Chapter 10 Opera of the Yuan Dynasty

(A) Opera (B) Zaju (C) Number of sets (D) Xiaoling (A) Acting (1) Wuwu singing and dancing (2) Comedian play (B) Lyrics (1) Yuefu (2) Poems (3) words (A) Four Great Writers (1) Guan Hanqing (2) Bai Pu (3) Ma Zhiyuan (4) Zheng Guangzu (B) Writers of the third period (1) Mongolian era (2) Unified era (3) Zhizheng era (A) fold number (B) Le Tune (1) Daqu (2) Tang and Song Tune (3) Zhugong Tune (C) Rhyme (A) Zaju (B) Academy version (C) Northern Song (D) Southern Song (A) Background (1) Political environment (2) Social environment (B) Factions (1) Peaceful faction (2) Fierce faction (A) artistic conception (1) sincerity (2) unrestrained (3) profound (2) rhetoric (1) not avoiding parallelism (2) not avoiding colloquialisms (3) good use of adjectives

(A) Time relationship (B) Instrumental relationship In the more than 3,000 years of Chinese literary history, the literature of one generation is rich in the spirit of the times and forms its own paragraphs. There is no one before and no one to come. It is not only the operas of the Yuan Dynasty; , the "rhyme" of the Six Dynasties, as well as Tang poetry and Song Ci, are all praised and recognized by writers of all ages.However, with the prosperity of writers and the large number of works, there is no literature of an era that can compete with Yuanqu.So I spent three months doing a systematic study on it.

(A) Xiqu Xiqu is the longest of the Yuan operas. Some have 12 folds, some 32 folds, and some more than 40 folds.For example, Wu Changling's, Wang Shifu's "The Story of Broken Kiln", etc., each have two or four copies. (B) Zaju The name of Zaju began in the Song Dynasty, but it was the most popular type of opera in the Yuan Dynasty and became the center of literature.Zaju is different from Xiqu in that there are only 40% off each book, and whether there are wedges is also uncertain (Ji Junxiang's "The Orphan of Zhao's Big Revenge" has 50% off, which is an exception), and only one singer is allowed in each discount.

(C) The number of sets is a set of all the songs in Yigong Tune, and only strings are used for singing, which is a bit like a fold in Zaju; but there is no reasoning, and they are all self-narratives, not endorsements.In this way, it is different from the whole set of operas, or scattered sets. (D) Xiaoling Xiaoling is a very short and cute minor tune; it is slightly similar to a poem in Song Dynasty, with a maximum of fifty-eight characters, so it is different from the middle tune and long tune. In addition to the above four kinds of Yuanqu, there are also court editions, which are the legacy of the court editions of the Jin Dynasty.

"Warm Shu Youbi" said: "The one who sings is called 'Zaju', the one who uses strings is called 'Taishu', and the one who plays opera and dances but does not sing is called 'Yuanben'." Shen Defu Gu Quza "Yan" said: "The court version is the legacy of Wuhua Cuanong in Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty. There are prose, Taoism, somersaults, and general science; the early and miscellaneous scripts are one kind, and they are divided into two at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. Then the court version will not be handed down for a long time.” However, according to the court version of the zaju "Lu Dongbin Huayue Fairy Club" written by Emperor Xian of the Ming Dynasty, there are white and singing, which is the same as the zaju, except that the singer is not limited to one person.

(A) In terms of acting: (1) Witches singing and dancing performances are makeup expressions in dramas, which have a long history. According to opera, it begins with singing and dancing, and singing and dancing begins with the smoothness of human feelings.It is said in ancient books that Ge Tianshi held the tail of an ox and sang "Ba Que".Also in "The Book of Music" "... I lament the insufficiency of lamenting, so I don't know how to dance with hands and dance with feet."In the future, there will be autumn harvests for farmers, triumphant return of troops, and big feasts for families or courts. Naturally, there will be singing and dancing to celebrate during the banquet.After the Zhou Dynasty, there were witches singing and dancing. "Chu Yu" said: "In ancient times, the gods of the people were not miscellaneous, and the essence of the people did not carry the two... In this way, the gods will come down. Men are called shamans, and women are called witches..." It is the shaman who takes singing and dancing as his job. Yile Mingshen.Zhou rituals were abolished, and the witchcraft became more and more popular. Between Chu and Yue, sacrifices to ghosts and gods must be encouraged by songs and music, which opened the beginning of drama.

(2) Haiyu opera playing as a comedian began in the Spring and Autumn Period, with Youshi in Jin and Youmeng in Chu. Excellent, advocating music, and taking music people as a job.His words are subtle words to express his intentions, and his teasing is done with actions. After the Han Dynasty, comedians also took part in competitions, such as spitting knives, swallowing fire and walking ropes, etc., to entertain the court.Up to the Northern Qi Dynasty, singing and dancing were combined to act, but it was not a complete drama.Song and dance dramas began to appear in the Tang Dynasty, such as "Daiguan", "Ta Yao Niang", "Fan Kui Pai Dian", etc. The layout is very simple, but the movements are regulated.In addition, the actors use hidden language to satirize and remonstrate, which is full of humor. It is called farce, which was the most prosperous in the late Tang Dynasty.The above two types are partial to each other and cannot be both.It was not until the Song Dynasty that Zaxi was known.Every Spring and Autumn Festival, there are three major banquets, each of which enters a zaju dance team; folk banquets are also sometimes used to entertain guests.Zhijin has strings and cables, and it is further developed into "connected chambers", which is made in imitation of Dale.There are singing, playing and white, and the actors act from the lyrics, just like dancers who don't sing, and singers who don't dance.Then it becomes a real Zaju, that is, the dancers sing by themselves, but they keep the sheng, flute, pipa, etc. to accompany their songs.

(B) Lyrics: (1) The real drama of Yuefu is to sing with words and actions to act out a story, so it must be opera.As for the development of lyrics, tracing back to the lake probably started in Yuefu.The rhymes in our country begin with "wind", "elegance" and "song". There are three hundred chapters after "Fuli" and "Killing the Soil", which are full of emotions and must be combined with music, so ancient poems are also songs of music, which can be chanted.In the Warring States period, new voices competed, music, songs and musical instruments were not all compatible, so poetry could be divided into music and music.There was Yuefu in the Han Dynasty, and it was used for music and singing in the suburbs. It was the original name of Yuefu, and its use gradually became more common.

