famous masters, and the ones that are consistent with each other and have no disadvantages can be used as the standard.So I took the words of the ancients, studied and verified each other, and carefully distinguished them. I felt that the rhymes they used were divided or combined, or common or not, and they were judged by the boundaries.He also reviewed the Guangji rhyme books, judging the complexity and simplicity, seeking to cooperate with the ancient sounds, and making arbitrariness.Anyone who dies after reading cold and heat three times is called "Ci Lin Zheng Yun".Don't dare to correct the errors of the ancients, but really want to correct the errors of the present. ("Ci Lin Zheng Yun Fa Fan")

This is taking the works of the ancients as examples, using the induction method; adding a little snobbery to explore the division and combination of rhymes.The so-called snobbery includes two elements, one is to take everyone's works, and the other is to preserve the common ground while discarding minor differences.The rhyme of the words determined in this way naturally has a small difference from the rhyme of the poem, which is: the rhyme of the poem comes from the palace, so the right or wrong of the rhyme is absolute when writing poetry; in this way.Fortunately, for those who fill in lyrics for other things, this is roughly enough.

"Ci Lin Zheng Yun", Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House has published a photocopy, if you are interested, you can look for it.Saying "interested" means that you don't have to look for it.There are negative reasons for this, and generally speaking, it is not easy to use.Let’s talk about it separately, one is the most prominent, the part of Ge’s standard rhyme uses "Ji Yun", not to mention the complexity, people who are familiar with Pingshui rhyme must feel unfamiliar and awkward.Take the first part of Ping Sheng as an example, the general explanation of "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" is "one east, two winters and three hammers are common", and in addition to "one east and two winters", there is a "three bells", and the territory in my mind has already People who are occupied by poetic rhyme will naturally feel uncomfortable.The second is not obvious, but the relationship is not small. For the entry-tone characters used as flat-tone characters, upper-tone characters or drop-tone characters, Goshi also gives a prominent position. Is it appropriate or not? (The question will be discussed below.) The third is to collect words for detailed preparation, most of which are not used in daily life.There are positive reasons for not reading "Ci Lin Zheng Yun". It is already easy to use, and of course there is no need to include inconvenient ones.

This is easy to use, that is, the book that has changed the three points just mentioned.These three points are: 1. The rhyme part does not use the unfamiliar "Ji Yun", but uses flat water rhyme, or poetic rhyme; It is in line with the facts, but it can achieve the effect of simplicity; third, the words that are too uncommon have been deleted.This kind of easy-to-use word rhyme is probably because it is suitable for the needs of people who occasionally fill in their lyrics when they are interested. It existed in the late Qing Dynasty, such as "Enlarged Wan Cuixuan Ci Rhyme" corrected by Chen Zuyao.Mr. Wang Li's "Rhythm of Poetry" and Long Yusheng's "Rhythm of Tang and Song Ci" are also of this type.Because Mr. Wang also talks about poetry, the rhymes of the words are attached in "Poetry Rhymes Juyao", and a certain rhyme is divided into subdivisions, which are distinguished by adding an asterisk (for example, Jiujia characters are divided into two groups, collectively called "Jiaban" And "Jiaban", "Jia", "Ya" and other words in the nine good parts of the poem rhyme are added with an asterisk on the right shoulder, and words such as "jie" and "shoe" are not added, indicating that the two groups of words are different in the rhyme, and the asterisk is added The number belongs to the tenth part, and the one without the number belongs to the fifth part, which should be used separately).If Long's book is dedicated to speaking, he can avoid the trouble of partnership.The following is a detailed introduction to the rhyme of Ci, explaining that part of the rhyme is copied from "The Metric of Poetry" and the rhyme part is copied from the "Compendium of Rhyme of Ci" attached to the book "Metrics of Tang and Song Ci".

The following is a copy of Mr. Wang Li's explanation: There are no formal rules about rhyme.Ge Zai's "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" divides the three tones of the upper and lower tones into fourteen parts, and the tones of the entering tones into five parts, a total of nineteen parts.It is said that it is based on the words of famous poets in ancient times.Many people have followed it in the past.In fact, these nineteen parts are just a rough combination of poetic rhyme, which is similar to the wide rhyme of ancient poetry mentioned in the previous chapter. ... These nineteen parts can only be suitable for most cases of Song Ci.In fact, in the writings of some poets, the sixth part has long been connected with the eleventh and thirteenth parts, and the seventh part has long been connected with the fourteenth part.Among them, there are reasons for the development of speech, but also the influence of dialects.

