Chapter 8 translation three

Enlightenment: The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in my country was an era in which various schools of thought contended.For example, Xunzi's theory of human nature is evil, Yangzi's theory of self-interest, Lao Zhuang's theory of letting nature take its course, and so on.These ideas are our precious cultural heritage. 【Translation】After you have mastered the classics and Zishu, you must pay attention to the history of each dynasty when you read history books and history Only by understanding the reasons for their ups and downs can the generations of lineages learn lessons from history.

Enlightenment: Historians generally divide history into three stages: ancient times, medieval times, and modern times.Chinese history has more reliable records since the Shang Dynasty. The history before this is an era of myths and legends, that is, ancient times. 【Translation】From Fuxi, Shennong to Huangdi, these three ancient emperors were diligent in governing and caring for the people, and they were very great, so later generations honored them as the "Three Emperors". Enlightenment: Yao was a very virtuous emperor, and he abdicated the throne to the virtuous Shun as his successor.Of course, Shun lived up to his trust.The historical period they lived in was the golden age in ancient Chinese history.

【Translation】After the Yellow Emperor, there were two emperors, Yao and Shun of Tang Dynasty. Yao thought his son was unworthy, so he passed the throne to Shun, who had both ability and virtue. Under the rule of the two emperors, the world was peaceful. Everyone praises. Enlightenment: Xia, Shang and Zhou were collectively called three dynasties in Chinese history, and each generation lasted a very long time. The Xia Dynasty ruled for 400 years, the Shang Dynasty ruled for 600 years, and the Zhou Dynasty ruled for 800 years.The history of this period is still tinged with many myths and legends.

[Translation] The founding monarchs of the Xia Dynasty were Yu, the founding monarchs of the Shang Dynasty were Tang, and the founding monarchs of the Zhou Dynasty were King Wen and King Wu.These kings with both ability and political integrity are called the Three Kings by later generations. Enlightenment: After Yu passed the throne to his son Qi, the history of a family ruling the country lasted for thousands of years. It was not until the Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the last Manchu emperor that the rule of Jiatianxia really came to an end. 【Translation】Yu passed on the throne to his son, and from then on the world became one family.After more than four hundred years, Xia was destroyed by Tang, thus ending its rule.

Enlightenment: The history of the Zhou Dynasty is divided into two parts: the Western Zhou Dynasty before King You was killed, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty after King Ping moved eastward.From the rise and fall of various dynasties, we can see the truth that "a benevolent government must prosper and a tyrannical government must perish". [Translation] King Wu of Zhou raised troops to destroy the Shang Dynasty, killed King Zhou, and established the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty had the longest history, lasting more than 800 years. Enlightenment: The decline of the Zhou royal family caused the princes to lose control. They all wanted to be king and hegemony, and the wars continued for years.The common people have suffered a lot from the war.

【Translation】Since King Ping of Zhou moved his capital to the east, his control over the princes has become weaker and weaker.Wars often broke out among the vassal states, and lobbyists also began to do their best. Enlightenment: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty was divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.Five overlords appeared before and after the Spring and Autumn Period, known as the Spring and Autumn Five Hegemons in history; during the Warring States Period, there were seven vassal states with the strongest power, known as the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period in history.

【Translation】The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two stages, one is the Spring and Autumn Period and the other is the Warring States Period.In the Spring and Autumn Period, Duke Heng of Qi, Duke Xiang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin and King Zhuang of Chu were known as the Five Hegemons.The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period were Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. Enlightenment: The Qin Dynasty was the first centralized feudal dictatorship in Chinese history.Although the Qin Dynasty was unified for only fifteen years, its tyranny was beyond the reach of other dynasties.However, it still has its indelible contributions to the unification of China, the same track of cars, the same text of books, and the unification of weights and measures.

【Translation】At the end of the Warring States period, the power of the Qin State grew stronger day by day, and wiped out all the other vassal states, and established a unified Qin Dynasty.When Qin passed to the second Huhai, the world began to be in chaos again, and finally, a situation of competition between Chu and Han was formed. Enlightenment: History is developing, society is progressing, and personal codes of conduct must conform to the laws of social development.Otherwise, even if it is effective for a while, it will eventually end in failure. 【Translation】Han Gaozu defeated Xiang Yu and established the Han Dynasty.The throne of the Han Dynasty lasted for more than two hundred years, and it was usurped by Wang Mang when Emperor Xiaoping arrived.

