Chapter 29 Wei Ling Gong No. 15-1

Duke Ling of Wei asked Chen Yu about Confucius.Confucius said to him: "You have heard about Zudou after a taste; you have never learned about military affairs."Mingren did it.In Chen Jueliang, the follower was sick and could not be happy.Zilu was stunned and said, "A gentleman is also poor?"The Master said: A gentleman is always poor, but a villain is too poor! When Confucius traveled around the country and came to the state of Wei, Duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about military operations.It's not that Confucius didn't understand, but it was Wei Linggong who asked the question, and Confucius didn't answer him.Confucius hoped that he would not start a war.Confucius opposed aggressive wars.That’s why Confucius said that regarding the matter of Zudou——Zudou is a sacrificial vessel for great ceremonies. According to the current concept, it represents the true spirit of ritual and music culture—I still understand; I haven’t learned military science, sorry, I don’t understand .He left Weiguo the next day and arrived in Chenguo. As a result, he was hungry and ran out of food, and brought a large number of students with him.This is the cause of the starvation of food.

The students who followed him fell ill because of this, and many of them couldn't get up.At this time, Zilu was very unhappy, complained quite a bit, and his face was ugly. He ran to Confucius and said, "Teacher, you talk about morality and learning every day. You have been talking about it for a long time. What is the result?"Now the students are starving to death.Gentleman!How could a gentleman be so poor?Confucius said that only a gentleman can stay poor. In other words, it depends on who is qualified to be poor. Only a gentleman is qualified to be poor. Although he is in poverty, he can still have a firm belief and not waver.If you are a villain, on the contrary, you can do anything when you are poor.If you can't stand poverty, you are not a gentleman.

When it comes to being poor and not being poor, it is also very wonderful. Some realms can only be reached through self-cultivation. This is also one of the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture.There were many such people in ancient history.For example, a famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty (I can’t remember the name at the moment, I’m sorry.) was a great painter, and he was also very good at poetry. Moon poems.His wife nagged him: "Tomorrow there is no rice, and I still write poetry!" He looked at the moon in the sky and said, "There are still several hours before tomorrow morning! I will take care of tomorrow's affairs. Let's look at the moon now, the scenery is so beautiful This is the cultivation of a literati, but the breadth and tolerance of this kind of literati cultivation are not easy to talk about. In a word, a person must form a central idea psychologically, and he must have a realm.If there is nothing inside, life is quite empty.When you have something to do, you don’t feel it when you are busy. If a person puts things aside and stays in a state of tranquility, he will not be able to bear it!This poverty does not only refer to a poor economic environment. When a person is at the end of his life, when he is old, everything is empty, his children have left his side, and his wife has also gone. It is really uncomfortable to be alone.At this time, you must have your own "sex and wind and moon" in the world, and you must have your own self-cultivation.Only with this realm can we achieve "a gentleman solidifies poverty".

say consistently The following is equivalent to annotating the above paragraph. The Master said: "Give it to me, for a woman who has learned a lot and knows a lot?"Confrontation: yes, no and?Said: No!To be consistent. When talking about the above discussion, we spent a long time discussing for three or four hours what Confucius said about Zeng Shen's "consistency".Now these four words will not be discussed.This passage was told by Confucius to Zi Gong.In terms of writing, first solve the meaning of the word "knowledge", which means "will" and "remember"; "write down" means "remember".What we propose to study is to repeatedly say that the learning taught by Confucianism is not knowledge, and repeatedly emphasize that learning is about being a person and doing things; literature, science, philosophy, etc. are knowledge.The words of Confucius can also prove that our concept is correct.

He told Zigong, "Do you think my knowledge is learned from many aspects? (The so-called "extensive knowledge and strong memorization" in later generations is just knowledge.) Zi Gong said, that's right!We think that's how you came, are we wrong?Confucius said, my learning is to get one thing, and after understanding it, I can understand everything.What Confucius said is true. This thing, this "one" is difficult to explain, and it is not easy to express it.We have discussed a lot in the past. Song Confucianism explained it as "quietness", and it is necessary to cultivate its clues in tranquility.So later on in meditation, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are all like this. Slowly cultivate in the middle of meditation, and the purpose is to clarify the mind and see the nature.What is clarity?Just like someone asked this morning, what is a Buddha?I told him that Buddha is just a code name, but it is actually the origin of human nature.Confucianism talks about good and evil, which are two phenomena of human nature.Effects are either good or evil, good or bad.The thing that can make you good and can make you evil does not belong to the scope of good and evil. If we find it, it is it. Buddhism is called Buddha, Taoism is called Dao, and Confucianism is called benevolence.How to find it?The three schools of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism all start from the so-called meditation, slowly realize in silence, and turn around to find their own nature, which is called "one".Laozi also called it "one".There will be a lot more to discuss, and it belongs to the scope of pure philosophy.

Here Confucius said that his learning did not come from knowledge.this is a big problem.To study what is the knowledge of Confucius, this place is the center.We talk about it and talk about it, and there is no way to talk about it even if we die.To give an example, Lao Tzu said: "In order to learn more and more, for the sake of Dao, it will be damaged day by day, and the damage will be damaged again and again, so as to do nothing." What is learning?Ordinary knowledge is accumulated day by day, and the accumulation of knowledge every day is learning.Why?If it is a loss, you have to throw it away, and in the end even "throw away" has to be thrown away; it is not enough to reach the realm of emptiness and ease.Even the ethereal and comfortable will be lost.Finally, when we reach Wu, the true origin of human nature is naturally discovered.