Entering rhyme is very independent.Some words are customarily used in rhyme, such as "Recalling Qin'e", etc. The boundary between flat rhyme and flat rhyme is also very clear.If a certain tune stipulates flat rhyme, it cannot use flat rhyme; if it stipulates flat rhyme, flat rhyme cannot be used.Unless there is another body. Only two up beeps can be passed.This kind of situation in the Tang Dynasty It has already begun in ancient ancient poetry. The following is a copy of the "Compendium of Ci Yun" attached to "Tang and Song Ci Metrics": First Ping Sheng: One Dong and Two Dong are common (the following is divided into two groups, Yidong and Erdong, and the words included in the two rhymes, such as Dong, Tong, Tong, Dong, Dong, Tong, etc., are omitted. The same below.)

Pitched tone: Upper tone, one Dong, two swollen Qu Sheng One Send Two Song Universal part two Ping Sheng: Sanjiang Qiyang Universal Tone: Shangsheng three lectures twenty-two cultivation Qusheng Sanjiang Twenty-Three Yang Universal part three Ping Sheng: four, five, eight, ten gray (half) universal Tune: Shangsheng four papers five tails eight shepherds ten bribes (half) Qusheng four sets five not eight Ji Jiutai (half) eleven teams (half) universal part four Ping Sheng: six fish and seven fishes are universal Tune tone: Shangsheng six languages ​​seven 麌 Qusheng Liuyu Qiyu is universal