(2) After the Jin Dynasty, the poems gradually had five or seven character styles, which were not exhaustive.In the Western Han Dynasty, there were advocating Xiangxiang and Qing and Shang mixed tunes, which were followed by the Six Dynasties.Poetry flourished again in the Tang Dynasty, with quatrains as the music, such as "Qingping", "Liangzhou", etc., but there are still many changes.Li Bai, Bai Juyi's generation, created long and short sentences such as "Recalling Qin'e", "Bodhisattva Man", "Recalling Wang Sun" and so on, which opened the beginning of Ci.Li Tiaoyuan's "Qu Hua" said: "The ancient Yuefu is only the overtone in the music. Later generations are afraid of losing the overtone, so they add real characters one by one, so they grow into short sentences."

(3) Ci Ci has been called Shiyu in ancient times, and it is a legacy of Yuefu, and most of them are songable. But the words are double-folded, and the song is only one song, so there are dramas and big songs.In Song Tianzi's big banquet, there are Sanxu, Qipai, partial collection, Zhengxie, Rupo, etc. in the music songs, which are called "big partial", which is the beginning of Jin Yuan's set of numbers.There are seven types of Daqu, such as Cailian, Taiqing Sword Dance, and Fisherman's Dance, which are the beginning of Yuanqu (see Wu Mei's "History of Opera").Wang Shizhen said: "The change of the song writer's words came into China from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. The Hu music used was noisy and sad, and the words could not be pressed. They were new voices to flatter them, and Hu language was adopted from time to time. Shen Yue made four voices, and then he missed it. 1. The southeast has changed to a new style, named Nanqu. Probably the north is strong and strong, and the south is soft and far" (see "Examples of the West Chamber").

Liang Tingpiao's "Qu Hua" said: "Yuefu prospered but ancient music was abolished, Tang Dynasty flourished and Yuefu was abolished, song lyrics flourished but Tang Dynasty abolished, Yuan people's tunes prospered but Song Ci abolished. Poetry has no sound, and Yuan opera It describes the actual events. At the beginning of the composition, it was only orchestrated, and later it was decorated with Youmeng. Yuan people’s court version, there are very few handed down, but in fact there are many dramas.” In summary, the Yuan song is from the Yuefu—poem— ——The words are straight down the line, but there is no doubt about it. The abundance of talents of Yuan opera writers is unparalleled throughout the ages.There are as many as a thousand kinds of Zaju, and there are 170 kinds in existence today. There are more than 100 writers whose names can be tested.Their style of fighting for odds and victories, each has its own strengths.Wu Mei's "History of Opera" has the following words: "The prosperity of Yuan opera is the first to promote Dadu: Shifu, after Jie Yuan, created the poems of Yanqian and Yanye. Guan Hanqing changed his banner with vigor and vigor, and all his works were unrestrained.○ Yang Li relaxes for self-happiness. Dongli is Qingjun's founder, a kind, Zang Jinshu thinks it is the crown of Yuan opera. In terms of its style, it is outstanding. The three schools are at their peak, and they are full of heroes. The latecomers such as Wang Zhongwen, Yang Xianzhi, Gao Wenxiu, the famous Gong Tianting, Zheng Guangzu in Xiangling, Yao Shouzhong in Pingjiang, and Wang Tingxiu in Shandong, or they are heroic, gorgeous, and tranquil, all of which are within the scope of the three schools. Shen He in Jiangzhou wrote " "Eight Scenes of Xiaoxiang" and "Happy Enemy" are composed of northern and southern words. They are the first of the legends of later generations and end the game of Jin and Yuan. Central Zhejiang is like Jinxian Mountain, Fan Zian, and Liu Yu is like Qiao Mengfu, etc., which were very popular for a while. "The important writers of the Yuan Dynasty have all been listed.However, the works of the ancients are more likely to be married to others, or not to be signed.Writers in the Yuan Dynasty still follow this practice, so anonymous writers emerge in endlessly. He also writes lyrics for himself, is good at singing, and advocates excellent officials and soldiers, all of whom are excellent, and noble literature is popular among the people.There are mediocre husbands and weak women who are a hundred times better than scholar-bureaucrats.Songs of the Yuan Dynasty, such as Zhao Mingjing's "Dumb Avalokitesvara Standing Up", "The King of Wu Overthrows Zhou", and Zhang Guobin's "Combined Sweatshirt", "Xue Rengui", and "The Return of the Great Ancestor".Red Letter Li Er wrote "Ban Bei Er" and "Sick Yang Xiong", and Hua Li Lang wrote "A Nail in the Xiangfu Courtyard", all of them are famous writers without proper occupations. ——In Wang Guowei's "History of Song and Yuan Opera", it is divided into four major writers, three authors and so on. In order to distinguish the eyebrows, I especially refer to his personal history and works, which are listed as follows: (A) Four major writers: (1) Guan Hanqing's name is already Zhaisou, a native of Dadu.At the end of the Jin Dynasty, he was paid tribute to the village by Xie Yuan, and later became Yin of the Taiyuan Hospital.The book is the richest, with sixty-three kinds, and only eleven kinds such as "Lu Zhailang" remain today.Ming Ningxian Wang's "Zheng Yin Pu" commented on his words: "a drunken guest at a banquet". (2) Bai Pu, with the style name Renfu, the style name Taisu, and the nickname Langu, was born in Quzhou and lived in Zhending later.His father was a judge of the Privy Council.Renfu's nature is the most filial, and he was raised by Yuan Haowen, who grew up with knowledge and knowledge.However, losing his mother since childhood and returning to the subjugation of the country, he is depressed and rejects glory and fortune.After the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, he moved to Jinling and indulged in poetry and wine.He is the author of two volumes of "Tian Lai Ci".There are sixteen kinds of works, including "Tang Minghuang's Autumn Night in Wutong Rain". "Zhengyinpu" commented as "Peng Tuan Jiuxiao". (3) Ma Zhiyuan, named Dongli, is from Dadu.Served as provincial officer of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.There are fourteen kinds of works, including "Liu Ruan strayed into Taoyuan Cave by mistake". "Zhengyinpu" was rated as "Chaoyang Mingfeng". (4) Zheng Guangzu, styled Dehui, was born in Xiangling, Pingyuan.Using Confucianism to complement the road officials in Hangzhou, he has a straightforward disposition and does not make friends with others indiscriminately.He was cremated in Ganoderma lucidum Temple in West Lake.There are 19 kinds of works, such as "Drunken Homesickness Wang Can Climbed the Tower". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Nine Heavens Pearl and Jade". (B) Writers of the third issue: (1) In the Mongolian era, from the time Taizong took the Central Plains to the beginning of Yuan unification, most of the authors were from the north. See you before Guan Hanqing. Yang Xianzhi is a native of Dadu.He and Han Qing are inseparable friends, and they compete with each other, so most of their writings should be written in colloquial terms.There are eight kinds such as "Linjiang Station Xiaoxiang Night Rain". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Yaotai Yeyue". Zhang Guobin is happy with the time camp, and the Jiaofang is in charge.There are three kinds of works, such as "Han Gaozu Returning Home in Brocade". Most people in Shi Zizhang.There are three kinds of works, including "Qin Xiushan Listening to the Qin in Zhuwu". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "breeze and refreshing". Wang Shifu is a native of Dadu.Also from gold into yuan.There are fourteen kinds of works including "Four Kings Song and Dance Lichun Hall".Except for "Li Chun Tang", only one set of "Furong Pavilion" survives, and the others are lost. "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Beauty Among Flowers". Gao Wenxiu was born in Dongping.died early.I like to compile Liangshanbo drama.There are many black whirlwind dramas, up to eight.There are thirty-four kinds of works including "Black Whirlwind Poetry and Wine Lichun Garden". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Golden Ping Peony". Zheng Tingyu, a native of Zhangde, wrote twenty-four kinds of works, including "Bao Dai Zhi Zhi Kan Hou Ting Hua". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Peiyu Mingluan". See you Bai Pu. Ma Zhiyuan sees you. Li Wenwei is really determined.Yin of Ruichang County, Jiangzhou Road.There are twelve kinds of works, including "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty crying to death Mrs. Li". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "snow crushing pines". Li Zhi's husband and daughter are straight people.That is Pu Cha Li Wu.His works are longer than comics.There are twelve kinds such as "Tiger Head Card of Emperor Wu Yuan". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Moon Shadow by Plum Blossom". Wu Changling is from Xijing.His works include "Dongpo Dream of Four Friends Among Flowers" and other eleven kinds. "Zhengyinpu" is rated as "Green Grass and Green". A native of Jinan, a minister of Wuhan.There are thirteen kinds of works, including "Li Sulan's Fengyue Yuhuchun". ——"Jing'an Qulu" contains the play "Sanjia Caitian Blesses the Old Born", which was once translated by the British Dabi and published in London in 1817. ——"Zhengyinpu" commented on "distant mountains and emerald green". Wang Zhongwen is a native of Dadu.There are ten kinds of works such as "Han Xin Begging in Huaiyin County". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "sword energy soaring into the sky". Li Shouqing is from Taiyuan.Remove Shilang from the county magistrate.There are ten kinds of works such as "Shuo Zhuan Zhu Wu Yuan Blowing Xiao". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Dongtian Chunxiao". Shang Zhongxian really decides people.Provincial Affairs Officer of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces.There are ten kinds of works such as "Zhang Sheng Boils the Sea". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "mountain flowers presenting laughter". Shi Junbao was born in Pingyang.There are ten kinds of works such as "Li Yaxian Flower Wine Qujiangchi". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Luofu Meixue". Ji Tianxiang, whose name is Junxiang, is from Dadu.There are eight kinds of works, including "The Orphan of the Zhao Family Avenges Injustice". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Plum Blossoms in Snow". Dai Shanfu really decides people.Provincial Affairs Officer of Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces.There are eight kinds of works, such as "Tao Xiushi's Drunk Writing about the Scenery". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Lotus reflecting water". Li Haogu was from Baoding, or from Yunxiping.There are three kinds of works, such as "Giant Spirit Splitting Huayue". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Lonely Pine Hanging Moon". Meng Hanqing was born in Bozhou.There is one kind of "Zhang Dingzhi's Exploration of Moheluo". Li Xingdao, a Xingfu, was born in Jiangzhou.There is a kind of "The Chalk Circle of Baodai Zhizhi Zhizhuan". Sun Zhongzhang is a native of Dadu, or Yun's surname is Li.There are two kinds of works, such as "Zhuo Wenjun Baitou Yin". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Autumn Wind Iron Flute". Yue Bochuan was born in Jinan, or Yun Zhenjiang.There are two kinds of works, such as "Lu Dongbin Du Tieguai Li Yue". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Yunlin Qiaoxiang". Kang Jin was born in Dizhou, or Yun's surname was Chen.There are two kinds of works, such as "Black Whirlwind at Liangshan Po". Kong Wenqing was born in Pingyang.There is one kind of "Qin Taishi Dongchuang Incident". Zhang Shouqing is from Dongping.An official in Zhejiang Province.One of his works is "Xie Jinlian's Poem Wine Red Pear Blossom". (2) The era of unification was from the post-Yuan period to the post-Shun post period to the Yuan period.The author is a southerner living in the north. Yang Zi is from Haiyan.In the 30th year of the Yuan Dynasty, he served in the army and conquered Java, and later became the general manager of Hangzhou Road. He became an official and was posthumously named Kangjie.There are several kinds of works such as "Respecting Virtue and Not Subduing the Old". Gong Tianting has a great use of characters, and his name is from Kaizhou.Served as academic officer.In addition to the head of the Diaotai Academy.He was captured by Quan Hao and died in Changzhou. There are six kinds of works, including "Life and Death Jiaofan Zhang Jishu". