Chapter 17 Taber Eighth-1

Bo Diwang does not do it The eighth chapter of "Tabo" is tantamount to an extended commentary on personal cultural accomplishment in the second chapter "Weizheng".The title of the eighth chapter "Tabo", which is recorded in this chapter, is Wu Taibo, the sage that Confucius often flaunts. Who is Taber?When we talk about Chinese culture now, strictly speaking, it should be the culture of the Zhou Dynasty.It was the Duke of Zhou who collected the great achievements of Chinese culture in the past, and Confucius organized the Chinese culture that the Duke of Zhou collected.Therefore, Chinese culture is the general term for the cultures inherited by Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, King Wen, King Wu, Duke Zhou, and Confucius.

When talking about Chinese culture and history, I think of a book about Chinese history and philosophy. It was banned in the Qing Dynasty, but we still preserved it. Maybe you haven’t read it."Mupi Sanke Drum Ci" written by Jia Yingchong (styled Fuxi, who was born in the last years of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty) uses the genre of ballads to narrate the history of our country by playing and singing.This book was written in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. It is full of national consciousness of anti-Qing and restoring Ming, and also contains profound historical philosophy and literary realm.Speaking of Chinese history and philosophy, counting dynasties, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period still belong to the Zhou Dynasty.The Zhou Dynasty ruled the world for about 800 years, the Han Dynasty for about 400 years, the Tang Dynasty for about 300 years, and the Yuan Dynasty for more than 80 years.The Ming Dynasty lasted about 300 years, and the Qing Dynasty ruled for more than 200 years.Speaking of troubled times, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were in chaos for more than two hundred years.Among them, the dynasty with the longest history and a long history is the Zhou Dynasty with a history of 800 years.

According to folk novels, Jiang Taigong met King Wen at the age of eighty.You must know that King Wu of Zhou was only a few years younger than Taigong Jiang, and those who unified China with King Wu of Zhou were all eighty or ninety years old.In the culture at that time, the old and the country, the more experienced and more stable the more mature, it is very different from today's situation.However, there is no need to worry about this discrepancy. Times are changing, and history is also turning back and forth. It is not certain that respecting the elderly and respecting the virtuous will be restored in the future.Because young people have drive, but they do not have high wisdom and experience, while old people have too little drive.Once the two cooperate, they are complete and cannot be biased.It is said in the novel that Jiang Taigong met King Wen in the 80s, but the old man still put on airs and refused to come out.As a result, the cart was pushed by King Wen, who couldn't push it after eight hundred steps.

When he moved, Jiang Taigong said to bless his descendants for eight hundred years.This is written as a novel, but represents a thought.After stripping off the cloak of myths and novels, true thoughts emerge.This is a technique of novelists and folklore. The Zhou Dynasty was able to rule the world for 800 years. It is really not easy. It is said in history that his ancestral virtues are profound.It is not easy to cultivate the foundation of history.Let's look at Qin Shihuang's unification of the world. He was also cultivated by his ancestors for several generations.However, the path taken by the Qin State was not as good as that of the Zhou Dynasty.The Zhou Dynasty took the path of morality from the very beginning; the ancestors of the Qin State took the rule of law as the basis from the beginning.Zhou is based on morality, that is, the rule of virtue and the rule of ritual.In terms of education and culture, Qin's rule of law has also been cultivated for several generations. After two or three hundred years, the result of Qin Shihuang came.The ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty did not end up with King Wen of Zhou, but

King Wu unified the world is the result.Who is Taber?He is the uncle of King Wen of Zhou and the uncle of King Wu of Zhou.Zhou Wenwang's grandfather was the Great King.The king has three sons, the eldest son is Tai Bo, the second son is Yu Zhong, and the third son is Ji Li.Ji Li's eldest son is King Wen of Zhou, named Ji Chang.At that time, the king saw that the Yin and Shang Dynasties were almost over, and the politics were too bad, so he wanted to revolutionize.According to the ancient Chinese rules, the king must pass the throne to the eldest son Tai Bo.The king told Taber to work hard and overthrow the corrupt politics of Yin Shang in the future.However, according to the traditional concept, Tai Bo believed that although Yin Shang's politics were corrupt, Zhou Zhou was still the vassal of Yin Shang and should not overthrow it.For his father the king this

Thought, for the sake of filial piety in the family, you have to listen to your father's words; for the justice of the world, it is difficult to listen to your father's words; you are in a dilemma.There is nothing wrong with Tabor in terms of thought, opinion, knowledge, and morality, but it is difficult to accept the king's ideas. The king saw the eldest son of his third son, Ji Li, King Zhou Wen, and thought that he would have a way to unify China in the future.So the king thought that since Tai Bo was so lofty—of course he couldn’t say that the eldest son was wrong, Tai Bo was right, and he admired the eldest son—he had to pass the seat to the third son, Ji Li.In the ancient patriarchal society, if there is an elder brother, it is not allowed to pass the throne to the younger son.Tai Bo was in this dilemma, and after knowing what his father meant, he ran away by himself, unwilling to be an emperor.So later the king passed the throne to Ji Li, and when Ji Li died, he passed it to King Wen of Zhou.Generation after generation is the politics of morality.Later Zhou Wenwang was wronged and imprisoned, but he did not rise up to revolution.

At the time of King Wu, he and Jiang Taigong rose up for a revolution and overthrew Yin and Shang.After several generations and hundreds of years, the benevolent government of the Zhou Dynasty has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.In ancient times, we talked about establishing virtue and meritorious deeds. Later, Buddhism quoted it as merit and virtue, which is the combination of merit and virtue.A moral act brings benefits to all people in the whole country—political benefits, public benefits, private benefits, plus contributions to society, the totality is merit.The Zhou Dynasty did this.

But Tai Bo retired and fled to the south, which was later Jiangsu.In ancient times, these places were barren lands, without development and culture.So as soon as he fled, he fled to this most savage place.Later, his descendants were registered in the country of Wu in the south.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Wu was his descendant.At first, after King Wu unified the world, the Taibo clan was cleared out and named Wu State.Before King Wu of Zhou named him, Tai Bo was not even a prince.In modern terms, for the sake of justice and belief, the emperor can be wronged, the personality cannot be damaged, and the truth cannot be shaken, so go away.We sometimes say "I don't even want to be an emperor!" That's bragging, no

It's just a chance.It’s not good for you to pretend, unless it’s okay for acting in movies or on TV, but if you really go up for you, you won’t be frightened into unconsciousness, and you will be ruined by you, that’s not okay.It is very difficult for Taber to be able to do nothing for an emperor.In Confucianism, this kind of person is most admired, and he does not put fame and wealth first; he puts truth and morality first.To die of poverty and starvation is another matter, and I don't care.Therefore, the people Confucius respected most were Taibo, Boyi, Shuqi and others.This article begins with Taber.