Confucius is saying here, don’t think that my knowledge is “benefit”, a little bit of accumulated knowledge, but find this “one”, suddenly understand everything, and understand everything.Indeed, there is such a thing as "one".From our experience, we know that "reading thousands of books and traveling thousands of miles" is to increase the experience of life. In fact, this is not enough. We must add the sentence "make ten thousand friends", and make ten thousand friends, all kinds of people. Once you have been in touch, your knowledge will be about the same.Detachment and sublimation from knowledge can reach the point of "original nature".

Confucius said: You, those who know virtue are rare! Confucius told Zilu, he said Ziyou!Times have changed.Virtue is function, Tao is body.Today's people know the basics of You Dao, and very few people play the role of virtue. The Master said: Those who govern by doing nothing will be with Shun!What is the husband doing?Gong Ji is just south. Most people say that Confucianism is opposed to Taoism, and that the "governance by doing nothing" advocated by Taoism means that the leader should not take care of everything, and just hand it over to a few subordinates.It is wrong to interpret Taoism's "inaction" in this way.In fact, Taoism's "doing nothing" means "doing everything", doing things and being a person with the spirit of Taoism, so that there is no trace on the outside, and it doesn't take much effort.For example, when building a house, at the very beginning, the problems that may occur in the house in the future are gradually repaired.So after the construction is completed, it seems easy and cost-free, but in fact, all the possible loopholes have been made up in advance, and there is no more, this is called "inaction".In other words, say it is now

We have already seen that a certain thing may have a problem at a certain time in the future, but now the problem is solved first, and the problem will not occur again. This is the Taoist "doing nothing to cure", which is very difficult to achieve.It's not that not doing anything or not doing anything is called "inaction". Confucius also mentioned here that it is not easy to govern the world by doing nothing. Only Yao and Shun in ancient times could do it.How to do nothing?Be respectful and serious to yourself, just face the south.According to the ancient Chinese etiquette, when an emperor sits in the position of a country leader, he must sit north and face south.The meaning here is that one's own morality has been corrected, and with this ethos, he can influence his subordinates to be responsible layer by layer.

Envoy's Creed Zi Zhang asked.The Master said: Words are loyal and faithful, and actions are respectful, even in a barbaric state.If you are not faithful in your words and respectful in your actions, how can you do it in the state?Standing up, you can see that it is in the front.In Yu, you can see that it depends on balance.Husband and go.Zi Zhang wrote to the gentry. This "action" includes two meanings, one refers to behavior; the other refers to the ancient "words of pedestrians", that is, diplomatic work.Everyone knows the story of Su Wu, and his mission at that time was just fine.Later, when he returned to the Han Dynasty, he was granted the title of Dian vassal state, which is equivalent to being the chairman of the current Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee, or the director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, managing the vassal state.Therefore, many people complained about Su Wu, thinking that the Han Dynasty did not treat people kindly. Su Wu worked so hard and was so loyal.The "pedestrians" in ancient times were special envoys and ambassadors sent out for diplomacy.

This brother Zizhang, who was studying in middle school, was working as a pedestrian and dealing with diplomatic affairs. He asked Confucius how to handle diplomacy.Confucius told him the famous saying of the ages.This sage in Chinese culture is really remarkable. He has already spoken about the principles of official diplomacy and people-to-people diplomacy.Our current national diplomacy is more common, but the principle of dealing with others is the same from ancient to modern.First, be absolutely sincere to people, don't play tricks, be upright and frank, this is the highest courtesy.Second, when getting along with people of different cultures and customs, don't show too much concern. Excessive concern may be considered to interfere with their freedom. They don't have the habit of caring for each other, but they feel troublesome.This is not to say outside The Chinese are wrong, but we are right. This is due to the difference in cultural foundation.Understanding this is similar to dealing with people from any country.Here Confucius tells Zizhang that words must be "loyal and trustworthy".Loyalty means straightforwardness; faith means what you say will be fulfilled.Behavior and attitude should be "respectful", loyal and sincere.In this way, even barbarians can communicate with him. In ancient China, "manyao" refers to the backward areas on the frontier. When it comes to the frontier, here comes the problem again. The stability of China depends on the frontier first.Just look at the problems that have occurred over the past few hundred years. They are all frontier issues, and the frontiers