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Western Wind Carving Osprey". Zheng Guangzu saw him. Fan Kang, styled Zi'an, was born in Hangzhou.There are two kinds of works, such as "Du Fu's Spring Tour in Qujiang Pond". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Zhuli Mingquan". Jin Renjie, courtesy name Zhifu, was born in Hangzhou.In the first year of Tianli, he was awarded Jiankang and Chongning officials, and he died next year.There are seven kinds of works, including "Xiao He Chasing Han Xin at Moonlight Night". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Xishan refreshing". Zeng Rui, whose name is Ruiqing and whose name is Brown Fu, was born in Daxing.There is a small song "Poetry and Wine Remaining Sounds" that has been published in the world, and there is one kind of composition "Scholar and Beautiful Woman Misunderstanding the Lantern Festival". Qiaoji, whose name is Mengfu, also known as Xingxing Daoren, is from Taiyuan.Beautify your appearance and order yourself with majesty. He died in the fifth year of Zhengzheng.There are eight kinds of works including "Qian Ji". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "Shenao Gulang". (3) The Righteous Era Qin Jianfu was good at the capital, and later lived in Hangzhou.There are four kinds of works, such as "cutting hair and leaving guests". "Zhengyinpu" commented on "cutting the wall and lonely pine". Xiao Dexiang, named Fuzhai, was born in Hangzhou.Professional medicine.Summarized in ancient Chinese as Nanshi, popular street market.His works include "Wang He Ran Kills the Dog to Persuade Her Husband" and so on. Zhu Kai is a scholar.There are two kinds of works, such as "Meng Liang Robber's Bone Remains in Haotian Tower". Wang Ye, courtesy name Rihua, was born in Hangzhou.Can Ci Zhang Yuefu.There is a kind of play "Breaking Yin Yang and Gossip Peach Blossom Girl". In addition, there are many famous people. "Han Xu Qu Lun" criticizes the works of Ma Dongli, Dong Jieyuan and other 15 people, and calls them masterpieces.Only the existing works are selected above.The rest is irrelevant and omitted. (A) A set of Yigongdiaozhigong is one discount for folding several Yuan Zaju.Zaju is roughly 40% off, or a wedge is added to make up for the lack of 40% off.The wedge is either in front or between the folds. ——"Hundred Varieties of Yuan Opera" and "Thirty Varieties of Yuan Opera", all the ones I have watched are 40% off; only the drama "The Orphan of Zhao" has a 50% discount.That is to say, in the "Ten Rules of the Romance of the Western Chamber" written by Ling Pingchu, the master of Kongguan, it is said: "Each volume of Northern Songs is only 40% off. If the story is too long to be exhausted by the 40% off, there will be another volume. For example, Wu Changling has six volumes. There are two copies of Wang Shifu's "Broken Kiln", "Lichun Garden", "Tea Selling Boat", "Jinmei Jian", "Zigong Gaomen" and so on. The title is corrected in four sentences, and the last sentence is the general name of the play; this seems to come from the title of the song in the Jin Tien Yuanben, that is, before the singing, someone reported the main idea of ​​the play.In the Yuan Opera, there is only one singer per fold.Ruomo or Dan, other colors are white but not singing.Bai can also be divided into "quanbin" and "quanbai".The two said "Bin" to each other, and one said "Bai" to himself.The lyrics of Yuan opera are mostly composed of melody and white, and each is perfect in its own way.Beiqu puts the most emphasis on lining characters, so as to be clear and handsome.Wutou is also very intensive. (B) Most of the tunes used in the Yuetiao Yuan Opera come from the Daqu of the Jinyuan version, Tang and Song Ci, and the tunes of the Gagaku palace tunes since the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The breakdown is as follows: (1) Eleven from Daqu: Huang Zhong's "Down with the Yellow Dragon" The main palace "Xiaoliangzhou" and "Six times" Dashi "Turns the beat" Xiaoshi "Izhou Bian" Xianlu "Eight Sounds of Ganzhou", "Liu Mo Xu", "Liu Mo Ling" Zhonglu "Putianle" and "Qitianle" Nanlu "Liangzhou Seventh" (2) Seventy-five poems from Tang and Song Dynasties: Huang Zhonggong "Drunken Flower Yin", "Nvguanzi", "Human Moon" and other eight chapters in the main palace "Rolling Hydrangea", "Bodhisattva Man" The second chapter is Dashi "Return to the North", "Nian Nujiao", "Hundred Character Order" and other six chapters are "Dian Jianglip", "Tianxiale", "Yi Wangsun" and other nine chapters are "Fandieer", "Manting "Fang" and other eight chapters Nanlu "Wu Ye Cry", "Grateful for the Emperor's Grace", "Congratulations to the Bridegroom" and three chapters of two-tone "Zhuma Listening", "Sapphire Case", "Mulan Flower" and nineteen chapters of Yue There are eight chapters of commercial tune "Xiaoyaole" including "Meihuayin", "Nanxiangzi" and "Tang Duoling", and four chapters of Shangjiao tune "Huang Yinger" and "Taking Sha Xing" including "Qin Louyue". The two chapters (3) of Zhang Banshe's tune "Shaobian" and "Yaotaiyue" are from the twenty-eight of each song in Zhugong tune: Huang Zhong's "Leaving the Team", "Blowing the Wind" and other seven chapters Chapter "Take off cloth shirt" in Zhenggong Two chapters of Dashi "Tea Rice Fragrance" and "Jade Wing Cicada" Zhong Lu's "Victorious Gourd" and other three chapters Zhonglu's "Welcome the Immortal" and other four chapters Nanlu's "Yizhihua", "Muyangguan" two chapters with double tune "Qingxuanhe", "Zoupipa" two chapters with Yue tune "Qingshankou", "Leaning on a fence" and other four chapters related to tunes "playing children", " There are four chapters including "Flower on the Wall" and ten chapters including "Happy Three" and "Sibian Jing". Although the names are not found in ancient lyrics and music, there are traces to be found.The method of arrangement of the various songs is also based on the "Chang Da" in the Song Dynasty. After the introduction, it is almost a common practice to welcome each other