Confucius said: Tai Bo can be said to be the most virtuous.The third is to say that the world has given up, and the people have nothing to gain. This is a quote from what Confucius usually said, and it is taken as the first section of this article.Confucius said that if we talk about the morality of life—public morality, political morality; private morality, personal morality—a person like Taber has reached the highest point of morality and self-cultivation in both public and private aspects.He gave in to the world three times, and finally escaped.The common people of later generations do not know this incident in history.This incident was handed down later, completely relying on the detailed records in "Zuo Zhuan".And he doesn't want to be an emperor himself, and of course he doesn't want a false name, so that the common people can praise him.So Confucius respected him very much.This is the Taoist thought that China later talked about (we mentioned earlier that there was no distinction between Confucianism and Taoism at that time).

A person's moral cultivation, if he really wants to be a "gentleman is open and honest", how far must he cultivate?To achieve "abandoning the world like a bag of dust, thinning the emperor's position and not doing it." Losing the position of the emperor is like throwing away a worn-out shoe: for the sake of morality, for the sake of one's lifelong belief, and the establishment of personality, the emperor can be inappropriate, and he can be in the prime minister. Wealth and fame are optional.The cultivation of personality advertised by Confucius will naturally be truly "magnanimous" when it reaches this point.It is also mentioned earlier that if you want something, you will not be strong.Zeng Zi also said: "Those who seek from others are afraid of others." If you ask for others, you will be afraid of them.If you want to borrow money from others, you are always timid.Begging is painful.The so-called "people do not seek quality and self-exaltation".Therefore, we must achieve "a gentleman is magnanimous", cultivate "abandoning the world like a bag", and then he can take on the great responsibility of the world.Because when taking up this position, I don't take it as an honor to be an emperor and general, but just regard it as a heavy responsibility, and I have to do my best.But Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty had another kind of arrogant statement. He said: "I didn't intend to seek wealth and honor, but wealth and honor forced people to come." To be able to say such arrogant words has his own courage.It's villainous.When he knew that he was about to fail and was trapped in Jiangdu, he looked in the mirror and patted the back of his head: "What a head, who can cut it off?" Later, he was killed by the common people.This is negative, not moral thinking.But we quote his words, when "who knows that riches and honors force people to come", the one who can not be confused by riches and honors is Taber. You are the son of heaven and you are friends with commoners The following is Confucius explaining the realm of life cultivation. The Master said: Respectful but impolite will cause labor, prudence but impertinence will cause embarrassment, courage but impoliteness will cause disorder, straightness but impertinence will cause twisting.A gentleman is loyal to his relatives, and the people thrive on benevolence.So if the old is not left behind, the people will not steal it. In this section, we will study in depth, and the meaning includes many things.In a broad sense, it is the philosophy of political leadership; in a small sense, it is the principles of personal cultivation of life.Respect means respect.Some people are born with a cautious attitude and are very respectful to people and things;Some officers have a very bad impression of this kind of person, but in fact there is no need for it. This kind of attitude is his gift, and he may not be like this in his heart.Therefore, when we judge a person's good or bad, we should not be easily influenced by external attitudes, and try to be objective.When Confucius said respectful but not rude, this ritual does not refer to politeness, but refers to the spirit of ritual and the connotation of thought and culture.So don't think that being respectful in attitude is the way Virtue, if there is a respectful attitude but no connotation of etiquette, it is "labor".In other words, external politeness is important, but if you don't have the spirit of politeness inside, it will be very hard and unsafe if you encounter people's blind politeness. "If you are cautious and rude, you will be embarrassed." Some people are very cautious and careful in doing things.It is good to be careful, but if you are too careful, you will become incompetent and useless, and you will not dare to do anything.We have a local saying that "leaves are afraid of breaking their heads when they fall", and there are indeed such people. "Courage and impoliteness lead to chaos." Some people are courageous, aggressive, easy to make up their minds, and do things when they have something to do. This is courage.If you don't have a good self-cultivation inside, you will easily make troubles and ruin things. "Straight but rude will twist", some people are straightforward and frank, right is right, wrong is wrong.When you are an officer or an elder, sometimes it is really uncomfortable to meet this kind of person, and it often makes you unable to step down.To be honest, this kind of positive person has a very good heart and is very frank.But learning needs to be tempered and cultivated, otherwise it will be twisted, and if it is too much twisted, it will be broken, and things will be missed.These four points: respect, prudence, courage, and straightness are all human virtues, four good personalities.But it must be