Chapter 85 Brief Talk on Writing Experience

I am very grateful to the correspondence school, because it gave me such a good opportunity to meet you.I'm not here to lecture, I'm here to defend.When defending in school, there are at most a dozen teachers.There are more than a thousand teachers in front of me today, so I feel very nervous.However, a student always has to see the teacher. Now I will do my best to answer the questions raised by the teachers.Ask teachers to criticize and advise. Let me first read the ten questions you asked about "Writing Questions". 1.How to determine the title of the article?What issues should be paid attention to when determining the topic?

2.How to determine the central meaning (theme) of an article?How to write around the central idea? 3.How to choose materials according to the central meaning of the article? 4.How to make the structure of the article rigorous and not loose? 5.How to write a complicated matter clearly and concisely? 6.How to write the article lively and not flat? 7.How do you avoid journaling when you have to list many facts in an article? 8.How to write short articles? 9.How to modify my article? 10.How to practice the basic skills of writing? To be honest, I can't answer any of these ten questions if I leave the specific article.I think the best way to answer is to analyze my own works.If I take someone else's work, I don't know how he conceived it, how he selected materials, what he took, and what he discarded. It's hard to say, so I took my own work.This is not to say that my works are good, but that I know why my works are written in that way.

These ten questions, I divide it into two parts.The first part covers the first to ninth questions, and the second part deals with the tenth question. As I said before, when I talk about it, I have to use my own works to talk about it.Now let me talk about how I wrote "Our Five Children".About these five orphans, the "Beijing Evening News" reported on January 8 with the title "Although they lost their parents". "People's Daily" also had a report on January 11 with the title "Orphans Are Not Alone".When I accepted the task given to me by the editorial department of "People's Literature", I had three concerns: first, reportage had to write new things, if others had already reported it, it would be meaningless for you to repeat it. And those two articles are well written; secondly, I feel that "orphans are not orphans" is not a novelty in our new Chinese society, and it seems that there is no need to report it repeatedly, because there are several orphans around me. They go to school and work under the care of the party and the government; thirdly, with so much publicity and so much care sprinkled on the children like spring rain, will it make them feel special and have a sense of ecstasy? .I had these concerns in my heart, but in the end I went for the interview.It is the first time for me to interview and write reportage.When writing this report, I wrote these thoughts of mine as the beginning of the article.The first time I went there, I went to the street office to see Comrade Tian Maiqin.Later, I went to the orphan's home and saw Aunt Tian, ​​who was the street activist Tian Shuying.The second time, I went to see several schools where the children were, and talked to each teacher.

I also looked at Comrade Chen Yuzhen at the service station.I didn't write in the order of who I looked at first, and who I looked at second. The central point of my writing this article is not just to explain that "orphans are not orphans", and it is not just to think that an orphan is not an orphan in China, as long as he has food and clothing, he will be finished.The central meaning of my writing this article is: in our China, although some children have lost their parents, under the care of the party and the state, and the care of the people around them, they must be trained to be successors of the construction industry .So when I was thinking about the topic, I felt that I could no longer use the topic "Orphans are not alone".There is a cross talk titled "All Eyes Are Close", which is also very good, but it can't express my above meaning. Where did the title "Our Five Children" come from?How did I grasp this topic?