Enlightenment: After more than 400 years, the Han Dynasty came to the end, because the relatives and eunuchs attacked each other, the royal family was incompetent, and it perished when Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty came. 【Translation】Wang Mang usurps power.The name of the country was changed to Xin, and the world was in chaos. Liu Xiu overthrew Emperor Gengshi and restored the name of the country to Han. It was called Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. Enlightenment: It is a well-known classical novel in our country, and it is also a part of the treasure house of world literature. Reading this novel can get a lot of beneficial

Enlightenment, learned about the moving picture of ancient wars. 【Translation】At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Shu, and Wu competed for the world, forming a situation where the three kingdoms competed.Later Wei destroyed Shu and Wu, but Sima Yi usurped the throne and established the Jin Dynasty, which was divided into two periods, the Eastern Jin and the Western Jin. Enlightenment: The Southern Dynasties during the Southern and Northern Dynasties included Song, Qi, Liang and Chen.The Song referred to here should not be confused with the Song established by Zhao Kuangyin later. The founding emperor of the Song here is Liu Yu, so it is also called Liu Song. Liu Song ruled for only fifty-nine years.

【Translation】After the royal family of the Jin Dynasty moved to the south, it soon declined, followed by the Southern and Northern Dynasties generation.In the Southern Dynasties, including Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, the capital was built in Jinling. Enlightenment: The greatest emperors in the world are those who created the world.As for those emperors who inherited their ancestors, except for a few who had special achievements in martial arts and martial arts, most of them were always mediocre. 【Translation】Northern Dynasty refers to the Yuan and Wei Dynasties.Yuan Wei later split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei. The Western Wei was usurped by Yu Wenjue and established the Northern Zhou Dynasty; the Eastern Wei was usurped by Gao Yang and established the Northern Qi. Enlightenment: Yang Jian raised troops to fight east and west, ended the split between the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and reunified China. The established Sui Dynasty perished after only two generations.The reason is that Emperor Sui Yang's licentiousness and immorality made him betray his relatives.This shows that people's support is very important. 【Translation】Yang Jian reunified China and established the Sui Dynasty, known as Emperor Wen of Sui in history.After his son Sui Yang Emperor Yang Guang came to the throne, he was licentious and immoral, and the Sui Dynasty soon perished. Enlightenment: The Tang Dynasty was the most glorious era in the history of our country. From the "Zhenguan Reign" in the Tang Taizong period to the "Kaiyuan Prosperity" in the Tang Xuanzong period, they are all famous.But the world of the Tang Dynasty was actually created by Li Yuan's second son, Emperor Taizong Li Shimin. 【Translation】Tang Gaozu Li Yuan rebelled against the Sui Dynasty, and finally the Sui Dynasty fell. He defeated the anti-Sui rebels from all walks of life, won the world, and established the Tang Dynasty. Enlightenment: The early period of Tang Xuanzong's rule was called "the prosperity of Kaiyuan", but in the later period, the "Anshi Rebellion" occurred, and the Tang Dynasty began to decline.For the Tang Dynasty's transition from prosperity to decline, people often attribute the blame to Yang Guifei and An Lushan.In fact, there were many reasons for the decline of the Tang Dynasty. 【Translation】The Tang Dynasty ruled for nearly 300 years, with a total of 20 emperors.When Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty was usurped by Zhu Quanzhong and established the Liang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty perished.In order to distinguish it from the beams of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was called Houliang in history. Enlightenment: The Five Dynasties was a chaotic and separatist period in Chinese history, which evolved from the separatist regimes at the end of the Tang Dynasty.The names of these dynasties all existed in the past, so each of them is distinguished by the word "Hou".These are five very short dynasties, a total of only fifty-three years. 【Translation】The transition period of the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Five dynasties is called the Five Dynasties in history. There are certain reasons for the replacement of these five dynasties. Enlightenment: The autocratic centralization of the Song Dynasty was further strengthened. Although it eliminated the disadvantages of the separatist rule of the vassals and towns, the monopoly of ministers and officials, and crony disputes in the late Tang Dynasty, it weakened the local power too much, making the states and counties increasingly weak and unable to resist foreign invasion. A dynasty that was poor and weak, and lived in peace. 