neutralized through cultural education. If it is not neutralized, it will become extreme. These four points have also become serious problems, and they are not necessarily correct.Too respectful to turn into Law.We Chinese say: "Many etiquettes lead to deceit", like Wang Mang, there are many etiquettes.Too cautious becomes a wimp.Too brave, easy to make decisions, become impulsive, and sometimes miss things.Too straight, sometimes not only can't get things done, but it's messed up.Xiang Yu's personality is the two negative shortcomings of being too brave and too straight.Wang Tan, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said that he "misread the military book and blame Xiang Liang", which is very reasonable.Therefore, education and culture are very important, and you must know how to neutralize.Knowing these four points is the standard for everyone to reflect on his own personality. Confucius went on to say: "A gentleman is loyal to his relatives, and the people are prosperous from benevolence." We Chinese are filial piety. If we have no affection for our parents, brothers, sisters, and friends, and we don't have affection for our parents, we want him to love the world and the country. , Love society, that is an empty slogan, it is impossible.It is said that he really has love. He has not even loved his parents, brothers, sisters, or friends. How can he love the world, the country, and the society?Or you can say that you don’t love private matters but love the public. In fact, there is no such thing.To love the world and the country is to love the performance of parents and brothers.Therefore, it is said that those who are devoted to their relatives are not afraid of others' selfishness and love their parents and brothers.Confucianism says that love gradually expands from the close to the outside, so it is first devoted to relatives, and then the people thrive on benevolence.Starting from the righteousness of relatives, the whole atmosphere is benevolence, and everyone will love each other. The following "If the old things are not left behind, the people will not steal them." Old things have two meanings.The explanation of the past is old friends, old-timers.As the ancients said, "Nostalgia", the friendship of old friends, always thinking about him, is the so-called "the kindness of a drop of water, the fountain will repay each other." For example, the story of Han Xin's unforgettable meal, when he was unlucky, he was so hungry that he died in the stream. While eating a meal from an old woman who did laundry, she was in a hurry and left without asking her name.Later, he became king and wanted to repay the old woman, but he couldn't find it, so he had to put the thousand gold in the water.The ancients had this spirit.After Han Guangwu became emperor, he looked for his old classmate Yan Guang to reminisce; after Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, he looked for his old friend Tian who farmed with him when he was young. Xing came out, and if he couldn't find it, he ordered the whole country to look for this person.Tian Xing refused to come out to be an official, but was doing good deeds everywhere.Later, someone reported that in one county, five tigers came out to eat people very fiercely, and one person killed all five tigers.When Zhu Yuanzhang received this official document, he knew that it must be a good thing done by his old friend Tian Xing.So the Jinshi who came to the Hanlin Academy were all highly educated in literature, and now they are all doctors in the academy.Zhu Yuanzhang asked them to write to find Tian Xing as soon as possible.So what the Hanlin gentlemen said is also true, what Confucius said, and Mencius said, they chew on words.Zhu Yuanzhang looked at it for a long time, frowned, shook his head, and wrote it himself.He wrote in vernacular, and the content generally said: The emperor is the emperor, and Zhu Yuanzhang is Zhu Yuanzhang.Don't think that I don't want old friends when I become the emperor.If you don't come, there will be no seeds.Our two brothers are still good brothers, I am not looking for you today as the emperor.Our two brothers meet, the emperor is the emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang is Zhu Yuanzhang, if you have the guts, come across the river!It's the same tone as when two people were grazing cattle back then, when they fought and scolded each other.Tian Xing read this letter and came, but he still didn't want to be an official, and left after playing for a while.This is to say nostalgia in history.But in today's society, such things are rare.Some people's environment has improved, and when they see old friends, they want to ask your last name.The ancients said that wealth should not be arrogant, only poverty can be arrogant.Poor people are very popular, I am poor anyway, if I don’t look at you, I won’t look at you.This is Gujiu's first concept. Another meaning of the old is the tradition, so the old is not to give up the traditional concept.If you want to overthrow the tradition, it is best to overthrow yourself first, because you were born of your parents and come from the tradition of your ancestors.Without the tradition of your parents, you will not be able to pass on your tradition. Everything has a root.That's why Confucius said, "The old traditions are not left behind." A great person must have true feelings. He can be a hero and a martyr. Only with true feelings can he be willing to sacrifice, and only then can he be able to give. "Stealing is stealing.If you don't cheat, the social atmosphere will be stable. Why is this passage of Confucius placed under "Tabo"?It is to talk about the ethos of political philosophy. In the moral politics advocated by Confucianism, personal cultivation first lies in the spirit of morality.The spirit of morality requires firm