That was when I went to visit Chen Yuzhen, she called those children "our five children".I think this sentence is very good, very kind. "Our five children" means that they are the five children of all of us. We not only take care of their food, clothing, school, and work, but also think about how to train them to become successors.Therefore, I took this as a topic.When I was writing, I took Chen Yuzhen as the first object, and the first one was to visit her.I actually left out the fact that the first time we visited her, she wasn't at the service station. We have visited many people.For example, when I went to the office, I saw not only Comrade Tian Maiqin, but also the director of the office, Comrade Zhang Jingxing.He also talked a lot with me and did a lot for the children.During the Chinese New Year, he also went to make dumplings for the children.When we went to Aunt Tian's house, it was even more lively.If you want to write all of them, you will really have to write a very long journal.Because their family is a large complex, fourteen families live together, and each family has done something for the children, and Aunt Tian has also mentioned it.At the same time, Aunt Tian also talked to me about herself.She too was an orphan, adopted by a friend of her father's.A bad man asked her father's friend to betray her. Her father's friend was very angry and fought with the man.If all these things were to be included, it would be overwhelming.When I went to school, I not only visited the teacher, but also the principal.The scope of the principal's conversation was wider, not only talking about these orphans, but also about other orphans in the school, not only the teacher's concern for the orphans, but also the concern of the students for the orphans, and how they Organize team days centered on orphans.These materials are in my notes, and I have already written half a book.In addition, I have brought back from the office some letters written to orphans, sent from all over the country.Those letters are really touching.

When I was writing an article, I thought, what should I do with so much material?How can I write less sloppy?The only way was to throw away everything that had no direct connection with the orphan.If you are really reluctant to throw it away, just keep it as a by-product and write it in another article.Even if some are related to orphans, they talk about it in general and don't talk about it separately.Even the station master Chen Yuzhen, when she talked with me, she not only talked about the five orphans, but also about her own affairs. I will not write anything about some people in her station.I even omitted a lot of things they talked about doing this and that for the orphans. What I rewrote is the last paragraph, which is the paragraph after Chen Yuzhen came back from the orphan's home.why?Because the topic is taken from this paragraph.Didn’t stationmaster Chen take back a lot of work from the orphan’s house? She worried that everyone was too busy to do it, so she said:

"I brought back these unpaid jobs again. Did I manage to do it for a while? As soon as I got back to the station, everyone really asked, which company did all these jobs? As I unpacked my bag, I said: 'It belongs to our five children.' As soon as everyone heard it, without saying a word, they all got busy, one person washed it, nine men mended it, and it was quickly finished and delivered..." I focused on this paragraph .Because the title of my article came from Chen Yuzhen's mouth. The conversation with Comrade Tian Maiqin is the most written.Why?This is what I said before that orphans are not orphans. This is not a novelty in our new society.Tian Maiqin told me:

"There are 30 residents' committees under this office, which manage the health and welfare of the residents in this area. The old, weak, sick, and disabled in these households have been taken care of by the government since liberation. This There are three families of orphans in the district..." What we are talking about now is actually just a matter of one of the many households under a residents' committee, so you can imagine how many people in the whole country are under the care of the government ! Regarding Aunt Tian, ​​she has eight children, the eldest is a soldier of the People's Liberation Army, and the other is a model public security officer.If we talk about her family, there are many things that can be mentioned; but I will focus on the past of the family of the father of the orphan introduced by Aunt Tian.And the comparison between the old and the new of the houses in their yard, I only leave two things here, which is what Aunt Tian said: "I often say to the children, 'You really can't imagine the hardships of the old society. You don’t even know about your parents’ plight in the past, let alone other things. There used to be an old man in our yard who was single. We got up early one day and we found him crawling in the snow at the door, dead, in the police cabinet Someone came, but I didn’t know where to bury it when I dragged it out. Didn’t I feed the dog! There was also a child in this yard who was abducted when he went out to play. Do you think we people had no compassion at that time? ?At that time, this was a world where people cannibalize people. You can’t care about your own life, can you still care about others? If your parents died before liberation, you five brothers and sisters, where are you now? You’re lost, you’re exiled, the little ones are abducted, sold, tortured to death, who cares? Thank the party, thank Chairman Mao, forget about these things, your dead parents won’t tolerate you.’” Aunt Tian said I was very touched by this passage.