have affected national defense issues.I have done things in the frontier, and found that we Han people are bad, knowledgeable, smart and bully.Therefore, the frontier people hate the Han people not entirely because the frontier people are barbaric, and the Han people have not been "loyal in words and respectful in deeds".For example, in various special areas in Southwest China, the Han people exchanged a few sewing needles for more than a dozen cowhide; some returned their belongings and women.This kind of person is really not human, too cruel.Therefore, we must educate our children and grandchildren to pay more attention to the frontier issues. Huzai? The word "although" in this sentence is very important. If you are not faithful in your words and respectful in your actions, you are your neighbor, and you can't get through in this state. In terms of attitude, just stand there in a well-behaved manner, and It is as respectful as facing the elders; sitting in the car, just sit well, cultivate your body and mind, and be consistent with your words and deeds, then you can take on the task of pedestrians. After hearing these words of Confucius, Zizhang wrote them on the belt of his clothes , be ready to be alert to yourself at any time and pay attention. From here on, the arrangement method has changed slightly. It seems that one by one is the truth of life, but the fifth chapter of the same theory echoes each other, which is very practical. Here are two mentioned: Confucius said: "Zaizai!"Shi Yu.A state is as good as a arrow, but a state without a way is as arrows as an arrow.Gentleman!Qu Boyu.If the state has the way, it will be an official, but if the state has no way, it can be cherished. The arrow is the arrow that draws the bow and shoots the arrow.Shi Yu is a doctor of the state of Wei.Confucius said that he is very straight. No matter what kind of environment he is in, whether the country is chaotic or stable, his behavior and speech are straight like arrows shot out without turning.In today's society, there are still many people of this type, but they are lonely in the world, and they are often hit and suffer all kinds of pain.But this kind of person's natural personality is to go straight, until no matter what the environment, whether it is normal or troubled times, whether the state has the right way or the state has no way, his words and deeds will always be like an arrow.At the same time, the word "arrow" also represents a sharp meaning.Some people have a very good heart, and it’s great to be friends because they can speak the truth, but sometimes their mouth is too strong, and what they say is like cutting someone’s flesh, which makes people unbearable.But we need to understand that he has a kind heart and a good intention.Of course, this involves the issue of self-cultivation, especially when a leader has such subordinates, it is often very uncomfortable, so a leader must have a tolerant mind.Sometimes when I meet this kind of straightforward person, I can accept it once, twice, or three times, but I can't bear it after the fourth, fifth, or sixth time.But if this kind of person is your friend or cadre, you must let go of his sharp and blunt words, and first have the capacity to prepare to laugh, otherwise it will not work. Confucius went on to talk about Qu Boyu (I mentioned Qu Boyu repeatedly before, and praised his friendship.) This man is great. When the country and society are upright, he will come out to do things and take on big tasks, but when the country has no way, the country and society are chaotic. Sometimes, he just rolled it up, didn't complain, and didn't have any complaints.He believes that when the change of the times is irreversible, he can roll himself up like a painting, embrace it, store it away, and stop talking and expressing. These two people are also typical comparisons.There is a kind of people who prefer to go straight instead of turning at any time and in any area. This is very good among cadres.One is people like Yun Boyu, who are relatively talented and have a basic cultivation, but their own fame and fortune are very indifferent, as Mencius said, "If you are good, you will be good at the world, and if you are poor, you will be good at yourself." We all know this saying, But when you are really poor and really difficult, you will often feel unwilling to step back and "caring for it" and "being alone". This is a very difficult basic cultivation. This principle is extended below. Confucius said: If you can speak with words but not with them, you will lose people.You can't speak with what you say, it's a slip of the tongue.Those who know don't lose people, and don't lose words. It is difficult to talk about the truth of being a human being.Confucius said: A person can speak frankly with him, but he is afraid of offending others, so he is not willing to speak frankly like Shi Yu. This is not right for others.I am my friend, if I see him making a mistake, I would rather give a warning, even if he doesn’t understand me because of it now, I still consider him a friend, he can resent me, when he fails, he will think that his words are wrong That's right, it's worthy of people.Therefore, it is unworthy of others not to talk to him when he can talk.Sometimes there are people who cannot speak frankly with him. If you speak frankly to him, it will not only be