with two tunes.For example, the second fold of the drama "Zhang Qiandai Kills His Wife" by Anonymous: "Duanzheng", "Rolling Hydrangea", "If a scholar", "Rolling a Hydrangea", "If a scholar", "Rolling a Hydrangea", "If a scholar", "Rolling a Hydrangea", "Dawling", "End". It can be seen from this that most of the music tones and arrangements of Yuan opera are old and not created.In addition, the divertimento "Xianlu Dianjiang Lips" must be used in the first part of the play, and the divertimento "Nanlu Yizhihua" is often used in the second part.The rest often use "the palace is just right" and "shang mobilizes virtuous guests" Waiting for the song, Chen Chen Xiangyin, not tired of the same, is also a matter of criticism! (C) Rhyme spectrum, prose, and harmony are the three major components of a song.The text also adds rhyme to rhythm and rhyme, which accounts for more than half of the Yuan operas, so we must pay attention to it.Yuan people use very fine rhyme.There are six characters and three rhymes, such as Wang Shifu's inner cloud: "I heard it suddenly, and I was shocked." "In the arms, tightly sealed, guarding the palace." Also: "Drunk, jade-looking, reddish." "Reunion Time Song" says: "Girl, two faces, right." "Marriage of Two Generations" says: " Why, if you have a big sex, you can scold." "Mei Xiang" says: "It's okay, it's okay, I will." It has three rhymes and six characters, which is solid and perfect!There are also those who use one word as the rhyme in each song, such as: Qiao Mengfu's "Yangzhou Dream": "Na Zha Ling" pours the golden bottle and the phoenix head, holds the fine wine nectar and the jade cup, kicks the golden lotus and the phoenix head, and the Lingbo jade hairpin, the whole golden hairpin and the phoenix head, revealing the spring and delicate jade hands. Anonymous "Qiyingbu": "Na Zha Ling" we said that it was you, the three opposite gentlemen, who came to look at me, and there were eight friends who came to visit me, so what a bum, you can say anything about me. Ma Zhiyuan's "Recommendation Monument": "Nagging order" In the past, I used to learn the way of kings with blue lanterns and yellow scrolls, and shoveled the ground to find the way in the world of mortals and purple moss. Now ten or nine of them all say the way, and they all say the way of Chang'an on the seventh and eighth day. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was "North Song Rhyme Spectrum".Liang Tingpiao's "Qu Hua" mentioned: "Zhou Deqing's "Central Plains Rhyme" is specially designed for Beiqu. It uses entering tones and leaves to enter three tones...Because the northern tones are slow, long, slow and heavy, they cannot be collected shortly. Tone, all entered tones are read into three tones. Naturally, it is due to the local conditions, and the northern tune is composed of the northern tone of Yige.The books of Deqing are also popular because of their natural integrity. "The music of the lyrics and music in the alleys has been rhyming with the poems since the Tang Dynasty, and there is a special book until the Yuan Dynasty. It can be seen that the people of the Yuan Dynasty paid attention to the rhyme! Daqu regards the number of people as the most precious, and Zaju takes the simplicity of people as the joy.However, the number of characters in Yuan dramas varies from person to person, as follows: (A) Among the roles in Yuanqu, except for Mo and Dan, the lead singer is both pure and ugly.At the end there are Waimo, Chongmo, Ermo and Xiaomo.There are Laodan, Dadan, Xiaodan, Dancha, Shadan, Sedan, Waidan, Tiedan and so on.There are also external, or pretending to be a man or a woman, which has the same meaning as Chong or Tie, that is, in addition to the correct color, a certain color is added to fill it.In terms of age, there are Bolao (as the saying goes, old temple, one rebellious does not read offspring), Bu'er (as the saying goes, Niang'er), Cha'er, etc.In terms of status and occupation, there are Ruogu, Xisan Bange, Hedan, Yici, Banglao (who specializes in playing villains), etc., and they all have certain colors to pretend to be.It is not the name of the character itself, it is the same as Song Jin's character. (B) Four people are used in Zaju.At the end of the day, the color of mud will be paid by the master.Said the vice-pure color hair Qiao.It is said that the vice last color is the master of jokes.Or one person pretends to be lonely and old.And there is no tube color, it seems to be tube tone, like the head color of Jiaofang. (C) Five people are used in the hospital book.One is Fujing, and in ancient times it was called joining the army.One is called Deputy Mo, which was called Cang Falcon in ancient times.One is Yinxi (Xiao Hualian), one is Mo Ni (Zhengsheng), one is Gulao (playing the role of the emperor and princes and kings), and the other is called Hua Cuanong. (D) Beiqu Zesheng is called Moni, also known as Zhengmo.The outsider is called Bobo.Doomsday. Jing is called , also known as Jing, also known as Banglao.Lao Dan said Bu'er.Others may be named directly. One said that the roles of Beiqu include Zhengmo, Vicemo, Sniper Fox, Pretty Bustard, Yi, Jieqi, and a total of nine colors.However, Shimo, Dan, Wai and Jing changed their makeup.For those who need more people, add Fumo (also known as Chongmo), Danzhua (also known as Chongdan), and Fujing (the female makeup is called Huadan).In short, there are no four names and colors. Nanqu has Sheng, Dan, Wai Tie, Jing, Ugly, and Mo, each of which has its own purpose.Starting from Yang Zi Haiyan cavity, the pear garden is divided into ten colors, namely Jing, Fu, Chou, Wai, Fumo, Sheng, Laosheng, Dan, Laodan, Tie.Wei Liangfu started Kunqiang, and it is divided into sixteen colors such as Guansheng and Shadan.Although the analysis is strict, it is far from ancient times. In short, there are only four most important roles in Yuan opera, namely Mo, Jing, Dan, and Wai. Occasionally, there are pretenders and jokers, and it is very simple to employ people. (A) Background (1) The political environment The political environment is difficult to examine historically.It is only known that Yuan Shizu had the Central Plains from Mongolia. Because of the huge military expenditure and insufficient national use, he rushed to print many