thoughts and true feelings before it can be brought into play. The above is Confucius' educational thought, which is also the development of the second chapter "Weizheng".Next, looking at the text on this book, it can be seen that it was recorded by Confucius' disciples.As mentioned earlier, in ancient China, the direct students were called disciples, and the students after a generation were called disciples.It was not until later that they were gradually mixed and used. All students are called disciples, and they can also be called disciples. No shame in life The following are almost all the records of the disciples.The next section is about Zeng Zi. Zeng Zi was ill, so he summoned his disciples and said, "Enlighten the feet, enlighten the hands."The poem says: "Tremblingly, as if facing an abyss, as if walking on thin ice." From now on, I know I will be free!boy! The word "boy" at the end of this section, which is now a curse - you boy - used to mean "young man".It is equivalent to saying now, "You young people", this is what he calls his students. Why is this verse added to the chapter "Tabor"?This is the experience of Zeng Zi, who inherited the Confucian orthodoxy after Yan Hui's death, on the cultivation of knowledge.We have read what Zeng Zi proposed in the first article, and reflect on our own education with three things every day-is it true that you are not loyal to others?Don't believe in making friends?Don't you know how to pass it on?Now when he is sick and is about to die, "calling disciples" refers to the combination of disciples and disciples, that is, Zeng Zi calls the students and even his disciples and grandchildren to come forward and give instructions for the funeral.He said: "Enlighten the feet, enlighten the hands." According to these six words, it is known that Zeng Zi was so ill that his hands and feet were paralyzed. Speaking of this, we need to know that usually the disappearance of a person's vitality often starts from the feet.Let’s take a look at a baby who is lying on a crib to play. At the earliest stage, he is playing with his feet and does not move his hands very much. At this time, the vitality is in the feet, and the feet are the roots.In the early childhood period, a child can't sit still and has to run with both feet, because the vitality of his life is constantly growing.From middle age and above, gradually I don't want to move my feet, but use my hands and brains.When you are older, when you sit down, your "erlang legs" will stick up.In his later years, "Erlang's feet" are not turned up. It is better to lean on the back of the chair and put the two feet on the desk, because there is no strength in the feet.Therefore, Chinese physiognomists used to say that if the soles of the feet of the elderly are still warm in winter, it is a sign of longevity. In fact, it means that the feet still have vitality physically.Let's look at the old man, his feet are not flexible, walking is difficult, and his feet are almost dead.The older you get, the more rigid your lower body becomes, and your vitality is gone. In the end, you don't even bother to move your hands, just use your brain.At the time of death, it is normal, with few exceptions, to lose feeling in the feet first.Now the West is studying the "science of death", and death has become a specialized knowledge.This is also one of the influences of the ancient oriental culture. So Zeng Zi said, "Enlighten the feet, enlighten the hands." Because his illness was so serious that he was about to die.I don't even know where my hands and feet are, and I can't command them anymore.Only ask the students to arrange their hands and feet for him.He was about to die at this time, and he could only use his mind.After the students straightened his hands and feet for him, he quoted a sentence from "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Xiaomin": "Tremblingly, as if facing an abyss, as if walking on thin ice." It is even more difficult for people with moral cultivation.We Chinese have a saying that "the conclusion is determined after the coffin is closed". Whether a person is good or bad can only be concluded when the coffin is closed.However, I often tell my friends that according to my experience, there are many things in the world that cannot be determined after the coffin is closed.I found that many people went into the coffin with grievances and left.Absolutely a good man, he has done good deeds all his life, and when he comes to the coffin to make a conclusion, people's comments on him are not necessarily good.Or do a certain thing, feel that he was wrong when the coffin was closed, and may find that he was not wrong in the future, but it is too late.So in my opinion, the phrase "the coffin is closed" is sometimes doubtful, and sometimes the coffin cannot be concluded. Feng Dao's story Let's take one person as an example, and this is the end of the story, and we will discuss history by the way.Here I want to make a special statement that Feng Dao cannot just imitate him casually.Now it is just an objective research on academic theory.At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, China was in chaos for more than 80 years. One became the emperor and the other became the emperor, and they switched back and forth. It was very chaotic.And they are all frontier peoples.What we call the frontier peoples now were all called Hu people in ancient times.At that time, China was ruled by foreigners.At this time there was a man named Feng Dao, who lived to be seventy-three years old before he died.When the Five Dynasties were so chaotic, every dynasty changed, he was asked to assist the government, and he became a tumbler.Later, in the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu wrote history and scolded him, saying that the integrity of Chinese scholars was lost by