fifth part Ping Sheng: Nine good (half) ten gray (half) universal Tune tone: Shang tone nine crabs ten bribes (half) Qusheng Jiutai (half) ten hexagrams (half) eleven teams (half) common Part Six Ping Sheng: Eleven real, twelve characters and thirteen yuan (half) common Tone: Eleven Zhen, Twelve Kiss, Thirteen Nguyen (Half) Going Sound, Twelve Shocks, Thirteen Questions, Fourteen Wishes (Half) Universal Part VII Ping Sheng: thirteen yuan (half) fourteen cold fifteen delete one first common Tone: Shang Sheng thirteen Nguyen (half) fourteen drought fifteen sixteen sixteen Qusheng Fourteen Wishes (half) Fifteen Johns, Sixteen Admonitions, Seventeen Shots Part VIII Ping Sheng: Two Xiaos, Three Dishes and Four Haos are common Tune: Shangsheng 17 Xiao, 18 Qiao, 19 Hao Going to the sound of the 18th whistling, the 19th effect, the 20th general purpose Part IX Level tone: Wuge (for exclusive use) The tone: the upper tone is twenty Qusheng Twenty-one Universal Part ten Ping Sheng: Jiujia (half) and Liuma general The tone: twenty-one horses on the upper tone Qusheng ten hexagrams (half) twenty-two are common Part Eleven Ping Sheng: Eight Geng Nine Greens Ten Steams Tone: Twenty-three stalks and twenty-four tones in the upper tone Twenty-four respects, twenty-five paths, common Part Twelfth Flat tone: Eleven You (for exclusive use) The tone: the upper tone is twenty-five Go to the sound of twenty-six You universal Part Thirteen Ping Sheng: Twelve Intrusions (for exclusive use) Tune tone: Shangsheng twenty-six sleepers Qusheng twenty-seven Qin universal Part Fourteen Ping Sheng: Thirteen Tan, Fourteen Salt, and Fifteen Salt are common Tone: 27 senses, 28 thrift, and 29 pigs in the upper tone Going to the sound twenty-eight survey twenty-nine beauty thirty-sink general Part fifteen Entering the sound: one house, two wos, universal Part sixteen Entering the sound: three senses and ten medicines are common Part Seventeen Entering the Sound: Four Quality, Eleven Mo, Twelve Tin, Thirteen Jobs, Fourteen Series, Universal Part eighteen Entering the sound: five things, six months, seven holes, eight points, nine chips, and sixteen leaves are common Part 19 Entering sound: 15 in 17 in common Compared with the rhyming situation of ancient poems (each divided into 15 categories on the level, and divided into 8 categories for the entering tone), words rhyme and merge more cases (the number of divisions is reduced, and the upper and lower tones can be used in common); if it is compared with modern poetry In comparison, it seems too free, almost coming here casually. This is almost random, and it will lead to some theoretical or practical problems, let's talk about them separately. The first is whether entering tones are suitable for use as level, upper and lower three tones, or whether they should be recognized or not. "Ci Lin Zheng Yun" starts from the third part. After the flat tone five branches, six fats, seven, eight, twelve, and fifteen grays are common, the item "entering the tone as level tone" is listed, and "shi", "榁" and "shi" are listed. , "stone" and other more than 130 entering tone characters, which can be used as flat tone characters; Half) After the 20 wastes of the 18th team are in common use, the upper tone characters are listed as "the upper tone as the upper tone", and there are more than 170 entering tone characters such as "quality", "锧", "礩", and "Zhe", saying It can be used as Shangsheng characters; after the Qusheng characters, there is an item of "Rusheng as Qusheng". There are more than 110 Rusheng characters such as "日", "衵", "日", and "入", which can be used as Qusheng word use.This is also the case with the fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, tenth, and twelfth volumes below.Like this, just subtract a small number of re-seen words, the quantity of reverse stringing of entering tone characters is also too much.Gorbachev's conclusion also comes from the induction method, and of course there are examples as the basis. He said in "Ci Lin Zheng Yun Fa Fan": Only the three tones of the entering sound are used by poets, such as "Mo Sang Yangguan Song" in Yan Jidao's "Liangzhou Order", the word "qu" is Qiu Yuqie, Ye Yuyu Yun; Liu Yong's "Nvguanzi" "Loutai Quiet like jade", "Jade" is written in Juqie, and "Huang Yinger" "warm rhythm hidden in the valley", the word "gu" is used as Gongwuqie, all of which rhyme with fish and fish; ... All of these rhyme with the entering tone as three tones.There are also those who make three sounds in the middle of the sentence, such as Ouyang Xiu's "Touching the Fish", "Hate people to go to loneliness, wind pillow is lonely and hard to sleep", "Jiji" Ye Jing's wife cut; Liu Yong's "Man Jianghong" "Stay at the end, For a long time, I asked Yi Zhu", the word "Zhu" was burnt and cut by Ye Chi; ... and so on, it is impossible to list them all.But this kind of case is somewhat special. For the sake of brevity, it can be said to be generalized or exaggerated. It is separated from the spoken phonetic system of the ancient system and separated from the phonetic system of the Middle Ages.This should be said in a vulgar word, and naturally it is not impossible.But this will inevitably lead to a problem that is difficult to coordinate, which is: in the same text, some places are conservative and still insist on entering the tone and keeping their duty, such as "Recalling Qin'e", rhymes with equal tones, and a large number of Other entering tone characters; some places are reformed, and occasionally follow the vulgar, such as those cited by Goshi.It's like wearing an old suit all over the body. When a tie suddenly comes on, the onlookers will inevitably be surprised.Surprise expressed in language becomes disapproval.I have "Kaozheng Baixiang Ci Pu" at hand, and Tianxu Wosheng (Chen Xu) said in "Preface": Its headings are easy to remember if you know the rhyme of the poem.And go up to merge the sound and phase, so as to pass the bet.Using the example of Ye Ping's up and down three tones without opening the incoming tones is enough to make scholars go on the right track and avoid the disadvantages of Ye Ping's dialect. And in the "Fan Li" said: Covering lyricist Fanping into the voice case must be alone.There are those who use the entering tone as the level up and down three tones, which are suitable for music and not for words. Although people in Tang and Song Dynasties had it occasionally, it was all due to the dialect, and it was not enough. It is a fact that the entering tone character is used as the flat upper three tone character. Some people (such as Ge Zai) respect the fact, and some people (such as Chen Xu) respect the legal principle, so there are differences of opinion.Which side do we fit to be on?It is difficult to distinguish clearly about the truth; it is better to shrink back and only consider the practical aspect.From my point of view, writing lyrics, abandoning the entering tone, completely modernized, with too many changes, so it is very difficult; retaining the entering tone, still the old style of the middle age, the words of the entering tone are not reversed, although sometimes it is not free from minor inconveniences (such as pressing flat It is not allowed to use entering tone characters), but it can avoid the big trouble of messy clues.In accordance with Mozi's principle of choosing the most beneficial and least harming, we'd better behave properly and use all entering tone characters as entering tone characters. Another question is, how accurate is the rhyme described above?Obviously not very big.There are two reasons: first, the judgment comes from examples, and examples have two fatal flaws, one is incomplete (some are intentionally omitted), and the other is not clear as water (such as written by different people). can be different).In short, the conclusions drawn in this way are at most roughly the same.The second reason is that we cannot judge right and wrong by the principles of the ancient sounds, because the facts often have a distance from the principles; if we can use the principles of sound to measure right and wrong, there must be some, or even many, unreasonable places.In short, we have to admit that the rhymes recommended above are just a legacy of Ci, but they may not be perfect. This leads to another question that is closely related to practicality, why should it be regarded as a standard?From the standpoint of those of us who fill in the lyrics, this question is easy to answer; yes, it is regarded as a standard for two reasons: one is that we do not have the ability to make another one, so it is better to sit back and enjoy the benefits; the other is , just take it as the yardstick, between the flowers and the moon, we can also open our mouths, or take a pen, and write one or two or three or five sentences, such as "When the moon is on the window, the dream king does not know" and so on, in order to obtain It was a moment of fluttering.All in all, although it is not perfect, it is useful and sufficient; before using it, it is of course okay to take a look at it, but the most important thing is to use it. All benefits come from here, and only from here.