banknotes, such as "Zhongtong Yuanbao Banknotes", and later changed to "Zhiyuan Banknotes", and set up "Pingzhun Banknotes". Use the treasury to make gold and silver" to set up a "recovery treasury", and promise to exchange old and new banknotes.He also appointed Ahema, Lu Shirong, Sang Ge and other amassing ministers, and the credit of paying banknotes was greatly lost, and the people were in dire straits.He also respected the lama as the national teacher, with great power, and arbitrarily excavated the tombs of the Song Dynasty and the tombs of the ministers, which greatly damaged the culture of China.In the Yuan Dynasty, people from Jiangnan were divided into ten classes, with nine Confucianists and ten beggars, and scholars were the least important in the society at that time.During Zhishun's reign, Emperor Zhishun's licentiousness was unbridled, traitors rose up, and there was no peace in fighting.Later, the succession of the emperor was illegal, and the royal family killed each other.Corruption prospers courts, blocks virtuous paths, oppresses civilians, and destroys the Han people.The scholar-bureaucrats could not stretch out for a long time, and they felt pain in both spiritual and material aspects; the loneliness and indignation were expressed in the poems and operas, and the Yuan Dynasty writers were full of wind and clouds. (2) Social environment The society of the Yuan Dynasty was indeed of considerable assistance to the development of opera.First, due to the relationship of the times, it followed the style of Song people's lyrics.Secondly, most of the literati in Zhejiang and Zhejiang imitated the tone of Hu Yuancun, admiring each other clearly and mocking each other negatively.It has become a fashion for literati to entertain others and kill time by composing music.For four years, he expressed his depression and sorrow by composing music, and used words as a revolutionary cause.Due to the four major reasons of history, geography, temperament, and academics, there have been more than a hundred writers and more than a thousand kinds of works, adding a lot of glory to Chinese literature!As for the theory that Yuan used drama to select scholars, although there is no historical evidence to collect it, according to "Selected Songs of Diao Chong Guan": The scholars in the Yuan Dynasty had to fill in the lyrics, the title determined by the chief director, the title and rhyme of the song, and the lyrics were written by the actors for a while. ………… It is also stated in Shen Defu's "Gu Qu Miscellaneous Words" that Yuan people used Zaju to test scholars before the Southern Song Dynasty. Wu Meicun's preface "Guangzhengpu" also said that Zaju was used to select scholars.It seems that people in the Yuan Dynasty tested scholars, Han, Manchu and Mongolian are different, and the titles are not certain, but the music is indeed one of them.Please attach this. (B) The faction was affected by the environment, and Yuanqu was virtually divided into two factions. Although they are all expressing dissatisfaction with the current situation, due to the author's personality and situation, some see through everything and hide wealth and honor;Laughing and cursing, each made an article.As a result, it has created an era of astonishingly talented literature.After reading the song so far, we really have to thank the environment that created literature! (1) The peace faction can also be called the "Gaodao faction".This school is calm and unrestrained, without admiration for glory and profit, like Ma Dongli and others.Their articles are romantic, elegant, and beautiful, and reading them makes people feel like they are out of the dust, as follows: "Ma Dongli's "Chen Tuan Gaowo" The first fold: "Wu Ye Cry" cinnabar is good for refining and nourishing the body, gold does not cast the seal of the Hou.You can't wear tight burdens, and you can't wear fair clothes.It's not as good as my cloth robe that brushes the yellow dust, and the Lun towel that is soaked in wine. "Golden Zhaner" reported to me that my dream was clear on the stone pillow, and white clouds were born under the cloth robe.But if you haven't been clean for a year and a half after sleeping, it depends on your fame and fame.I slept so dark and sweet that I fell down like drunk, and suddenly I fell asleep like thunder. Who cares about the horses moving towards the fifth watch, singing the sound of chickens three times? And the first chapter of his "Dream of Yellow Liang Liang": Although "Hunjianglong" is a Taoist priest in a thatched cottage, he is accompanied by two idlers with the breeze and bright moon.I don't know how much autumn, how much spring, how much Han, how much Qin is; Chang is habitual and mad, greedy and lazy, pretending to be blunt, and making some people's wealth and honor a floating cloud in his eyes. "Oil Gourd" never tires of chasing laughter and talking frequently, but welcomes guests with open arms.Thinking about confusion can hurt the spirit.I am leisurely and alone in Lin Quanyin.You have made a lot of money in vain.Look at this Zisai army, Huang Tuchen, when will he get a free point?How can I be free from things outside! "Zui Zhongtian" pretends to forgive you to deceive Han Xin, and to compete with Su Qin in the tongue debate. In the end, fame depends on fate, and you may not be sure. It's better to be diligent and careful in practice, and try to get a panacea to conceive early, so strong like you stepping on a green donkey and walking around the wind and dust! Fourth discount: "If you are a scholar", you can save the world's fame and fortune, and then give up the pearls and jades of the goddess of love. How much time will it take for us to be a hundred years old?The sun and the moon go by like a shuttle, thinking of the ups and downs you have suffered. The second fold of his "Three Drunken Yueyang Tower": "Congratulations to the bridegroom" laughed and lamented over the rise and fall, the setting sun was getting late without realizing it, and I thought we, a hundred-year-old, were twirling our fingers.I can hear the tea guests in front of the building making noise, arguing like wild gulls on the river?A hundred years of life is illusory, I look at you as a money willow, and I still rely on twelve jade rails! The "three