him.He used to have four surnames and six emperors. The so-called "if you have milk, you are a mother", you have no integrity!Anyone who reads history knows that Feng Dao is such a person, and it can also be said that Feng Dao is a very jerk among scholars. After I read the history, I realized it based on my life experience. I think this person is too strange.If we talk about the Taiping era, it is not surprising that this person can stand firm in the political turmoil.However, during the more than 80 years of such a catastrophe, he can never fail, this is indeed not an easy character.First, it is conceivable that this person should at least be free from corruption, so that others cannot attack him; and other aspects of character and behavior must also be perfect and impeccable. Politics in ancient and modern China and abroad are always very realistic, and disputes between right and wrong in political circles are always inevitable.But no one attacked him at that time.If you look at him from this angle, it is not easy.And in the end, he lived to such an old age and called himself "the old man of Changle", which is really exaggerated.Only two people in history dared to brag like this, one of them was the emperor——Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty—who called himself "Shiquan old man" and was emperor for more than 60 years. He lived to die in his 80s, and everything was fine. , So claiming that life is perfect.The only person who is a minister is Feng Dao, who calls himself "the old man of Changle". This old man is really not simple.Later, the Confucianists scolded him for losing his integrity. From this point of view, It is indeed soft bone.But from another point of view, in history and society, anyone who has been attacked by others can be summed up as money and sex. Feng Dao probably has neither of these two problems.His written works are very few, almost It can be said that there is nothing left. It is not known whether his literature is good or not.Later, I slowly searched for it elsewhere. I read some of his poems, some of which are very good, such as: Heaven The poor are all up to their fate, He Lao sighed.But if you know and do good things, don't ask about your future. Winter goes to Bingxupan, spring comes and grass grows by itself.Please look at this principle, the way of heaven is very clear. Occasionally Don't be sad when you are in danger, the future often has a promising future.It should be known that Haiyue's return to the Ming Lord does not necessarily mean that the universe will fall into auspicious people. When did morality die, where did the boats and cars fail to pass.But there is no evil in the teaching area, and you can stand among the wolves and tigers. Northern envoy returns to Beijing Last year, I served Huanghua today, only for the court and not for my family.The emperor weeps with a cup in the hall, and the Chinese people sigh in front of the double festival. In the winter of Longhuang, it always snows, and in the spring of the Rabbit Garden, there are flowers everywhere.The upper and lower lines are like flesh and blood, and several people died to cover up the wind and sand. Like the last two sentences in his "Occasionally Works", it means that as long as one has a good heart, stands upright, thinks and behaves aboveboard, then "stands upright among wolves and tigers", even among a group of wild animals, he can stand upright without being afraid of being attacked. Beasts eat.When I saw this, I felt that Feng Dao was indeed inferior to ordinary people.Although many people, such as Ouyang Xiu, criticize him, whoever comes to him as the emperor, he will come out.But from another perspective, this person has his greatness.During the eighty years of chaos in the Five Dynasties, he made indelible contributions to preserving the culture and the vitality of the country.In order to take care of the overall situation, he was charged with infidelity.From his writings, it can be seen that his concept at the time was: to whom should he be loyal?These guys are all foreigners. They came to China, and they are all emperors. Do you want to be loyal to them?That's why I don't do it!I am Chinese!That's why he said that "wolves and tigers can stand among the bushes." He didn't regard the emperors of the Five Dynasties as emperors, but he regarded those emperors as tigers and wolves.Looking at his life again, it can be said that he is honest, serious, and honest, and of course he is also very generous, able to tolerate enemies, and able to influence enemies.So later, when I talked about the philosophy of history with a few friends, I said that this person's self-cultivation is worth noting.From another perspective, his political and human attitudes are not bad.The reason why the culture was preserved decades later, I think he has a lot of credit.However, in history, he was notorious for having no integrity through the ages.So when we talk about this matter, it can be seen that people have many hidden secrets, which cannot be determined after the coffin is closed.Speaking of this, we must pay attention, today we are discussing knowledge behind closed doors, but we must not learn from Feng Dao.To be honest, people in later generations will not be able to learn from Feng Dao, because they do not have his education and integrity.Let's see that he can tolerate and influence the enemy, it can be seen that he has hardly lost his temper.Some stupid people have no temper all their lives, but that is not self-cultivation, it is because they dare not lose their temper.Feng Dao's ability to stand in such a storm is really worth studying.This is about a relatively big event in history.We look at many small people in society. Once he dies, it is difficult to determine whether he was a good person or a bad person in his life. We go to the funeral