So I wrote this paragraph in particular.Aunt Tian lived in the same courtyard with the orphans. She knew that there were many people who came to see the children, and she said that there were many people.But I can't write them all in, and it becomes a running account again, so I put those who deliver things and do things for the children in the back and write them together.I only wrote about a comrade in the People's Liberation Army, a barber, and when I talked about a worker, I cut off the conversation.In fact, Aunt Tian continued to talk, so I didn't let her talk.When I wrote it, I wrote it like this: "There is another worker..." Aunt Tian didn't finish, and said: "At this time, there was a sound of children talking and laughing in the yard. Aunt Tian looked out the window and said, 'Tongshan is here. In the factory, Tongyi is in the kindergarten, and only three siblings, Tongqing, come back at noon, let’s go to their room and have a sit.’” Because if we continue to write, the story may become repetitive and procrastinated.I put some of the things that many people have done for the children, and I will write them when I write about the furnishings in the children's rooms.I wrote it like this:

"We took the children's hands and walked into a south-facing room together, with warm sunlight shining through the large glass windows. The room was flat and the bedding on the bed was clean (it was washed by the neighbors for them), hanging on the wall It is full of photos and New Year pictures (this was given to them by many people), the table is full of books (this is also sent by others), and on the middle wall is a hanging portrait of Chairman Mao. I am always looking at the children working, studying, and sleeping in this room with kindness, and also looking at all the people who come to this room, making dumplings for the children, sending Lantern Festival, hanging lanterns, and New Year pictures. (Comrade Zhang Jingxing made dumplings, a comrade from the People’s Liberation Army sent Lantern Festival, two young pioneers hung lanterns and presented new year pictures.) His benevolent eyes are also watching the exciting new things happening in this room.” I just Put all these things together to write here.

I mentioned earlier that I was worried that so much care would make children special. After interviewing many people, I felt that my worries were unnecessary. After activist Tian Shuying talked about it, I felt that my worries were unfounded: when I interviewed the children’s factory leaders, school and kindergarten teachers, I read many, many letters—especially the children’s In this letter, I fully feel that our people under the guidance of the Party and Chairman Mao know how to care for the growth of our successors." The following is written in the order of their brothers.The first one is about seeing their big brother Zhou Tongshan.In fact, I went to Chongwen District first. The schools and kindergartens of those children were all in Chongwen District, and then I went to the factory in Zhoutongshan.I was afraid that if I said that, it would be messy, so I started with the big brother first. The bottom part is Tongqing, and here I rewrite "Tongqing's teacher, Zhang Shaohua, the head teacher of the fifth grade of Wenchanggong Primary School, who has been very concerned about Tongqing's mother since her death." Then I wrote Tonglai .Tonglai is the naughtiest of the five children, very active and sensitive.The teacher who came with me was very strict and careful.When teaching "Memories of an Orphan", he was afraid that Tong Lai would be sad, so he called Tong Lai aside first and told him how orphans in the old and new societies were different.After the child's story was published in the newspaper, he said to his colleagues: "The 'glory' in the report is not yours, it should belong to the party and Chairman Mao. Without New China, there would be no you. You should study hard and make progress every day. "Xiao Tonghe's teacher is Li Heping, who is a second-grade teacher. He is very young and cares about Xiao Tonghe very much.And Xiao Tonghe's first-grade teacher Zhou Xiuwen, I also wrote it. For writing this article, I have to thank the reporters and comrades of "People's Daily" and "Beijing Evening News", because some people, such as the old school worker of Fahuasi Primary School, I have never met; and Zhou Tongshan's diary, I also I didn't see it, but I copied it from the "Evening Post" report.I should thank them. The following is about the letters from the children, "I have read hundreds of letters received by the orphans, and more than once I have shed tears of emotion. The most touching ones are the letters from the