a waste, but also offend others.So a truly wise person speaks up when he should speak.Neither lose people nor lose words.This principle reminds us of the history of Fan Sui The story of King Qin Zhao. King Qin Zhao asked him for advice once, but he didn't speak twice, embarrassing the person who recommended him.Fan Sui said that the plan I put forward, if I contribute it, can make the Qin State prosperous and powerful immediately, and dominate the world, but Qin Zhaowang was absent-minded and didn't listen to my plan wholeheartedly, so he couldn't talk about it.The recommended person will report to King Qin later.Therefore, at the third meeting, King Qin Zhao turned off all official business, dismissed the people around him, met with Fan Sui alone, and asked for advice very politely.Fan Sui's speech moved King Qin Zhao, and he immediately announced that he would be the prime minister.During the Warring States period, there were many such things, which shows that it is "difficult to say". I know from life experience that this is the case between friends, and even between parents and husbands and wives in the family. It is of course unlucky to ask questions when the other party is not happy. This is the wrong timing.We have seen many young friends, who are cadres of other people, run into a big nail with the chief.Come back full of complaints.In fact, that officer may have something else today, and he is bothered in his mind. If a cadre runs in and reports something irrelevant, or even related to the matter in his mind, he will hit a bad luck.The so-called: "If you speak lightly, you will be angry with the other party." Therefore, it is really difficult to speak between people and things.It takes a lot of life experience to accumulate to understand.When students get along with each other in school, and colleagues get along with each other in society, this kind of thing often happens. The time is not right, and the result is a disagreement. The Master said: A person with lofty ideals is a benevolent person. There is no one who seeks to live to harm benevolence, but one who kills himself to achieve benevolence. We are used to the phrase "kill one's body to become benevolent", and it is in this article, which was said by Confucius.We will not explain the benevolence here. From the above discussion, it is said that "benevolence" is the center of Confucianism.In today's words, it is the central idea. The so-called benevolent people do not seek to live in order to harm benevolence. For example, many religious people sometimes encounter things that conflict with their beliefs. He would rather give up his life, so-called martyrdom.Many religious believers die to defend the Tao. The loyal ministers and filial sons in history, that is, this concept, would rather sacrifice than interfere with their own central thoughts or beliefs for the sake of life, and would rather kill themselves to achieve benevolence.The negative meaning, of course, will not do things that violate benevolence and righteousness for the safety of life.This is related to personal cultivation and views on the value of life. Living in Chang'an is not easy Speaking of this, Confucius raised a problem in terms of use. Zigong asked for benevolence.The Master said: If a worker wants to be good at his work, he must first sharpen his tools.Home is the state also.A sage who serves as a doctor, and a benevolent friend who makes friends with his scholars. "If a worker wants to be good at his work, he must first sharpen his tools." These are also two famous sayings, which are often quoted by Confucius from this place.Confucius told Zigong that if a person who does handwork or craftsmanship wants to complete the work and do it perfectly, he should first prepare the tools.So what tool does Weiren use?Living in this country, if you want to make a contribution to this country, you must make friends with the upper class, even the political leaders and the backbone of the government; you must make friends with all kinds of virtuous people in this country's society.In other words, we must first understand the inside information of this country and have a good relationship before we can get the opportunity to contribute and fulfill the purpose of benevolence. After reading this passage, and looking at it from the opposite angle, most of the historical descriptions of Confucius as dull and terrifying like a statue are not gentle, kind, respectful, frugal, and accommodating.If it is like that, and Confucius is my teacher today, I must stay away from him, for fear of speaking to him face to face.That is a subconscious pattern that our history has molded into our psyche. Judging from this sentence now, it seems that Confucius was very powerful, and he knew how to use relationships.He said that if you want to go to a certain country and achieve a certain goal, you must first have a very good relationship with the country's upper class and government leaders, and at the same time improve the social relationship, and then you can make a difference and achieve the goal. The realm of benevolence.These places of Confucius seem to be teaching people to use methods, how powerful!In fact, anyone, at any time, is like this.But the most important point here is benevolence, the purpose is to achieve benevolence and save people. Recently, there has been an unhealthy