evil spirits" think that if people can restrain themselves and be safe, and don't deceive their hearts and sleep in peace, how long will they be free in a hundred years?Going to the stone fire in a hurry, how to do it again and again?Why didn't you check back sooner?It wasn't until the setting sun and the twilight of the mulberry and elm trees that the tired bird knew how to return. The first discount of Wang Ziyi's "Staying Into Taoyuan": "Parasitic grass" I am willing to abandon Xuan Mian, away from life, near the spring stone.Heroes and tyrants, smoke and dust and Ge Jia, heresy and indecent.You and I keep a low profile in the old mountains, as strong as the Qi family governing the country and the world. The fourth fold of Yang Jingxian's "Dutuo Liu Xingshou": "What article" sleeps when you are sleepy, and gets drunk when you are free.A fisherman talked about right and wrong, laughing at Cao Cao going south and north, sighing in vain that heroes compete for superiority and inferiority. The last paragraph of Gong Tianting's "Yan Ziling Fishing on Qili Beach": "The Banquet of the Li Pavilion" has nine classics and three historical documents, which have been suppressed from a thousand national reforms. Fuyan Ronghua, grass media dust.Is it true that high-ranking officials and high-ranking officials add disasters, and Fenglou and Longge contain success or failure.Where you are from the Yao steps of the Shun Palace, Yan Guang jumped out of a sea of ​​right and wrong! Fan Zian's "Bamboo Leaf Boat for Enlightenment": "Zhuma Listening" I traveled in my hometown, only changing things and moving stars for a few autumns; paying attention to floating life, after a few sunsets, the water flows from the west to the east. Sighing about the rise and fall, brow locks temples and worrying, for fame and fame, people are thinner than yellow flowers, and when I go back, stop to see the beauty of Yinshan Iron Temple. "Plum blossom wine" rests on the temples and autumn, shares worries with the emperor, sighs that the years are flowing, ah! His head turned white early. "Victory gourd" is as strong as an armored general passing through the night, and it drives fiercely to try to cross the carved saddle. One day the battle will be defeated and the desolation will be as cold as bones, fighting like the futon paper tents in my thatched hut, lying on the high and leisurely? Gao Wenxiu's "Good Wine Zhao Yuan Meets the Emperor": "Sweet Water Order" doesn't fall in love with high-ranking officials, so don't make money!How can this trouble arise?When you meet each other, you are frightened. It is better for me to live in a thatched cottage. The second of seven paragraphs of Ma Jiugao's "The Resentment of the Concubine Xiang": The new wine is drunk in the trough, and the live fish is sold by the lake, it is God's own arrangement.When I'm free, I lie high and sing when I'm drunk. I keep myself safe and poor, so happy, and live in Xinghua Village.Shengyaofu's comfortable nest, what about Ren Xianyu's descendants.Demented man who loses fame and wealth, who is like me when he has leisure.Any disturbance outside his door. The gold is gone to learn to be romantic, and to learn to be romantic.Laughing at you, you see that a miser has spent a thousand lives in vain, but I look at that glory like soaking in water. It's better to take advantage of middle age to relax and swim.Pour the green wine and persuasion in a low voice, slowly sip the red makeup, and relax the head in the brocade quilt when drunk. Anonymous "Idle Plan": What does "parasitic grass" ask about fame and fortune?What do you care about right and wrong?Thinking of him hitting the coral column brocade tent and Shi Chongshi, it's better to unload Luo Lanna as Jian Zhang Liang retreats, and learn from him to sleep on the breeze, the moon and Chen Tuan.Seeing that Wu Shanqing looks like Yue Shanqing, why not be drunk today and tomorrow! Concentrating on leisure energy to use knowledge, Chibi Mountain is in the middle of Zhou Lang's plan, and the bank of Wujiang River is in vain to use the power of pupils. Maweipo shed tears of Emperor Ming.In the eyes of the predecessors and future generations, don't you get drunk today and tomorrow! A person is a hundred years old, seventy years old, thinking of him, the waist of the palace is thin, the flowers are stained with powder, and the autumn waves are charming, and the golden hairpin knocks on the pillow and the dark clouds fall.Reminiscing about youth travel in old age, don't you get drunk today and tomorrow! In short, there are too many sentences of this kind in Yuanqu, and they are too beautiful.A kind of unrestrained and unrestrained air is vivid on the paper, but behind it is frustration and pessimism.The words are swaying, and it is also "a piece of sadness that can't be painted"! (2) The fierce faction can also be called the decadent faction.The thoughts of this school are expressed in lyrics and music, which are mostly cynical words.Some attacked and abused as if no one was there.Some made slight sarcasm, side-talking.Their shooting points are, first, the darkness of national politics, and second, the inequality of the rich and the poor in society.Excited and exclaimed, dripping with joy, it really deserves to be called the literature of blood and tears!Slightly divided as follows: Attacks on court politics, such as: Anonymous's "Anywhere to Earn Fengan Kuaitong" first discount: "Tianxiale" is now the residence of Emperor Baier Shanhe Zhuang, but he hopes to get rid of it, and put him to death with the sword... Who is responsible for overthrowing Chu Xiangyu? "Na Zha Ling" When you wanted him at first, you pushed the wheel and held the hub, but later you were afraid that he would rush to seal you, and now you are afraid of him, and you will kill yourself and exterminate the family.He has made five great achievements and received Wan Zhonglu together. You will frame him with all kinds of makeup! "Bald guy" I'm so dumb. Deng Deng bares his clothes and messes up his temples.During the day, it is called Ding Ding Xinkou self-deprecating song.Come to the sheepfold at night and live to wear away! "Drunken Spring Breeze" calmed Chu Gange for no reason, and supported Han Sheji. Fourth discount: Even if the "Taiping