children. From these In the letter, I saw the results of our party's education for the next generation, and I saw the future and hope of our motherland and all mankind!" Why do I emphasize these two sentences, because from the letters written by the children, we can It can be seen that they have been educated by the party to write such a letter.Children who can write such letters can be cultivated as our good successors. This is the hope of our country.I am a little proud.With such a large population in our country and such a good education, it will be of great benefit to all mankind. Finally, my focus is on this: so many people care about these five children, how are these five children themselves? Can they live up to the care of the party, the government and the people around them?What do they use to express it?I wrote the following paragraph.This is an inspiration to the children and a comfort to those who care about them and take care of them.I wrote it like this: "We need to know how our five children gratefully accept the love and care of the party, the government and all the people around them, and how they, like a clear and crystal mirror, take this warm The sunlight is reflected and reflected on the people around us, we can’t just look at the thank you letters they wrote to people, we need to see how they take practical actions to show that they have lived up to the cultivation and care of the party and the government.” Xiao Tongqing sent Teacher Zhang told me that the paper was given to Tang Jinzeng; Zhou Tongshan sent the wallet back, and he wrote in his diary: "...I went there to find the owner, and she thanked me very much, and she asked me where I lived , what is the name, I said: 'live in Beijing' and ran back. Because, in our capital Beijing, in our whole China, there are too many things like this to help others." In the child's own words, compared No matter how much I say, I have power, so I took a lazy one and said: "The children have said everything, what else can I say?" It just so happens that this article will be published in "People's Literature" The monthly issue was published, and June 1st is International Children's Day. Finally, I took this opportunity to express my best wishes to these children.This is how "Our Five Children" was written. To write this report, I read a lot of materials, including the reports of "People's Daily", "Beijing Evening News", the cross talk "Every Eye Is Close", and the foreign language edition of "Chinese Women".Not counting the time for interviews and reading materials, it took two or three days to write and write.The first draft I wrote was 15,000 words, but after I removed some things like a running account, it was less than 9,000 words when it was published. Let's talk about how to write "Into the Great Hall of the People". Comrades must have been to the Great Hall of the People.This is a big topic, and it is not easy to write, which makes people feel that they don't know where to start.Walking into the Great Hall of the People, you are simply dazzled.When the foreign guests visited the Great Hall of the People, they were very surprised and envious.When I visited for the first time, the Great Hall of the People was not yet completed, and we entered through the west gate.After entering, I heard a comrade give an introduction. Although the introduction was short, it was all-encompassing: when was the design, when was the construction, how many regions and units were supported, how many model figures were produced, and there were many architectural terms .When encountering such a problem, where do you start?According to my experience, it is to start from the "first thought", that is, to write your first feeling, so I still write from my first feeling. Before this visit, although we didn't go inside to see it, we walked in front of Tiananmen Square, and we saw many workers leveling the ground, building scaffolding, moving materials in the ice, snow, wind, and rain. After entering, I suddenly saw such an unexpectedly solemn and beautiful Great Hall.This strong surprise is one of your first thoughts. However, this initial thought cannot be without a center.What is this center?That is to say, this miracle is a product of the general line, a product of "go all out, strive for the top, save as much as possible"; if not for this, it would be impossible for such a Great Hall of the People to appear within ten months. I wrote it according to this center.As soon as I walked out of the Great Hall of the People, the outline of this article was there.Nothing was removed or added, only a few words were changed after the article was written.Just use the first sentence in the