trend among college students who like to talk about strategy and study theories such as Guiguzi.I often say to them that there is no morality, what are those young people doing when they are fascinated by Guiguzi?As for strategy, one should learn it and not use it.Because using strategy is like playing with a knife. If you don’t play well, you will definitely hurt yourself. Only people with high morality and wisdom can make good use of it.We have also quoted Martin Luther, the Western religious revolutionist, as saying: "Use any means to achieve the highest morality." However, most people tend to use only the first half of Martin Luther's words, paying attention to "unscrupulous means" and forgetting the following " Complete Supreme Morality".Martin Luther was to accomplish the highest morality, so So rise the religious revolution, overthrow the old religion, and raise a new religion—now Christianity.But today's people only talk about unscrupulous means, forgetting to achieve the highest morality. Here Confucius told Zigong this because Zigong asked about benevolence. If someone else asked about benevolence, Confucius would not say this.We have seen from history that Zigong has indeed done a lot of things, which is enough to be a great politician, great diplomat, great economist, and industrial and commercial tycoon, so he told Zigong like this.In other words, Confucius himself traveled around the world and met seventy-two monarchs, and he did the same. For example, Yun Boyu of Weiguo was his friend, but he was unlucky and could never get on the stage. Everyone was afraid he.If he uses unscrupulous means, he can easily gain power, but he is benevolent and always adheres to the highest moral principles.What he told Zigong was the same.Looking at those who became famous in history, especially the ethos of scholar-bureaucrats in the Tang Dynasty, although it was an examination to select a scholar at that time, it was not like the Qing Dynasty's regulations on merit and fame, but to be cultivated by famous seniors first, just like Han Yu's letter.Some people often write articles and wait to hand them in at the door. Once their articles are favored by the above, they start.For example, when Bai Juyi was in the capital Chang'an, he was very down and out at first. Although he was good at poetry and prose, he had no way out - no one recommended him - he couldn't even take the exam.Later, Bai Juyi went to see an old senior, Gu Kuang, and showed him his works. The old senior met Bai Juyi, and asked him, "Do you live in Chang'an?"Living in Chang'an is not easy!This famous sentence represents the capital of a country, where life is high and consumption is high. When he said this to Bai Juyi, it contained a lesson.But when I saw Bai Juyi's poem "Li Li Yuan on the grass, one year old and one year dry and prosperous, the wild fire is endless, and the spring breeze blows again", I admired it very much, and thought that this young man is qualified to live in Chang'an.So he recommended Bai Juyi to the central government, took the exam, and everything went smoothly.Looking at Li Bai's letter to Han Chaozong, they are all examples of young people being promoted by their seniors.Therefore, after the Tang Dynasty, the seniors specially promoted the juniors to recruit scholars for the country. Now when it comes to the spirit of this culture, we older generations should pay attention to the youth of the younger generation, train them, and promote them. When they have achievements, knowledge, and performance, they sit aside by themselves, as if admiring the flowers they have irrigated. How happy I am to be satisfied.There are many cases of this kind in history, and it fully reveals the demeanor of our older generation of literati since ancient times.These historical facts all illustrate what Confucius told Zizhi here, which is true in any era. So now there are many international students who come back from the United States and talk about the political situation in the United States. I often tell them not to be bumpkins. I say that if you live in California or elsewhere, your life is limited to the cultural circle of the university, let alone six years. Even living for sixty years is useless.You need to understand the United States. Are you friends with those political leaders in Washington?Do you know that Kissinger in Zhang Li's mind in this era wants to lay a chicken or an egg?I have never seen Kissinger, and like me, I only see photos in newspapers, so can I understand America?It means that a foreigner comes to our China, hangs around for three years and then goes back, and he says he understands China, but he knows what we are doing here today?Not even a shadow.Therefore, if you really want to understand the affairs of the world, you must "be a sage who serves as a doctor".A few years ago, I told an American professor that you spend money everywhere in the United States to help others, and you are scolded everywhere, because the American congressmen are not scholars, and they don’t go out to understand world affairs. Looking at it from the East, of course we don't understand the affairs of the world.Some came to Taiwan to see it, and it was different when they went back.This is the reason why these scholars have to go out to understand the affairs of the world.We extend and expand these few sentences of the