home to carefully examine it. That's why Zeng Zi specifically pointed out that people should be "trembling with trembling" all their lives. "Zhan Zhan" means trembling, and "Jing Jing" means not daring to step on the ground. "As if you are facing an abyss", it seems that you are standing on the edge of a cliff, and there is a deep pool under your feet. If you are not careful by chance, it will be "a misstep that will cause eternal hatred". "It's like walking on thin ice". When the ice is just forming in early winter, or when it is about to thaw in early spring, walking on the river requires effort and skill. If you are negligent, you will die if you fall.As a human being, if you want to cultivate yourself until you die without any regrets, as Mencius said, "Looking up is worthy of the sky, bowing down is not ashamed of others", it is really a great skill.It is common for people to lie to others, and the best part is that people like to lie to themselves.But when he was about to die, he still couldn't lie to himself.If you want to do nothing to others, you should "feel like you are facing an abyss, like walking on thin ice." These three sentences are about Zeng Zi being so ill that he couldn’t move his hands and feet, and then he told his students that life is so difficult, especially at critical moments, whether he can be a loyal minister and a filial son is just a thought.If you are afraid of losing yourself, you will fall. "From now on, I will be free from my husband." He said, I will tell you now that I have lost all feeling in my hands and feet, and I am half dead. At this point, I dare to speak big words, and I will not make mistakes again.This proves that learning does not lie in well-written articles or profound knowledge, but in the cultivation of being a human being. Confucianism paid the most attention to this point.The three sections here are closely linked.That is, when Zeng Zi was ill and was about to die, Meng Jingzi, a senior official from the State of Lu, came to ask him.What questions to ask is not explained in the book. Zeng Zi was ill, and Meng Jingzi asked about it.Zeng Zi said: When a bird is about to die, its song also mourns.When a person is about to die, his words are also kind.What is more important to a gentleman than Tao is the third: moving appearance, Si Yuan is violent and arrogant.The color is right, and Si Jin believes it.Saying goodbye is far more contemptible.As for the matter of beans, there is a secretary. How do you say this?Zengzi replied, "Let me tell you, when a bird is about to die, its cry must be very sad. ) When human beings are about to die, most of the words they say are good words. (It should be noted that it is not complete. Like some bandits in the past, they were dragged to be shot, and when they were dying, they had to say harsh words. "Twenty years later, he will be a good man again" is not a good word.) An ordinary person, when he is about to die When you are young, you tend to have a calmer view of life, and most of your orders are kind words.Why did Zeng Zi say these two sentences first?This shows Zeng Zi's educational attitude.In other words, he said, I am going to die, and you are usually not very obedient, but my last words are very sincere and serious to you, I hope you pay attention.So Zeng Zi said these two sentences first to emphasize the tone.So Zeng Zi told him that "the most important thing for a gentleman is Taoism". This "Tao" is the way of life of Confucianism and Confucianism.That is to say, there are three key points in human learning—doing learning and receiving education.We really need to pay attention to the three key points that Zeng Zi mentioned here. The first point is "moving the appearance, Siyuan is too slow." It is a person's manners and demeanor. You need to gradually change yourself through knowledge and cultivation, and it is not necessarily inborn.The "difficulty in sex" mentioned earlier is the truth.Violence is rudeness, and arrogance is arrogance and contempt for others. These two problems of people are almost inborn.Especially slow, people have the mentality of self-admiration, to put it nicely is self-esteem, but if it is too much, it is arrogance.As a result of arrogance, you will feel that you are right in everything.These are very difficult to change.After the influence of cultural cultivation, the rough and arrogant atmosphere naturally turned into a modest and serene temperament. The second point is "positive color, Si Jin believes it." Color is expression.The posture mentioned above includes the posture of standing, sitting, and all movements such as raising one's hand and throwing one's feet; "color" refers to the attitude towards people.For example, when answering the same sentence from others, you must be sincere in your attitude, at least with a smile on your face, and don't put on a cold face. "Correct color, Si Jin believes it." It is easy to say, but not easy to do.Almost all the faces of debt collectors in society.If you want to be harmonious, you must cultivate your heart well and change slowly. The third point is "Speaking out the air of speech is far more contemptible." The so-called "speaking out the air of speech" means talking and being good at talking. "If you don't say anything, Madam, you must have something to say." This is the natural expression of knowledge and accomplishment, and to achieve this step is of course "twice as despicable". This is the record of Meng Jingzi asking Zeng Zi. We don't know what question he asked, but we have seen Zeng Zi's answer.From the connection of the following, it can be seen that what Meng Jingzi asked was not the three questions Zengzi mentioned earlier.From the article, we can guess that Meng Jingzi, a doctor of the State of Lu, must ask him what secrets he has for handling state affairs?But Zeng Zi didn't