article as the title.Because if I just say "the Great Hall of the People" or "remember the Great Hall of the People", I don't think it can express my local feeling at that time.After the article was finished, I couldn't think of a title, so I used the first sentence in the article, which was "Into the Great Hall of the People". Like a drop of water thrown into the ocean, feel the smallness of a drop of water, and feel the vastness and boundlessness of the ocean. This is to say that after entering, you feel how big the Great Hall of the People is and how small you are. At this time, you will have a very reverent feeling. Like standing under the starry sky of a summer night, the surrounding air is filled with the fragrance of the fields. You are quiet, you are refreshing, you want to speak, but you can't speak, you feel the hot spring of joy, surging in your blood, filling your eyes! The lights above the auditorium are arranged like stars in the sky. When you look up, you don’t feel that you are in a house, but in an open field. What you smell is not the air in the house, but a kind of field. in the fragrance.This was my first thought when I entered the Great Hall of Ten Thousand People.Below is a closer look. In the big sunflower stamen, a great red star emits brilliant golden light. The inside and outside of the triple rippling wavy light ring are filled with bright arched stars. This is the roof of the auditorium, and the seats below. From more than 9,700 seats on the upper and lower floors, looking up at the majestic and grand rostrum, there is no audio-visual gap between the masses and the leaders. "Eight pillars bear the sky" is a sentence in an old couplet.It means that the sky is supported by eight pillars.There is not a single pillar in the Great Hall of the People, which is a very novel design.Without pillars, it will not block the sight of the audience on and off the stage.I specifically mention this to symbolize that in our country, there is no barrier between the leaders and the people.This is from the bottom up, here it is: An endless sea of ​​mighty masses. Both the stage and the audience are surrounded by the boundless universe of stars! The following is to say that I have traveled to many places and have never seen such a great building.As far as I know, the Diet Hall in Japan has been built for twenty years.I have also seen auditoriums in France, Britain, the United States, Switzerland, and other countries. I have never seen such a large and beautiful auditorium.So I say: Magnificent, is there such a solemn and poetic Great Hall of the People? You never imagined that you would see such a glorious miracle with your own naked eyes, did you?Your imagination is too weak, you can't stand this fairy-tale glare, you think it's a dream. Indeed.Walking into the Great Hall of the People for the first time, you are like walking into the world of fairy tales.The following says: Thousands of people are cheering and leaping forward in the torrent, in the wind, rain, ice, and snow... the Great Hall of the People, which is ideal for everyone, is made of earth, stone, steel, copper, glass, and brocade... The blinding speed is solid and solid in front of us. This is the crystallization of the power and wisdom of the people! In this paragraph, I have written here what I saw outside the Great Hall of the People before it was built.There are red stars from Shanghai, steel from Northeast China, and glass from Qingdao... I will naturally think forward when I write here. There are more than ten or eight of these fairy-tale buildings in Beijing. That year was the tenth anniversary of our founding.Beijing not only built the Great Hall of the People, but also other buildings, which I won’t list here. What a beautiful and majestic world our motherland should be when there are infinite possibilities to carry forward! People who write articles have some metaphors they like to use. I like to use a drop of water in the ocean as a metaphor. Now let’s go back to the first paragraph: Go into the ocean of strength and wisdom. At the beginning, it said that it was like a drop of water thrown into the ocean, and I felt so small; here it said that I should throw my strength and wisdom into the ocean with all my heart. Let me talk about how to write "People of the World and Beijing". This topic was published by the Beijing Evening News.Since 1963, the "Beijing Evening News" has called for essays, and the general title is "Beijing and Me". When the call for essays started, the "Beijing Evening News" came to me to write an article, but I couldn't write it for a long time, especially after reading too many articles in "Beijing and Me", I was even