book, and everyone will benefit from it in their lives. It means that you can't be ignorant about anything. Make friends and understand more. Knowledge is everywhere. Yan Yuan asked Wei Bang.The Master said: When traveling in the summer, take advantage of the rump of the Yin, serve the crown of the Zhou, and dance with the music.Let the sound of Zheng be far away from sycophants.Zheng Sheng is obscene, and the sycophants are dangerous. When we read this passage, don't be fooled by the words.Han Confucianism engaged in exegesis—primary school, especially the study of the Four Books and Five Classics, wrote more than 100,000 characters on the writing method, source, meaning, etc. of a word, and discussed and studied it, thinking it was learning.When the country was peaceful, these people were the ones who got degrees and fame, and it was really not easy to study like this.Mr. Wu Zhihui scolded the Confucianists of the Song Dynasty as "so sour that even dogs don't like it".For example, what is "for the state"?It is how to build a country well.Ancient books are not difficult to read, don't be fooled. Lunar Calendar and Chinese New Year Confucius told Yan Hui that to do a good job in national politics, one must "walk in the summer".This "time" refers to the calendar.When it comes to the calendar, I feel a lot of emotion: the "Xia calendar" we use now is the calendar created during the Xia Dynasty.In ancient history, China's astronomy was very developed. This is the most remarkable place in Chinese culture, and it is also very famous in the history of world science.When it comes to science, astronomy comes first. The development of science in the world starts with the development of astronomy. If you want to understand astronomy, you must first study mathematics.It is just that among these two sciences, astronomy in China was the first to be developed; mathematics was also the first to be developed, especially the development of mathematical philosophy, which is really profound and far-reaching.But our generation is the worst.Our Chinese Boy Scouts, who participated in the World Scout Camp, did not know how to use the stars to tell the direction at night, and foreigners felt very surprised.Every generation of us in the past paid great attention to the calendar, as long as we read more historical facts.For example, when the Qing soldiers entered the customs and the Ming Dynasty fell, many people still refused to surrender. In history, this kind of behavior was called "not following Zhengshuo".What is Zhengshuo?It is the name of the dynasty centered on the calendar.The emperors of all dynasties revised the calendar many times, and it was reorganized in the hands of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty.This Emperor Kang Mazi was really remarkable. He knew Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Spanish.In short, there is nothing to learn, and he has accepted Western culture at that time.When Nan Huairen, an Italian after Matteo Ricci, came to China, Kangxi learned astronomy and mathematics from him, and he knew almost none of them.He came to power in his teens and became emperor. He ruled the world for 60 years and laid the foundation for the Qing Dynasty for 300 years. His intelligence and knowledge are beyond compare.In this place, we see that to create a business requires real knowledge.Kangxi's knowledge is really great. In his hands, the Chinese calendar has added Western concepts and methods, and it is very good to combine it with the Chinese one. In our Chinese calendar, everyone likes to use the lunar calendar. It is a legacy of the lunar calendar to pay New Year greetings after the first month.Jian Chou in the first month of the Yin and Shang Dynasties—Twelve months were used as the first month.The first month of the Zhou Dynasty, Jianzi, took November as the first month.The first month of the Xia Dynasty, Jianyin—is the first month of the lunar calendar that we are used to.The Chinese people have lived the lunar calendar year for thousands of years, which is the "time of summer".Japan also celebrated the lunar year before World War II. Vietnam, North Korea, Burma, and Southeast Asian countries all belong to our culture. They have celebrated the lunar year for thousands of years.Speaking of this, I am very emotional. There is a very strange thing, and I don’t know how history will evolve in the future.We overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China. After the Gregorian calendar year was implemented, someone wrote a couplet. It is said that it was written by Ye Dehui, a famous scholar in Hunan. Calendar, you live your year, I live mine.” When it comes to culture, we should pay attention to these places, which seem to be different on the surface. relevant place, but it is often related to the fate of the country, and it is also the most important place for national affairs.This pair of couplets represents this era, "You celebrate your year, I celebrate mine." Just look at the matter of the New Year. In our era, there has been no coordination and cooperation for decades, and the common people have never been able to adapt to this policy. .Don't talk about people's hearts--the psychology of ordinary people, let's talk about it behind closed doors, these old antiques here today, think about it with conscience, do you like to celebrate the solar year or