【Translation】Zhao Kuangyin accepted the "abdication" of the Later Zhou Dynasty and established the Song Dynasty.According to legend, after eighteen emperors passed down in the Song Dynasty, the ethnic minorities in the north went south to invade and invade, and the result became a situation of melee between the north and the south. Enlightenment: The Mongols united with the forces of the Song Dynasty to attack the Kingdom of Jin. After the Kingdom of Jin was destroyed, Temujin became Genghis Khan. He proclaimed himself emperor and established the Yuan Dynasty. That's it. 【Translation】The Liao people, Jin people and Mongols in the north all established a country and called themselves emperors. Finally, the Mongols destroyed the Jin and Song dynasties, established the Yuan Dynasty, and reunified China. Enlightenment: The historical significance of the unification of the Yuan Dynasty lies in the consolidation and development of a multi-ethnic unified country. It brought the areas under the jurisdiction of the central government under the unified jurisdiction of the local minority regimes, and strengthened the connection between the central and local governments, the Central Plains and the frontiers. and inter-ethnic relations. 【Translation】The territory of the Yuan Dynasty is very large, and the territory ruled exceeds that of every previous dynasty.However, it lasted only ninety years before being overthrown by a peasant uprising. Enlightenment: Zhu Yuanzhang was born in Fengyang, Anhui. He was born in poverty.He is a very legendary figure in Chinese history, but after he became emperor, he punished the heroes. During his reign, he carried out three massacres, killing tens of thousands of people. 【Translation】At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, revolted and finally overthrew the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, unified the whole country, and established the Ming Dynasty. Enlightenment: Ming Chengzu's move of the capital to Yanjing is of great significance for defending Mongolia and managing the Northeast, that is, consolidating border defense and maintaining unity. 【Translation】After Ming Chengzu came to the throne, he moved the capital from Jinling to Yanjing in the north.The Ming Dynasty had a total of sixteen emperors, and until the Chongzhen Emperor, the Ming Dynasty perished. Enlightenment: The monopoly of eunuchs in the late Ming Dynasty brought political corruption and embezzlement, which not only increased the burden on the people, but also brought opportunities for the upper class of ethnic minorities to harass the interior. 【Translation】In the last years of the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs monopolized power, and the world was in chaos. Enlightenment: Although there were high-pressure policies in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, such as the large-scale literary inquisition to control the thoughts of the Han people, until Emperor Jiaqing, people's lives were relatively stable. 【Translation】After the Qing army entered the customs, Emperor Shunzhi ascended the throne in Beijing, calming down the chaotic situation in various places, so that the common people could live in peace again. Enlightenment: During the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong periods, the Qing Dynasty established an unprecedentedly unified and consolidated multi-ethnic country through struggles against external aggression forces and internal separatist forces. Eighteen provinces were established in the interior, thus establishing a relatively solid and stable regime. 【Translation】After Emperor Shunzhi, there were four emperors: Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing. During this period, the world was peaceful, the people's life was relatively stable, and the country was relatively prosperous. Revelation: Since the Opium War, various imperialist countries have successively invaded China.The Qing government was forced to sign one unequal treaty after another, which gradually transformed China from an independent feudal society into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. [Translation] During the Daoguang and Xianfeng years of the Qing Dynasty, there was an incident, and the British army provoked the Opium War.Britain and France respectively formed a coalition force on the grounds of the Yarrow incident and the killing of a French priest, and directly attacked Beijing. Enlightenment: During the Guangxu period of the Qing government, the emperor was just an empty shell, and the real power was controlled by the Empress Dowager Cixi. This woman, known as "Lafayette", was very domineering. In her hands, China's prestige was completely lost. 【Translation】After the Tongzhi and Guangxu emperors, the Qing Dynasty had been in dilapidated state. When it was handed down to the ninth emperor Xuantong, it was overthrown by the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen. Enlightenment: China has developed for 5,000 years. After the rise and fall of various dynasties, the first president elected by the people was born. 【Translation】The Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen overthrew the rule of the Qing government, abolished the monarchy, established a constitution, established the government of the Republic of China, and Sun Yat-sen served as the interim president.