Order" has spring and autumn sacrifices, it will not help his desolate soul in Jiuquan!It would be better to have me cooked and cremated early, so that I can live and die with him... This will be your official gift. First discount of Li Shouqing's "Wu Yuan Blowing Xiao": "Oil gourd" Fei Wuji can't tell enough lies, Wu Zixu couldn't save his whole family from mourning.It's also in vain for me to be loyal and loyal to one person, sweeping all directions, it's better that he has no benevolence, righteousness and humility, and Bai Luo's father and son are good at court! Those who attack dark courts and corrupt officials, such as: The third chapter of Wang Zhongwen's "The Virtuous Mother Doesn't Recognize the Dead": "Drunken Spring Breeze" Oh my God!When will this injustice be prosecuted, and the sorrow will become more and more painful?But the frost left on me also looks like a white head, which is also a blessing.If you are lucky, you will be sued, you will suffer pain, and you will be humiliated. "Putianle" was tortured and humiliated, this ruthless stick, my child has a limited body!You see, pull your hair and call it by name, and spray cold water to describe it as dirty.The hit hits the pain in my heart, why don't you teach me to cry aloud! ………… "Man Tingfang" you want me to count.All your officials, big and small, have a shovel of wooden wats, and you don't have smart and upright confidants. All of them were recruited by those who were stretched and hanged, tied up the prisoners in every way, and ordered the soldiers immediately when they were beaten.Ouch!This is your hard work! The first discount of Anonymous's "Chenzhou rice dumpling": "Huanjianglong" is not upright when he does it, and he wants to hurt others and benefit himself to make people hate him. If he kicks us, don't say I dare not to stir up!There is nothing softer than stream water, even on uneven ground.He also disobeyed the emperor's order, and they are all rats eating warehouses and flies sucking pus and blood! "Jinzhan'er" you say you act according to the official, I say you act privately.In my opinion, one hemi meter of inheritance is responsible for the lives of eight or nine people.It's not like mountain elk and wild deer competing with each other.You are the hungry wolf who snatches the bones from the mouth, and the beggar who looks for leftovers at the bottom of the bowl!I can make a difference but not a fight, how can you not make a name for yourself! Second discount: "Rolling the hydrangea" doesn't want money, I'm afraid it will go against all sentiments.It's not our intention to ask for money.Only this monthly salary is not enough for each of us.Every time that Quanhao and I forge mountains and seas, it seems like enmity... The first fold of Yue Bochuan's "Du Tieguai Li Yue": The "Hunjiang Dragon" bought this tube of Zishuang hair only for money, and reduced the penalty of being a teacher, and added a sum of punishment for being a teacher.This tube of new tunes is composed of straight pens, and it is more ruthless like a murder knife for money.Those who come out are all about coming and going, more private than public, but has there ever been one thing that fit the way?他每都指山卖磨，将百姓画地为牢！ 第三折： 带云：我想这做屠户的虽是杀生害命，还强似俺做吏人的瞒心昧己，欺天害人也。 “大清歌”他虽是杀生害命为家计，这恶业休提。俺请受了人几文钱，改是成非。似这般所为，碜可可的活取民心髓，抵多少猪肝猪蹄，也则是秤大小为生过日，不强似俺着人脓血换人衣？ 马致远《荐福碑》第一折： “么篇”这壁拦住贤路，那壁又挡住仕途。如今这越聪明越受聪明苦，越痴呆越享了痴呆福，越糊突越有了糊突富！ 第三折： “斗鹌鹑”待要屈脊低腰，又不会巧言令色。况今日十谒朱门九不开，休道有七步才，他每道十二金钗，强似养三千剑客！ 无名氏《争报恩》第二折： “耍孩儿”罢罢罢我这里声明屈，谁瞅睬，原来是你小处官司利害。衙门自古向南开，怎禁那探爪儿官长每贪财！ 关汉卿第一折： “醉中天”咱每日一瓢饮一箪食，有几双箸几张匙。若到官司使钞时，则除典当了闲文字！你合死呵，今朝便死，虽道是杀人公事，也落个孝顺名儿。 讥刺富室守财虏的，如： 萧德祥《杀狗劝夫》第一折： “倘秀才”有些人道宜扫雪烹茶在读书舍里，又道是宜羊羔烂醉在销金帐底……谁说起寒江上一蓑归，那渔翁的冻馁？ 第二折： “滚绣球”有那等富汉每，他道是压瘴气，下的是国家祥瑞，怎知俺穷汉每少衣无食！ 秦简夫《赵礼让肥》第一折： “那吒令”想他每富家杀羊也那宰马，每日里笑哈哈飞觥也那走。俺百姓们痛杀无根椽片瓦，那里有调和五味全，但得个充饥罢！ 那用主观忏悔的口气，来提醒讽劝的，如： 无名氏《来生债》第一折： “油葫芦”不思量有限的光阴有限身，委实他钱上紧，如今那等有钱的，追富不追贫。 ... “迎仙客”哎！银子也！你饥不能与人做饭食，你冷不能与人便做衣服，你这般沉默默，冷冰冰，则是一块儿家福。 和他消磨那几千年，可则更换过了几万古。他为甚不向你跟前停住？Why!这银子呵！原来分定也是前生注。 武汉臣《天赐老生儿》第二折： “滚绣球”我那其间正年少，为本少，便恨不得向别人强要，拚着个仗剑持刀。钱也！我为你呵，也曾痛杀杀将俺父母来离，也曾急煎煎将俺那妻子来抛。Why!钱也！我为你呵，那搭儿不到？几曾惮半点勤劳。遮莫他虎啸风○律律的高山，直走上三千遍。那龙喷浪翻滚滚的长江，也经过有二百遭，我提起来魄散魂消！ 第四折： “双调新水令”一杯寿酒庆生辰，则我这满怀愁片言难尽。只因那儿贯钱，险缠杀我百年人。我受了万苦千辛，我受了那一生骂，半生恨！ 又有那描写世态炎凉，以及市井小人、家奴倡优的丑态，也笔下尖酸，形容尽致，如： 无名氏《冻苏秦》第四折： “鸳鸯煞”想当初风尘落落谁怜悯，到今日衣冠楚楚争亲近。畅道威震诸侯，腰悬六印，也索把世态炎凉，心中暗忖。假使一朝马死黄金尽，可不的依旧苏秦做陌路看承，被人哂。 萧德祥《杀狗劝夫》第一折： “寄生草”哥哥！我又不是么出逃生子，须是你同胞共乳亲……俺哥哥富居山野有人瞅，你兄弟贫居闹市无人问！ 宫天挺《范张鸡黍》第一折： “天下乐”你道是文章好立身，我道今人都为名利引。 怪不着赤紧的翰林院那伙老子每钱上紧。他歪吟的几句诗，胡谄下一道文，都是些要人钱谄佞臣。 “幺篇”行下来便落在那爷羹娘饭长生运，正行着兄先弟后财帛运，又交着夫荣妻富催官运；你大拚着十年家富小儿娇，也少不了一朝马死黄金尽！ 无名氏《来生债》第二折： “红绣鞋”他几曾开东阁，把那名儒来管顾？他们可动不动便宴西楼和那妓女们欢娱。他将那茶托子人情可便暗乘除。常则是佯呆着回脸推说话，纽身躯，他们可几曾做那五百钱东道主？ 郑廷玉《冤家债主》第一折： “六幺序”这人没钱时无些钱，才有的便说夸。打扮似大户豪家。你看他耸起肩胛，迸定鼻凹！没半点儿和气谦洽。 每日在长街市上把青骢跨，只待要弄柳拈花。马儿上纽捏着身子儿诈。做出那般般样势，种种村沙！ 刘时中《上高监司》： “端正好”库藏中钞本多，贴库每弊怎除？纵关防住谁不愿坏钞法恣意强图？都是无廉耻买卖人，有过犯驵侩徒。倚仗着几文钱百般胡做，将官府觑得如无！则这素无行止乔男女，都整扮衣冠学士夫。一个个胆大心粗！ 马致远《任风子》第二折： “正宫端正好”添酒力晚风凉，助杀气秋云暮。尚兀自脚趑趄醉眼模糊。他化的我一方之地都食素，单则俺杀生的缘度。 王子一《误入桃源》第一折： “青歌儿”空一带江山江山如画，只不过饭囊饭囊衣架，塞满长安乱如麻。 ... 关汉卿《救风尘》第四折： “庆东原”遍花街请到娼家女，那一个不对着明香宝烛？ 那一个不指着皇天后土？那一个不赌着鬼戮神诛？若信这咒盟言，早死的绝门户！ 李寿卿《伍员吹箫》第三折： “中吕粉蝶儿”都是些傲穷民趋富汉，不放我同欢同会，空走到十数筵席，有那个堪相酬对？ 无名氏《来生债》第二折： “中吕粉蝶儿”若论着今日风俗，正好宜太平箫鼓。有一等寒俭的冷冷之徒，他生来的不诚心，无实行，一个个强文假醋…… 右几项所引，孤愤长鸣，泄尽一切平民不平之气，确是最雄豪最痛快的革命文学！ 以上是元代作家思想的大概，其神奇畅好处，真是戛戛独造。然而元曲里所表现的思想不止这些。一部分作家愿望的卑陋，眼光的粗浅，人物的单调，却也不能隐讳。如神仙必称吕洞宾——、《城南柳》、《度柳翠》等剧——清官必称包待制——如《灰阑记》、《留鞋记》、、《生金阁》等剧——叠见层出；铺叙以至宾白，强半雷同，未兔太不留意。又剧中故事，如《王粲登楼》、《风雪渔樵记》、《冻苏秦》、《举案齐眉》等剧，原是绝好的，不假修饰改造的事实，而作者却以己意更易，刘二公、蔡邕、张仪、孟从叔等对待王粲、苏秦、朱买臣都是表面轻藐，暗中资助，富贵后相认团圆。点金成铁，俗不可耐，作者的热中心理，尽情吐露。元曲里表现的人生观，这是最下乘的！ 元曲的艺术，在中国文学中，是最好的一种。因为它在意境上最真挚，最潇洒，最缠绵。在修辞上最自由，最善用俗语俗字，不避骈律，不避旧句。缘故是元代的作家，非必都有名位学问，他们写文字的时候，不必存传世的先见。兴之所至，不着深思，只图发泄胸中的情事与感想。如长江大河，流杂泥沙，而灵秀的思潮，自然奔涌。分举如下： （甲）意境 （一）真挚元曲最善描写情感，字字从心中道出，恻恻动人。写家人骨肉之情，尤其沉挚而生动。Such as: 张国宾《薛仁贵衣锦还乡》第四折： “双调新水令”我为你个养家儿也，哭得我眼睛花。Why! 则从你去家来，我则便放心不下。儿也你若不是多时归地府，怎十载滞天涯？甚的出入通达，好教我这烦恼甚时罢。 无名氏《神奴儿》第二折： “牧羊关”我则怕你走的身子困，又嫌这铺卧冷。我与你种着火留着残灯。怕你害渴时有柿子与梨儿，害饥时有软肉也那薄饼。我将你寻到有三千遍，叫道有二千声，怎这般死没堆在灯前立，你可怎生悄声儿在门外听？ 无名氏《认父归朝》第四折： “驻马听”当日离分，痛煞煞生抛掌上珍，今朝厮认，笑吟吟猜做梦中人。二十年访不出死和存，几千回摆不下愁和恨。心暗忖甚福也得见这团圆分！ 张国宾《合汗衫》第三折： “上小楼”甚风儿便吹他到来，也有日重还乡界。则俺这烦烦恼恼哭哭啼啼，想杀我儿也，怨怨哀哀。到如今可也便欢欢喜喜无挂无碍。Why!怎把这双老爷娘做外人看待！ 以上琐琐说来，柿子梨儿，恰是父母爱子一片光景。天性之爱，宛宛在目。此外描写离人思妇的情怀，也非常真切，如：王子一《误入桃源》第二折： “仙吕赏花时”我做甚三叠阳关愁不听，也只为一段伤心画怎成？则不是人感慨悲离轻。听兀那流莺树顶，先啼出断肠声！ 马致远《青衫泪》楔子： “仙吕赏花时”有意送君行，无计留君住，怕的君别后有梦无书，一尊酒尽青山暮；我"h翠袖泪