the lunar year?To be honest, we all like to celebrate the lunar year.But we have lived two years, and with the modern Christmas tradition, it is equal to three years. Inwardly, we are celebrating a lunar year, and outwardly, we are celebrating a solar year. This represents this era, "You live your year, I live my year." In terms of history and culture, special attention should be paid to these places. Also, in the summer, why set the clocks forward an hour?As long as it is stipulated that summer is here, it is very simple to go to get off work an hour earlier, leave work an hour earlier, and turn off the lights an hour earlier.But like a child, it is very strange to advance an hour on the clock face and count it as right.This wind is from the United States.Then study how the United States came to be?It turned out that a child in a factory started playing with the dial, and later the workers saw it and booed.American culture does not have a deep foundation, and it likes to play around. As a result, the United States played it, and we followed suit.It is said that for the sake of daylight saving, the implementation of daylight saving time for office work, the original work at 8 o'clock, and the end of work at 12 o'clock, changed to work at 7 o'clock, and the end of work at 11 o'clock, wouldn't it be the same?In fact, these are small things, but the problems are big. Often there are many big things, that is, because the small things are not noticed, the things become out of the question.It’s like a house. When I saw a small hole, I thought it was unimportant at first, but gradually, the whole house collapsed on this small hole. Here we talk about "the time of summer", which calendar we use now is still a question.For example, the birthday of Confucius is set as September 28th of the Gregorian calendar year, etc. Is it correct?Does it work?All problems.If we talk about Chinese culture, unless China is not strong and prosperous, it will always be the case, and we have nothing to say.If China becomes strong, it must be transformed.This is not a purely national pride idea, it is a cultural issue.Comparing with China's land and history, Chinese culture does have a global standard.But now foreigners have abandoned it, let’s not talk about him, we must not abandon it ourselves, we must be careful not to create tragedies on our own.So today we talked about the understanding of our country's culture and how to revive the culture. We were very moved. There were many problems and it was difficult.For one's own country, for one's own nation, and for the next generation, one must pay attention to understand these issues, and read more books.This is the crystallization of wisdom accumulated by our ancestors for thousands of years. Confucius advocated "the time of traveling in summer". According to Confucius' research, the summer calendar is the most reasonable calendar for the Chinese nation and land space.Where is the reason?This question is very deep, and it is necessary to study astronomy and yin and yang.For example, the gossip in the book is to explain the knowledge of time and space in this world, including astronomy, geography, and human affairs.There was a student who went to Australia to do business and brought a Chinese compass with him.When he arrived in Australia, he wrote to ask, how should this Chinese cultural thing be used in the southern hemisphere?After thinking about it, I told him to use it in reverse.As a result, the letter said that the reverse is very correct.And I have never been to the southern hemisphere to experience it personally. Thinking about it again, I think the earth is round like a watermelon. Although in the southern hemisphere, the direction of north and south is still the same as in China, so I wrote to ask him to use it in the same way in China.He wrote back and said that based on field experience, it is still correct to use it in reverse.Now this issue is put here for the time being, and no final decision has been made, but my conclusion should be applicable in both directions, it just depends on how to use it.I will talk about it later when I have the opportunity to study it.The above mainly shows that our calendar comes from the Xia Dynasty, from Xia Yu to the present.Why is the summer calendar also called the lunar calendar?Because on the fifteenth day of each month, the day when the moon comes out from the east is used as the standard, the moon is called the lunar calendar, so it is called the lunar calendar.So, does our calendar follow the solar calendar?In fact, we are the same, five days are one season, three days are one breath, and six days are one festival.There are twelve months in a year, seventy-two seasons, and twenty-four solar terms.What kind of crops are planted in what season is fixed, this is the law of the solar calendar.The most common folk fortune-telling, feng shui, date selection, etc., also use the rules of the solar calendar.In other words, our thousands of years of history have been based on the combination of yin and yang.Therefore, thousands of years ago, our astronomical level has already improved very high.But in the past 60 to 70 years, have there been astronomy departments in our universities? In the past, there were astronomy departments in universities.Now so many universities do not have an astronomy department, in It is very