more afraid to write. The title "Beijing and Me" is as big as "Into the Great Hall of the People". People who have lived in Beijing, people who come from other provinces, and people who come from foreign countries all have their own perceptions of Beijing.How can someone like me who has lived in Beijing for so long have nothing to say?But I just don't know where to start.At this time, I still believed in my first thought.When I got this topic, what was the first thought that came to my mind?This first thought is often the most profound, and it can be said that it has been hidden in the depths of the soul for a long time, so I will write it as it is.This article has been deleted a lot. At first, it quoted many foreign friends, but later it was deleted.Because writing too much detail will affect the generality of the article.This article, I wrote like this. It's not that there are no articles to write, but that I don't know where to start.Can a person who has lived in Beijing for most of his life have nothing to say about today's glorious Beijing in the eyes of people all over the world? As the saying goes, "It is better to be able to speak than to be able to listen." I also think, "It is better to be able to read than to be able to write." As long as your feelings are a little unreal, readers will immediately read them. Therefore, to be true to readers, you must first be true to yourself, and you must write your true feelings.So I told my truth from the beginning, "It's not that I don't have any articles to write, but I don't know where to start." The bottom is still the truth: Just because I have spent most of my life in Beijing, I am inextricably linked to it, and I have extremely complicated emotions about it, especially today, fourteen years after liberation, no matter where I write from It is impossible to describe the completeness of its earth-shaking changes!Holding a wave in your hands, how can you describe the depth and greatness of the sea? Here I use "spray" and "sea".But I am still satisfied with this analogy.Because the waves are really small, the sea is really big, and it is impossible to describe the size of the sea by holding a wave.For example, there are so many waves in the essay "Beijing and Me", and some of them are very, very well written, but they are still waves after all.So I am satisfied with this, and whether the readers are satisfied, then let’s talk. Have I written about Beijing?wrote: On the surface, recalling the Beijing I love, I wrote it bitterly: "Beijing is just dusty streets, muddy alleys, gray walls, and sweaty rickshaw drivers running around. My Beijing, my hometown, It's nothing!" It was written when I was studying in the United States.At that time in foreign countries, I saw that the streets were wide and clean, with cars and trams, no dust, no gray walls, and no sweating rickshaw pullers. I only looked at the appearance, not the essence, as if people lived without oppression. life, at least not like ours.In contrast, I said: "My Beijing, my hometown, has nothing!" But I also wrote "Although Beijing has nothing, it is my home. Inside the gray city walls, people I love live. Flying dust, when will I be allowed to smell the aroma of my hometown again." You see, at that time, I only had such a small wish, and all I needed to do was to smell the smell of Beijing soil.This was the time when I wrote about Beijing in the past, and this is the Beijing I wrote about forty years ago. Under the weight of the three mountains, some were poverty, some were pain, some were anger, some were shame... She struggled and cried out in a pool of dust and blood. I don't need to say these things, everyone knows that Beijing has suffered too much humiliation. I was born in the Year of the Gengzi, everyone, think about what Beijing looks like in the Year of the Gengzi! Standing up, a voice as loud as a bell, declared to the whole world on her Tiananmen Square: "The Chinese people have stood up," causing tens of thousands of white, black, yellow, and brown faces in every corner of the world. , turned around together, and looked up at Beijing with a shocked and enthusiastic expression. Since then, my beloved Beijing, like a hibiscus blooming in the morning sun, is bright, upright, majestic, and beautiful, and it rises higher and higher under the sight of thousands of heads... because my head The first time I wrote about Beijing was written in a foreign country, so when I wrote about Beijing again, it was easy to compare foreigners' views on Beijing and China with those of fourteen years ago.In the past in foreign countries, being a Chinese was nothing glorious, and I suffered all kinds of discrimination from