care about those, put the problem aside, and only taught him the principles of life and doing things.Therefore, the following sentence says, "There is a division in the matter of 笾dou." The so-called "笾dou" is an ancient sacrificial vessel made of bamboo.In this sentence, it represents the matter of "government".In ancient times, there were different markings on imperial courts and court clothes, especially For example, the cultural relics of law enforcement and administration pay more attention to this.Some people think that the armband pattern of the military police is a lion, but it is not a lion. It is a qu, the symbol of ancient law enforcement.According to legend, there was this kind of beast in ancient times. It was very sensitive and could distinguish between good and bad.These are ancient signs.Zengzi is telling Meng Jingzi here that I can only contribute to your cultivation in dealing with people.As for the political and judicial matters you are asking about, you don’t have to ask me. Naturally, there are people in charge of these matters, so you can ask them.Later, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty asked his prime minister, Chen Ping, some questions about the access to the world's money and valleys, and Chen Ping responded with "the one who has the owner"; It's all the same.From this we can see that what Meng Jingzi asked was about beans, and what Zeng Zi answered him was still educating him, asking him to pay attention to being a human being, and to do it from the basic moral cultivation in his heart.With good learning and high moral character, you can be handy no matter whether you are in politics or doing other things.This is a basic question, not a technical question, and you can ask those experts about technical questions. When you are knowledgeable, you are calm The next section is where the disciples recorded what Zeng Zi usually taught. Zeng Zi said: If you can ask questions about what you can't do, if you ask more questions about the few, you can see if there is nothing, if it's true, if it's false, if it's wrong, don't correct it.In the past, my friend tried to work in Si. This is the virtue that Zeng Zi proposed to his classmate Yan Hui: "Ask what you can and ask what you can't".All the so-called geniuses, intelligent and talented people are prone to make a mistake-slowness, that is, they are very complacent and refuse to ask others for advice.Although Yan Hui was superior to others, he was afraid that he didn't know much, and that he didn't see clearly, so he wanted to ask someone who was not as good as him for advice.This is also the condition for Zhuge Liang's success. His famous saying "collecting ideas from the masses" means he is good at concentrating other people's knowledge and thinking and increasing his own knowledge and insights.Very good for yourself.This is also the reason why you can ask what you can't. But talented people are often unwilling to ask others, especially those who are not as good as themselves.Confucianism advertises that Yu Shun is "good at observing others' words", so he can be a saint.Although the words are shallow, they can often give us profound inspiration. "Ask more than few" mostly refers to knowledgeable.Yan Hui is the most proud student of Confucius, and his knowledge is very profound. "Ask the widowed" means asking someone whose knowledge is not as profound as your own.Here's an explanation. Another explanation is that people who are engaged in politics are mostly generalists who understand everything; while "widowed" can be said to be experts, who specialize in a little research, which is not known to knowledgeable people.A knowledgeable person knows the general idea and cannot go deep; an expert has an in-depth study on a certain point.Therefore, knowledgeable people must consult experts. "Yu Ruo Wu" He is very knowledgeable, but behaves very ordinary in dealing with people and the world, as if he doesn't know anything. "Reality is like emptiness" has profound connotations, but it seems empty and ordinary on the surface. "Offenders are not schooled" people who are not as good as him are sorry for him-the people below are disrespectful to the people above as "offenders"-never care about it, don't hold grudges.These five points seem easy, but if we experience it from our own experience in dealing with others, we have failed to do almost every sentence.Zeng Zi said, my friend Yan Hui has achieved all these five points.Yan Hui, whom Confucius admired, and the advantages of his learning can be seen here. Invincible at the big festival Zeng Zi said: You can entrust a six-foot orphan, you can send a hundred miles of life, and you can't take it away when it comes to the big festival.A gentleman and a man?A gentleman is also a man. 人的学问修养做到在朋友之间，“可以托六尺之孤”，托妻寄子的，非常非常难，简直没有。历史上讲义气的人很多，而托孤的人很少。政治上有名的托孤，是刘备白帝城托孤给诸葛亮。刘备的儿子刘禅，谁都知道的阿斗。以前骂笨头笨脑没有出息的年轻人，就骂“阿斗”。刘备在临死前托孤给诸葛亮说：“君才十倍曹丕，嗣子可辅则辅之，不可辅则取而代之。”这就是刘备。诸葛亮是很亮，五十支光，刘备大概一百支光，比他更亮。他这句话可把诸葛亮吓住了，立即跪下来：“臣鞠 躬尽瘁，死而后已。”就是说，你放心吧！我把这条命卖给你了，不管你儿子可扶不可扶，我一定帮忙到底。于是“鞠躬尽卒，死而后已”这八个字，等于他自己为自己算了命，就定案了，后来也就真的做到了。这是从历史上说大的托孤。个人的托孤，尤其现在这个社会，假使朋友死了，还能照顾朋友的家庭，尤其照顾朋友孩子的，别人会说“疯子人与！疯子人也。”绝不会说“君子人与？君子人也。”现在的社会风气就这样的。但是照中国文化的大义，可以托六尺之孤的人，就“可以寄百里之命”。“百里”扩而充之也代表了天下。过去，唐以后所谓百里侯称县长；春秋战国时代的百里，在政治制度上相当于现在的一个省。古代称县长为父母官，就是说对于百姓而言，有如父母般的关怀、照顾。“可以寄百里之命”，就是可以真正成为一个好的地方首长，将地方老百姓的生命财产安全，都交给这种人负责保障了。这两点都很困难。 “临大节而不可夺也”，小事糊涂没关系，面临大节当头时，怎么都变动不了才行。历史上许多忠臣义士，临大节而不可夺，最有名的如文天祥、陆秀夫，可以说是儒家的光荣人物。但是研究文天祥的生平，上半生风流放诞，花花公子，他做太守的时候，歌姬如林，一天到晚喝酒听歌。可是当国家大难来临的时候，连与太太儿女们告别的时候都没有。尤其难得的是从容就义。所谓“慷慨捐身易，从容就义难。”而且他从容到什么程度呢？元朝的忽必烈，对他十分尊崇、十分重视，硬是空着宰相的位置等了他三年，只要他一点头，就可以在一人之下万人之上。忽必烈和他谈过好几次，口口声声尊称他文先生，推崇他，要请他出来，他就是不答应。这样坐了几年牢，最后一次和忽必烈谈话时，他对忽必烈说，你这样对我，推崇我， 我非常感谢你，也可以说你是我一个知己，既然是知己，那你就要成全我。忽必烈见他在牢里三年，始终如此，知道实在没有办法了，于是答应他说，好吧！那就明天吧！文天祥听了这句话，马上就跪下来说，谢了！Thanks!在他三年坐牢的时候， 他的一个学生，恐怕他受不了而变节，备办了三牲祭品，并写了一篇祭文去生祭他。