regrettable in terms of education and culture.In the past, there was a Mr. Gao Pingzi who was able to combine Western astronomy with Chinese astronomy, so I told the students to learn from him as soon as possible.Unfortunately, these students were not good enough. After studying for a few times, they did not have this scientific mind and did not continue to study. Mr. Gao also passed away a few years ago.I am really worried that Chinese culture will be cut off.Don't say that there is no astronomy department now. With an astronomy department, who can really understand China's own astronomy?Chinese astronomy has its own system.These are all very sad and pitiful things when it comes to culture.I often say that if the culture of the nation is cut off, it will never recover. space-time problem The above is the emotion of Confucius's own culture caused by the sentence of "Xia Xing".Confucius told Yan Hui that the first thing to follow is the calendar of the Xia Dynasty, and the second is to take advantage of the Yin Dynasty.That is to say, the traffic was not developed in the past, but it gradually developed in the Yin and Shang Dynasties.Taking advantage of the Yin and Shang dynasties means to develop transportation. Speaking of this, it is the history of transportation development in Chinese culture, which I will talk about again.Not only in China, but since the beginning of human civilization, a river and a mountain have blocked traffic.慢慢发明用木头渡过江，江的阻碍没有了；后来几千年发展下来，海洋的阻碍没有了；到了航空事业发达以后，空间阻碍没有了。现在接下来，几十年以后，太空问题来了，外太空的问题来了。我们自己这个国家民族，一方面讲科学，一方面我们对外太空的东西，还没有基础。将来外太空的政治问题，又是大问题。这就看见人类的悲哀，问题由小而大：由山川的阻碍，变成海洋的阻碍；海洋的阻碍克服了，有空间的阻碍；由空间的阻碍，外太空星际问题来了。这一方面的知识，我们还没有。最近一个学生送来几本太空问题的书，认为的确有外太空的世界，有人类、有生命，说得很有道理。不过，在世界科学领域，又是一派，是主张地球中心还有人类。其实，这些上天入地的杂学，中国古人早就讨论过了，只是大家少研究而已。现在孔子就讲，时间问题，天文用夏的历法；空间问题，交通发展，要用殷商的车子；衣冠文物的完成，用周朝人文的文化；音乐则水准更高了，用虞舜时代的乐风最好了，对于当时郑国的音乐——靡靡之音要遏止，要远小人。用计谋、用手段的人多了，国家社会就很危险。 这一段孔子的思想，很合于时代，而且包容万象，并不限制于那一点。一个时代有一个时代的政治精神，后来并不一定要效法古人。古人某一地区，某一时代的精华拿来，用这些综合起来，就是一个大文化中新时代的文化的系统。假如孔子生在今日，也许说，采用欧洲人的民主精神，用中国人的人治制度，如何、如何，又是一套了。由此一点，可以说文化是集中人类文化思想的大成，要取其所长，舍其所短。为邦的道理，就是如此，不是呆板的。这一段有一个精神，就是孔子对于为政，并不是墨守成规，不是落伍保守，而是注意文化历史的发展，采用每个时代的精华而来的。Why has to be this way? 我们这就要回转来读读自己的历史，（但不是大专高中的课本，那只是认识了一点点历史，至少要读《纲鉴易知录》。这本书现在大学里拿来研究，我们感觉是一个笑话，在我们读书的时候，是十二三岁时就读了。老实说这些都还只是中国史的大纲而已，所以大家可以买一本来当小说看，一天只要读三页，三四年下来，就有用处。）懂了历史，在担当重要大事的时候，就受用无穷。看了这些书，就知道每一个时代，都是根据前朝的演变发展而来的。其实国父的三民主义，也是根据历 史演变而来的思想，这是大家很清楚的。因此，下面接着两句就是： 子曰：人无远虑，必有近忧。 的编排，把这两句话摆在这里，正好作本文的小结论。从事政治、个人作人，都要以这两句话作根据，随时随地要有深虑远见，不要眼光短视，否则很快就会有忧患到来。小而言之，个人是如此，大而言之，国家的前途也是如此。 英雄无奈是多情 子曰：已矣乎！吾未见好德如好色者也。 这句话在上论中已经提到过，这里又再提到。这是说明什么呢？过去都说，孔子讲这句话，是为了卫君而感慨的，因为卫灵公这个了不起的人，迷于一个美丽的妃子南子，所以他虽然尊重孔子，而不能接受孔子的意见。因此孔子对他感慨：“算了吧！我没有看到世界上有人，好德如好色一样！”这个话，如果我们到后面连起来讨论，发挥起来，会有很多很多历史上的典故，可古今中外所有的政治，利其器。居是邦也。事其大夫之贤者，友其士之仁者。 治！大体上都是从政的人，自己搞坏了事业，因此连带拖累了女人，背上“祸水”的坏名。例如清代诗人吴梅村的名作《圆圆曲》，有关吴三桂与陈圆圆的名句，如“妻子岂应关大计，英雄无奈是多情。”“全家白骨成灰土，一代红妆照汗青。”真是话里有话，说明女人不一定就是祸水，恐怕男人自成险山。我们仔细看孔子这一节话，他并没有说女色不好，只是人们没有把好德的心思摆正，像好色那样专心一致追求到底而已。他也不过借题发挥聊当牢骚而已，他老人家何尝不懂，人世间就是这么回事，但是不要走偏路啊，了解之后既不必因此而愤慨，也不必要去学坏。 上面这个“色”字的意义，在上论中已经分析得很清楚，现在不再重复。简单的说，人类追求真理学问的决心，永远是比不上对物欲的倾好。 子曰：臧文仲，其窃位者与？知柳下惠之贤，而不与立也。 大家最熟悉的人——鲁男子柳下惠——他姓展，名获，字禽，食邑于柳下，谥号惠，是鲁国的大夫。其实像柳下惠这样坐怀不乱的人，世界上也多的是，不过古人取其贤者为标榜。有唱反调的，像年轻人说，什么柳下惠？那只是性无能！或者说，那是阴阳人，没有开刀。这类怪论可多啦！柳下惠的见色不动心，还只是他私德的一面，他真的好处是侠义，是一个济困扶危的人。孔子这里是在骂臧文仲，就是上论中提到，那个养玳瑁的鲁国大夫，说他是个不称职的人，“窃位”就是俗语说“占住毛坑不拉屎”的人，在高官大位上，不晓得提拔青年，也不晓得提拔贤人，明知道柳下惠是个贤人，而没有起用他。 关于古人如何培养后进的事，我们在前面已经讲过，现在再说宋代二王——王旦、王曾的事迹作为参考。宋真宗时代，寇准与王旦同过事，但寇准常在真宗面前攻击王旦，结果，都受王旦的包涵。后来寇准罢相，转托别人求王旦，想要“使相”的位置。王旦大为惊愕说：国家将相的位置，哪里可以随便要求？我不接受私人的请托。因此寇准对王旦不满意。不久之后，寇准又发表中枢要职，内阁大员，叩见真宗的时候说：“非陛下知臣，安能至此。”真宗告诉他，他的职位，都是出于王 旦的极力保荐。寇准才知道个中实情，非常惭愧。真宗也常说：“王旦善处大事，真宰相也”。 王曾，比王旦是后进，但到宋仁宗时期，他也担任首辅的职位了。有一度在王旦休假期间，王曾因政见不合，被罢官了。王旦知道了便说：“王君介然，他日德望勋业甚大，顾予不得见尔。”后来王曾在中央政府执政，平常很少说话，也不轻易说笑，任何人不敢向他私下求事。他提拔别人，也不使人知道。那时候，范仲淹还是后举新进的人物。有一次范仲淹对他说：“明扬大类，宰相任也，公之盛德，独少此尔。”就是说公开提拔起的人才，这是首相的当然责任。你什么都很好，只是不肯说明提拔了些什么人，未免有点欠缺。王曾便对他说：“恩欲归己，怨将谁归耶？”这是说：若是使受提拔的人，私底下对我都是感恩图报，那么，那些没有得到好处的人们的怨恨，又叫谁去承担呢！所谓国家大臣，不能只接受别人的歌功颂德，同时也有藏垢纳污的容量容德才行。只要多读历史，便可懂得其中的道理。我们有时处理一件事情，不需要考虑，历史上前人的经验，已经早有这些事例了， 读书的好处就在此。 子曰：躬自厚，而薄责于人，则远怨矣！ 这点很重要，也很难。躬就是反躬自问，自厚并不是对自己厚道，而是对自己要求严格；对于别人错了的，责备人家时，不要像对自己那么严肃。这样处世作人，对长官也好，对同事也好，对部下也好，怨恨就少了。相反的，一个社会风气，到了乱的时候，往往是对别人要求重，对自己要求轻；要求别人特别严格，原谅自己轻而易举。所以孔孟之道，都是教我们反身而诚，责备人家要以宽厚存心，要求自己要以严格检点。 子曰：不曰“如之何，如之何”者，吾未如之何也已矣！ 这一段文字乍读之下，有点莫名其妙，把几个相同的句子堆在一起，因此青年读了这个古文，便要打倒它。其实一点都不必打倒，翻成白话，就很容易了解。孔子说，一个不说“怎么样？怎么样？”的人，我真不晓得他该怎么办了。意思是，对任何事情，都不用脑筋，不晓得提问题。当一件事情来了，应该想到怎么办？去加以研究。若只是糊里糊涂的过，就真不晓得这样的人该怎么办了。当然，如果完全照字面翻白话，这个白话也不能读的。意思懂了以后，就知道孔子这几句话是说一个人处理任何事情，都要有头脑，要富有研究性。做科学家要提问题，哲学家要提问题，处理公文，拿到手上真正用心处理，也要“如之何？如之何？”究竟这个内容对不对？有没有虚报？实在这样吗？尤其像执法的人，更要鸡蛋里挑骨头，看有没有冤枉的？有没有放纵的？这几句话就是这样。文字很简单，问题很深刻。 精神失落的病态 子曰：群居终日，言不及义，好行小慧。难矣哉！ 社会到了乱的时候，就容易犯这个毛病。大家在一起，讲起话来，没什么内容，无正事可谈，谈闲话，讲些不相干的话，没有真正的人生观，现今社会上这一类的人不少，娱乐场所更多了。大家如此，社会精神已经瘫痪，没有文化精神了。可是更严重的是“好行小慧”，喜欢使用小聪明，厉害得很，目前这个社会就是这样，全世界到处都是“好行小慧”，盛行使用小聪明，孔子只有摇头了：“难矣哉！”叹口气，到了这个样子，还有什么办法可以挽救？在明末清初，顾亭林就引用这两 句话批评明末的社会风气，他说南方的知识分子“群居终日，言不及义。”北方的知识分子“饱食终日，无所用心。”现在的一般青年，进入社会之后，慢慢地就染上这个习性。不是无所用心，他们所用的心，就是孔子这句话“好行小慧”，使小聪明，没有从大学问、大聪明上着眼。这是时代的悲哀，社会的病态。 子曰：君子义以为质，礼以行之，孙以出之，信以成之，君子哉！ 这是对上面几段话的引伸。孔子说，一个真正的知识分子，要重视自己人生的责任，注意义、礼、孙、信四个字。本质上要有义。这里的义，一是孟子的观念——义者宜也，也就是适宜，合宜。二是传统的仁义——人格标准。三是指“词章之学”、“记闻之学”之外的“义理之学”。——现代所谓哲学的、科学的也是义理之学，都是探讨人生最高道理——真理。“君子义以为质”的“义”，同时也就是义理的义，用它作为本质。表达在外面的行为是礼，有高度文化修养的行为。孙就是逊，态度上非常谦虚，不自满，不骄傲。对人对事，处处有信，言而有信，自信而信人。具备了这四个条件，就是君子之行，也就是一个知识分子、合于一个模范人格的标准，绝不是“群居终日，言不及义，好行小慧”可比。如果做不到这样，专在小聪明上玩弄，那就完了。