others, which is endless.But it was completely different from fourteen years ago.In writing this article, I used a comparative method of writing. A hibiscus is a lotus flower.In our Chinese tradition, "water lotus" is often used in vocabulary to describe very clean, very beautiful, crystal clear and sacred things. In this place, the "sea" cannot be used as a metaphor, she is just a lotus flower out of water. Under the shadow of the national flag, we have heard many white, black, yellow, and brown-skinned friends speak to us excitedly and passionately: Beijing's prosperity and joy are deeply encouraging to them; Beijing's Leap forward and give them the strength to struggle; Beijing's sympathy and support reflect infinite light on their arduous and tortuous road of striving for equality, freedom, democracy, and independence. The following is what foreign friends said, "Beijing's prosperity and joy give them deep encouragement", because China's victory is their victory; "Beijing's leap forward gives them the strength to struggle", they think that our China is Set an example for them; "Beijing's sympathy and support reflect infinite light on their arduous and tortuous road of striving for equality, freedom, democracy, and independence." Also below: Are your ears listening to the sound from Beijing?How many pairs of excited eyes are looking up at the flag raised from Beijing? We all know deeply that in Beijing, there is a great heart as simple as the truth, which is integrated with the hearts of all Chinese people, oppressed nations and people all over the world, and beats at the same rhythm ! "As simple as the truth" is how Gorky described and praised Lenin, saying that Lenin was as simple as the truth.The "great heart" I wrote here, everyone will understand that this is Chairman Mao's heart. In just fourteen years, it turned into a glorious Beijing that people all over the world love and look up to. Is this what I dreamed of? Oh, my new great Beijing!With crystal clear tears of prostration, I present to you a small heart that is grateful for your efforts. This heart will always be under the leadership of your great heart, and it will beat firmly with the hearts of people all over the world. , until the tomorrow when our struggle is completely won! That's how this article ends. For this article, the original title of the solicitation was "Beijing and Me", but the applicants did not necessarily use this title.In particular, the content of this article I wrote is not about my relationship with Beijing alone, but the relationship between people all over the world and Beijing.This is combined with the current situation and some social activities I have participated in. When I think of Beijing, I don't just think of me alone, and I don't just think of Beijingers, but people from all over the country, even the whole world.Therefore, the title of the article is "People of the World and Beijing". The central meaning of this article is: "We all know deeply that in Beijing, there is a heart as simple as the truth, which is integrated with the hearts of all Chinese people, oppressed nations and oppressed people all over the world. , beating at the same rhythm!" Whether the above nine questions have been answered, I dare not say; but, I am such a student, and this is all I can answer. Then answer the tenth question: how to practice basic skills. Two years ago, I also talked about this issue to the comrades in the correspondence school here, and it was still the same few words.I also saw that not only me, but also other comrades said, almost the same few sentences, but I said superficially, while others said deeply. When it comes to practicing basic skills, it is always said to watch more, read more, and write more.Read more articles from others, read more articles from others, and write more articles that you want to write.I have talked about these a few years ago; however, I think this year I have improved a bit compared to the previous two years. It occurred to me that this topic was not given to me by elementary school students.It was not given to me by the middle school students, but by the students of the correspondence school.Comrades are not primary school students, not middle school students, they are all doing revolutionary work, all are doing mass work, and they are all propagandists.So it is not enough just to tell everyone to read more and write more. Watch more, read more, and write more are just means. The important thing is what to watch, what to read, and what to write.No matter what book you copy, you can read it, and you can write no matter what material you pick up. I don’t think it’s all good.What to watch, what to