文天祥照样吃了祭品，看了那篇祭文，然后让人转告他的学生，要他们放心，他绝不会做对不起宋朝的事情。他的上半生，吃、喝、玩、乐，什么都来，可是“临大节而不可夺”。所以我们平时看到一些人好像吊儿郎当的，但是不要因此而轻视他们。看人要看大节。曾子说，这样的人是君子吧？的确是真正的君子了。 由此我们更可以看出孔孟思想所谓的学问，并不是读死书，不是之乎者也矣焉哉的文言文，同时也不是的呢吗呀吧的白话文。儒家教育的目的，就是要求这一节书上所提的这种人，这也就是真正儒家的学问所在。 怎样才算知识分子 这几节都是记载曾子所讲的孔门学问的精华，下面等于是两个小结论。 曾子曰：士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。Benevolence takes it as one's own responsibility, and it's not too important!After death, it's not far away!我国上古文化，两三千年前的士，有点类似现在的兵役制度，这是上古的政治制度，也是社会制度：每十个青年中，推选一人出来为公家服务的，就是士。所以士是十字下面加一横。被选为士的人，要受政治教育，学习法令规章。出来做官，执行任务做公务员，就叫出仕。所以古代的士，并不是普普通通一个读书的青年就可以叫士。士的教育都是政府主办，一个士要想知道法律政治，须向官方学习。平民教育是由孔子开始的，不过当时没有这个名称。曾子这里所讲的士，已经不是上古时代的士，而是读书人知识分子的通称。所以他是说一个读书人有读书人的风格。 “不可以不弘毅”，“弘”就是弘大，胸襟大，气度大，眼光大。 “毅”就是刚毅，有决断，要看得准、拿得稳，对事情处理有见解。有些人有见解，但请他当主管，却搞得一塌糊涂，因为他下不了决断；有人很容易下决心，但眼光不远，见解有限。所以把眼光、见解、果断、决心加起来的“弘毅”，而且中间还要有正气，立场公正。他说一个知识分子，要养成弘与毅是基本的条件。为什么要养成这两个基本条件呢？因为一个知识分子，为国家、为社会挑起了很重的责任。 “任重而道远”，这个道是领导，也是指道路。责任担得重，前面人生的道路、历史的道路是遥远的、 漫长的。社会国家许多事，要去挑起来，走这历史无穷的路。所以中国过去教育目的，在养成人的弘毅，挑起国家社会的责任。我们现在的教育，受了西方文化的影响，于是“生活就是教育”，由此一变而成“现实就是教育”了。换言之，“知识就是钞票”，学一样东西，先问学了以后能赚多少钱。所以我国文化中古代的教育精神，和现在是两回事，两者处于矛盾状况。当然，这只是一个过渡时期。在我看来，是要变的，要回转过来的。不过在变、在回转过程夹缝中的我们这一代，几十年来实在很可怜。但是我们对未来的还是要认识清楚，将来还是要走上这条路，这是教育的基本目的。 下面的话是引伸，一个知识分子，为什么要对国家社会挑那么重的责任？为什么要为历史、为人生走那么远的路？因为一个受过教育的知识分子，“仁”就是他的责任。What is benevolence?爱人、爱社会、爱国家、爱世界、爱天下。儒家的道统精神所在，亲亲、仁民、爱物，由个人的爱发展到爱别人、爱世界、乃至爱物、爱一切东西。西方文化的爱，往往流于狭义；仁则是广义的爱。所以知识分子，以救世救人作为自己的责任，这担子是挑得非常重的。那么，这个责任，在人生的路途上，历史的道路上，要挑到什么时候？有没有得退休呢？这是没有退休的时候，一直到死为止。所以这个路途是非常遥远的。当然，要挑起这样重的担子，走这样远的路，就必须要养成伟大的胸襟、恢宏的气魄和真正的决心、果敢的决断、深远的眼光，以及正确的见解等形成的“弘”、“毅”两个条件。 上面几节连起来，是用曾子所讲的学问修养，来说明孔门所传学问的道理、方法与目的。下面又是文章的另一波澜起伏。 文章自己的好 说到写文章，我曾和年轻的同学们谈到，为什么写不好文章：一开头面对稿纸，已经害怕了一半，手里拿起笔又害怕了一半。笔和稿纸齐全了，却一个字都写不出来。原因是在自己心里老想“我现在写文章了”，那就写不好。其实写文章没有什么道理，拿到纸笔先不要当作自己写文章，当自己放屁好了，爱放什么尽管放，想到就写。完稿以后，放下笔，自己再看，对与不对再作修正。就像房屋中的家具一样，椅子放得不对，把它搬一搬，桌子的位置不好，搬一搬，几次一搬就对头了。 各个都会写文章，大家都说怕写文章，或说你的文章好，我的文章不好。写不好文章，都是自己把自己吓坏的，没有自信，也就是不弘毅，这也要有点傲气，你的文章有你的味道，我的文章有我的味道，我不好有不好的味道，也是文章，不能说不是文章。一定要养成自己这种弘毅的气派，多写几回就成了，有什么难处？尤其现在写白话文章，更好写了。至于说要成为一个文学家，那是另外一回事。平心而论这要有天才，和艺术家一样。不会画画的，哭也哭不出一张画来。叫我画人物，鼻子会像大蒜，眼睛会成凤梨。但是画家随便一涂，就对。这是天才。 现在我们看到这篇文章，孔门弟子的编排，要来个波澜起伏了。上面讲了一大篇高潮，用曾子的话来说明孔门学问。接着下面是一段平路了。老是高潮上去，像演戏，也演不下去的。下面是引用孔子的话。 子曰：兴于诗，立于礼，成于乐。 这是孔门教育，作学问的内容。第一个是兴于诗，强调诗的教育之重要。兴于诗的兴念去声，读如兴趣的兴。所兴的是人的情感，人都有情感，如果压抑在内心，要变成病态心理，所以一定要发挥。情感最好的发挥，是透过艺术与文学，诗即其一。古代所谓的诗，就包括了文学、艺术、哲学、宗教等等。古代诗与音乐是不可分的，而且诗也就是文学的艺术。所以孔子说人的基本修养，要会诗。关于这一点我常想到，从事严肃工作的，如政治的、经济的，乃至于作医生的人要注意。我常 常劝一些医生朋友学画，一个真正的名医，生活好可怜。我认为医生的太太都很伟大，医生几乎没有私生活的，一年三百六十五天，天天忙到晚，一天与上百病人接触，每个人都愁眉苦脸的，一直下去，自己都要病了，尤其精神科的医生为然。我对一位精神科的医生开玩笑说：“你也差不多了。”有一位荣民总医院的精神科医生说：“你这话是对的。我当年做学生学这科时，那位教我们的老师，看起来就像精神病的样子。精神科医生病人看多了，自然就变成精神病似的。”有人说官僚气， 我说这没有什么希奇，官做久了就自然是那个样子，习惯了；医生就是医生气，见到朋友说人血压高了；商人一定市侩气。这没有什么好奇怪的，这都是现代心理学上所说的职业病。某一行干久了，看人看事的观点，都惯于从这一角度出发。所以凡从事严肃工作的人都要注意，过去这种生活上的调剂就靠诗，以艺术的修养作调剂。所以过去的官做得大，文集也留得多，诗也作得多，这绝不是他故意这么做，而是闲下来，有许多感情无法发挥，只好寄托在这上面。所以孔子说“兴于诗”。例如王安石的诗与政治生活，几乎成为两种完全不同的风格。 但学艺术、学文学久了的人，有一毛病，就是所谓“文人无行”。一般说来，认为真正纯粹的文人，品行都不大好，吊儿郎当，恃才傲物，看不起人。还有一个最大的毛病，千古以来，文人相轻，文章都是自己的好，看人家的文章看不上。以前有一个笑话，说有人作诗一首吹道：“天下文章在三江，三江文章唯我乡，我乡文章数舍弟，舍弟跟我学文章。”说来转去，转了一个大弯，最后还是自己文章好。所以中和艺术的修养，就要“立于礼”。我们一般人将学者文人连起来，事实上学 者是学者，学术专家是学者；文人是文章写得好，不一定是学者。有些人文章写得好，如果和他讨论某一学问思想，如谈经济学、心理学等等，他就不懂了。曾经有一次，各种专家学者和某大文豪在一起闲谈，那位大文豪听得不大耐烦，就问科学家说：“你说电脑好，电脑会不会作诗？”使在坐无人答话。当然那位科学家也不好怎么答，我出来代他答了，我说电脑也可以作诗，不过作得好不好是另一回事，“一二三四五，东西南北中”，也未必不是诗。抗战期间的汽车常抛锚，就有人改了古人一首诗加以描写道：“一去二三里，抛锚四五回，前行六七步，八九十人推。”那也是诗，一个文人，光是文章好，没有哲学修养，不懂科学，毛病就大了。所以光“兴于诗”还不行，要“立于礼”，立脚点要站在“礼”上，这个“礼”就是《礼记》的精神，包括了哲学的思想与科学的精神。“成于乐”，最后的完成在乐。古代孔子修订的《乐经》，没有传下来，失传了。《乐经》大致是发挥康乐的精神，也就是整个民生育乐的境界。 愚民政策 讲了孔子教育的方法、目标与内容以后，下面所说的一节，是另一个问题了。 The Master said: The people can let them know, but they can't let them know. “五四运动”的时候，他们打倒孔家店，这句话也是孔子的“罪状”之一。照字面上讲，“民”就是一般人，老百姓。“可使由之”，叫他做就是了。等于军队下命令，目标正前方，距离若干，限几分钟到达。只下命令叫他去。“不可使知之”，不可以叫他知道理由，绝对的服从。到了民国以来，“五四运动”前后，有好几个人改这两句话。康有为、梁启超他们说，孔子绝对民主，古人对这两句书，圈点句读错了，应该是“民可使，由之。”老百姓各个知识都高了，可以公开选择投票，给他们政治自由。“不可使，知之。”老百姓还没有到达水准，“知之”，教育他，训练他，先使他知。改得好像是非常好。 但又有人不同意，说康、梁的句读也错了，应该是“民可，使由之。”看看这个社会、老百姓可以民主了，给他民主。“不可，使知之。”看看老百姓还不可以民主的时候，“使知之”，要教育他。但不管他们怎样圈点，反正都是好心帮我们孔夫子的忙，都是主张孔子是绝对民主，不要打倒孔家店，不必要乱批评。但在我个人，早年也认为他们这样圈来圈去有道理。现在老了，有时脑子很顽固，认为不必要另外圈点，就是原来那个样子。事实上对于一般人，有时候只可以要他去做，无法教他知道所以这么做的原因，这是我根据几十年的经验来的。到今天为止，我是这样的看法，也许明天更聪明一点，再改变也说不定。不过到今天为止，据我所了解，有些人如果要他去做事，先把一切计划理由告诉他，他去做起来一定很糟糕。好像带部队，下命令，三百公尺，限五十秒跑到，跑得到有奖，跑不到处罚。结果跑到了，奖赏他就是了，他一定非常高兴。假如先告诉他理由，什么政治学，什么心理学、什么学什么学的，结果他跑到半路上研究起心理学、政治学来了，目标达不到了。据此回转来一想，孔子的话绝对的对，并不是一般人所说的愚民政策。事实上有些人的头脑、程度、才具只能够听命于人，当然有些人是天生的领导人才。曾有两位同盟会的老先生告诉我，国父孙总理很会说笑话，有一次在上海，大家坐下来谈天，他问大家能够做些什么？大家说了后，回过来问他。总理说，我想了半天，除了当领导以外，一无所能。这个话听来蛮妙的，实际上是老实话。大家仔细一想，总理这句话绝对是对的，他就是天生的领袖人才，这是谁也无法否认的事实。相反的，有些人就是天生听命于人的，能成为非常好的干部。这种人如果去做领导人，下命令，一定做不好。碰到这样的人只有“民可使由之，不可使知之。”另外，我还有一个体会，天下的事业，都是浑小子闯出来的。到年纪大懂得多了，经验丰富，别说去创业，赶公共汽车都怕被汽车碾了。懂是懂得多，可什么都做不成。所以“民可使由之，不可使知之。”这也是一句名言，不必去另外圈点了。 社会动乱之源 子曰：好勇疾贫，乱也。人而不仁，疾之已甚，乱也。 孔子说“好勇”，动不动爱打架，冲动。以国家而言，如过去有许多军阀好战，那是好勇。“疾贫”，讨厌贫穷，受不了贫穷的苦。这两点就是社会动乱的根源。也可以连起来说，一个社会到了贫穷的时候，人就不要命，好勇了，是乱源。以社会的观点来看历史，一个时代好动乱，一定是在社会贫穷、经济衰落的时候，这就是所谓的“饥寒起盗心”。“人而不仁，疾之已甚，乱也”社会教育没落，道德衰微，所有的人，心中没有爱人的心，大家自私，对失败、失足的人没有同情心，不 能包容，这是社会的大病态，时积日久，时代就乱了。如果研究社会、政治演变的历史，都逃不出孔子这两句话的范围。一个普通人，要叫他只顾精神的修养，不受物质上贫困的影响，发挥出坚强崇高的人格，这是做不到的。可以如此要求少数人，不能要求一般的人。所以一到了整个社会贫穷，再加上教育的堤防崩溃，动辄好勇，这样的社会，非变乱不可。到了“人而不仁”，以杀人、以消灭别人为乐，这就是社会很深的病态了。有时以政治、宗教、社会、哲学的观点来看，好杀人的人，是一种心理变态。如研究军事思想史时，同时也要研究许多人性。如在现代史料中，有许多人研究希特勒，他就有性心理变态，这些都是乱源。 知人于微 子曰：如有周公之才之美，使骄且吝，其余不足观也已。 上面讲了许多孔门教育的大原则。这里提出来，孔子对于个人教育的观点。也是衔接上文之“疾之已甚”的注解。 已好几次提过才、德、学三者都周全具备的人并不多。以前政治上有个大秘密，历史上聪明的帝王，喜欢用贪而能者。即使明知其品德不大好而才高的，派出来做官，有时还睁只眼闭只眼，上面不大管，但这种人真能替国家社会做好事。有的人非常廉洁，品格非常好，学问也好，可是笨得要死，不能做事。那就派到翰林院去，地位高高的，可是搞了半天，在那里喝西北风。再举一个例子：宋太祖赵匡胤平定天下，当了皇帝以后，有一个年轻时的同学赵普，他自己说没有读过多少书，后来当了宰相，自称以半部治天下。他抽屉里放的也是，有政治问题解决不了，就翻翻，好像现在信宗教的人查经一样。 宋太祖喜欢晚上穿了便衣到大臣的家中走走，因为以前与赵普的家人都认识，所以尤其喜欢到他家中。有一个冬天下大雪的晚上，赵普夫妻俩以为这样冷的天气，大概皇帝不会来，不料后来有人敲门，皇帝还是来了。这一下可把赵普夫妇吓坏了，因为当时南方还没有平定，当天下午进贡送来一批东西，他还没有向上报，赶快跪下来接驾，奏明原因。宋太祖安慰他说没有关系，公事明天早上再说。他仍在客厅转来转去。突然看见贡品中有一个大瓶子，上面写好送赵普的，宋太祖大感希奇，打开来看看，连赵普在内谁也没料到里面都是瓜子金。赵普夫妇吓死了，立刻又跪下来奏明实在还没有仔