read, here is a matter of choice. There is a standard problem of literary criticism.Chairman Mao said: Political standards come first, artistic standards come second.We have some literary heritage with little essence and much dross, and some things with bright words are often very unhealthy for thoughts and feelings.A friend of mine said: "Chinese words must be read by sick people to find them interesting. For people who are not sick, if you read them, you will become sick." There is a reason for this.Unless you have a selective eye and a standard, you can turn decay into magic.So when it comes to what to watch, read, and write, you must carefully consider it. I think that whether it is watching, reading, or writing, it is important to favor the present and despise the past. When talking about how to practice basic skills, I remembered Chairman Mao's teachings. I often study the article Chairman Mao's "Opposition to Party Stereotypes." Every time I study it, I gain new insights and get new inspiration. If everyone agrees, I will read a few sentences in it. Chairman Mao said: "But we are a revolutionary party and we serve the masses. If we don't learn the language of the masses, we won't be able to do well. Now we have many comrades doing propaganda work who don't learn the language. Their propaganda, They are very boring. Not many people like to read their articles, and not many people like to listen to their speeches. Why do we need to learn the language, and we have to use a lot of effort to learn it? Because language is not something you can do casually. To learn it well, we must work hard. First, we must learn the language from the people. The people’s vocabulary is very rich. It is lively and vivid, and it expresses real life. Many of us have not learned the language well, so when we write articles and make speeches There are not a few lively and powerful words, only a few rigid tendons, like a bum, ugly and thin, not like a healthy person. Second, we must absorb what we need from foreign languages. We It is not to copy or abuse foreign languages, but to absorb the good things in foreign languages ​​and what is applicable to us. Because the original vocabulary in China is not enough, many of our vocabulary is absorbed from foreign countries.For example, at the cadre meeting held today, the word "cadre" was learned from foreign countries.We still need to absorb more new things from foreign countries, not only their progressive principles, but also their fresh expressions.Thirdly, we need to learn the living things in the language of the ancients.Because we have not worked hard to learn the language, we have not made full and reasonable use of many things that are still alive in the language of the ancients.Of course, we are firmly opposed to using dead vocabulary and allusions, which is certain, but good things that are still useful should still be inherited.People who are too deeply poisoned by stereotyped writing in the Chinese Communist Party are unwilling to work hard to learn useful things in folk, foreign, and ancient languages. Therefore, the masses do not welcome their boring propaganda, and we do not need such lame propaganda. Useless propagandist. "I think we should learn this point carefully. We must learn the language of the people. You can see that among modern writers, those who live among the people and live in the fiery struggle have very rich languages. 还有外国的、古人的作品中的可以吸收的东西也要学，当然我们不要去学什么“冷冷清清”，什么“小园香径独徘徊”，我们要学那种生动活泼的有生气的东西。这样去学，是够我们学一辈子的。 这种学习，真是“除死方休”。 毛主席还引用了鲁迅先生讲怎样写文章的一段话： “北斗杂志社”讨论怎样写文章的一封信。他说些什么呢？ 他一共列举了八条写文章的规则，我现在抽出几条来说一说。 第一条：“留心各样的事情，多看看，不看到一点就写。” 讲的是“留心各样的事情”，不是一样半样的事情。 讲的是“多看看”，不是只看一眼半眼。我们怎么样？ 不是恰恰和他相反，只看到一点就写吗？ 鲁迅先生着作等身，他是不是看到一点就写呢？no.看到一点就写，一定很肤浅。 比如说，你看一个人只看了一眼，他的眉眼之间有什么特点你都没有看出来，那你当然写不好。 所以要多看看，这是很重要的。 我们怎么样？不是明明脑子里没有什么东西硬要大写特写么？不调查，不研究，提起笔来“硬写”，这就是不负责任的态度。 硬写实在很苦。我们小时候作作文，实在苦得很，就因为那是硬写。那时候老师出的题目就很难写，例如“富国强兵论”，这里边又有政治，又有经济，又有军事，不但我写不出，在座的恐怕也没有几个人能写得完全。可是老师就给我们出这样的题，那才叫硬写呢。 不过这种题目也有好写的时候，反正不但你不懂，老师自己也不懂，那你就写呗。写的人不会调查，又不会研究，出题的人也没有调查，也没有研究。他要有调查研究，就不会出这个题目了。现在我们要是脑子里没有什么东西就别硬写。自己别给自己吃这种苦头。 句，段删去，毫不可惜。宁可将可作小说的材料缩成速写，决不将速写材料拉成小说。 " 孔夫子提倡“再思”，韩愈也说“行成于思”，那是古代的事情。现在的事情，问题很复杂，有些事情甚至想三四回还不够。鲁迅说“至少看两遍”，至多呢？他没有说，我看重要的文章不妨看它十多遍，认真地加以删改，然后发表。文章是客观事物的反映，而事物是曲折复杂的，必须反复研究，才能反映恰当；在这里粗心大意，就是不懂得做文章的起码知识。 写出来的文章，不但要反复地看，要多看几遍，还要反复地读。我刚才说过：“会讲的不如会听的”，“会写的不如会看的”，你写得好不好，读者一看就看出来了，一听就听出来了。 所以你写好了以后，顶好读一读，看看有没有人家听不懂的地方，有没有拗口或不顺的地方。 类。 " 这就是说，你用的形容词，你懂，别人不懂，就失掉了写文章的意义。文章是写给别人看的，不是“结绳记事”。结绳记事是自己结个疙瘩自己记住，别人晓不晓得没有关系，写文章就不行了，你生造形容词别人看不懂，等于不写。而且你白费工夫写，人家还得白费工夫猜。 句法有长到四五十个字一句的，其中堆满了“谁也不懂的形容词之类”。许多口口声声拥护鲁迅的人们，却正是违背鲁迅的啊！ 我念的这两段是关于学习语言的。《反对党八股》这篇文章我希望你们都常常学，细细看。 有话即长，无话即短，我打算讲的就是这些。一九六五年（本篇收入《语文学习讲座丛书》第二辑，商务印书馆１９８０年出版。）