Chapter 16 Said seventh-2

The Master said: I am born with virtue, how can I give it? Huan Fu was a doctor of the Song Dynasty who once wanted to murder Confucius.The students got the news and told Confucius how to escape, but Confucius didn't care.In fact, in that political and social environment, there is no escape.Confucius had a kind of self-confidence, as firm as a religious man.He said to the students, God gave birth to me and put the responsibility of history and culture on me, how dare Huan Ji, how can he hurt me?The result, of course, proved that Huan Yu couldn't do anything to Confucius.Is this arrogance?No, it's self-confidence.We have to understand from here that sometimes we have to have absolute confidence in certain things.If you don't have this kind of self-confidence, you can't do it.People who have studied Chinese martial arts know it, and those who study military know that if you lose your self-confidence, no matter how good your kung fu is, you will be defeated.Looking at "Biography of Jing Ke", his swordsmanship is not high, once he went to see a master swordsman.Jing Ke raised his sword, but the man didn't move, he just stared at Jing Ke, but Jing Ke put the sword back into its sheath, turned around and left.If we take the current martial arts novels as an example, that person's eyes have developed a unique fortitude.In fact, it is a peaceful and confident spirit that overcomes the opponent. This is to illustrate the importance of self-confidence in martial arts, especially when a short person fights with a tall person. If he loses confidence first, he will definitely fail.Confidence is very important in many places and for many things.

Just now I talked about a long section of Confucius' cultivation of being a man, dealing with the world, and being a scholar, and now I will turn to his teaching methods in teaching. The Master said: Do the second and third sons consider me a secret?I have nothing to hide.If I have nothing to do without being with my second and third sons, that is Qiu Ye. This is equivalent to saying: Everyone, do you think that when I teach learning, I will keep secrets and not pass them on to you?I absolutely did not hide anything, the so-called know everything, say everything, why don't you understand it after learning?It is easy to make a mistake in learning, and I am afraid that the teacher will hold back.Especially for those who learned martial arts in ancient China, the teacher is likely to keep a hand.Keep one hand in case the apprentice hits the teacher.But this stay, stay until the end is gone.Confucius said, I have no reservations. My knowledge is very simple, and it is a teaching material in itself, which is manifested in my daily life, life, words and deeds.Learning is here, and I told you, don't just study hard on books.In other words, this section of the book shows that Confucius’ education method is fully expressed in daily life behaviors. There should be no sense of mystery or curiosity. He is teaching anytime and anywhere, and knowledge is obtained from life experience. .Books are for knowledge, for the experience of the predecessors, and for the insights and insights of the predecessors.But to apply this knowledge, insights, and experience to yourself, you have to experience it.Therefore, when he said, "I have nothing to do without being with my second and third sons", there was no time or place where he did not express the truth of learning.You need to understand and learn from this aspect.

Confucian educational purpose is put forward as follows: Zi Yi taught four things: literature, behavior, loyalty, and trustworthiness. Now some people who study Confucianism and Mencius are following the new era. They say that Confucius was very scientific. At that time, Confucius had divided education.He divided the students into four categories: literature, behavior, loyalty, and faith, just like the current education method of dividing subjects and departments.This is a joke. The purpose of Confucius education is these four.The first "text": includes knowledge, articles - articles in a broad sense.The literary style, words, and organization of the article, the chapter is a large essay connected together.In a narrow sense, it means that written works are called articles, which is the concept of later generations.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, essays should be articles in a broad sense, including all knowledge and literature.The second "practice": good articles and good knowledge, at best, become a literati.Scholars should note that the ancients have long said that "many literati can't do anything".The so-called literati are mostly useless, that is to say, they have a lot of knowledge, right and wrong, and are well-organized, so they don't care about everything, and they become "celebrities who are romantic and unconstrained."Also, often people who write well do not have any actual achievements.Looking at the history of Chinese literature over the past 3,000 years, people who have high literary attainments and are good at poetry and poetry are not very remarkable in their careers.As far as poets are concerned, Shefu, Li Bai, etc. have not achieved much in other areas.Those who have made achievements in their careers do not necessarily have good literature.However, like several emperors in the Tang Dynasty, their articles and poems were very good, especially Tang Taizong's poems were very good, but he refused to write, and his calligraphy was also good.So the good literature of the Tang Dynasty was advocated by the emperors.Confucianism in the Song Dynasty taught Neo Confucianism well, and the reason for this was also influenced by Song Taizu.Zhao Kuangyin himself is an expert, so it is said that one or two people can change the social atmosphere, but it is not you or me.This can be proved a lot in history.But for those who have meritorious deeds, their great achievements often overshadow their literary talent.Therefore, the "action" in the four teachings of Confucius does not refer to ordinary conduct, but refers to the achievements of a lifetime of work.Then we talk about the third "loyalty": it does not mean being loyal to a certain person as mentioned after the Tang and Song Dynasties.The "loyalty" mentioned by Confucius refers to the country, society, parents, friends, any one person or thing, if you agree to it, you will carry it out to the end, and you will never change your sincerity; those who are devoted to everything are called "loyalty".The fourth "faith": is to have faith.These are the four key points of Confucius' education, which cannot be separated.It would be a joke to say that he is divided into subjects.

Speaking of this, we have a lot of emotion about modern education in China.Especially before the joint entrance examination every year, this question is often discussed. According to the way of guessing questions in the past, the composition questions this year (1974) must be guessed from the aspect of the Ten Items Construction.But this year's composition question was a hit, and it was right, it came from "Xunzi": "Xunzi said: I try to think about it all day long, it is better to learn it in a moment." Unexpectedly, an editorial in a major newspaper criticized that, Now that we have come to the age of science, it is out of date to ask such an old topic.When I read an editorial like this, it feels like a waste to even sigh.Newspapers are the pioneers of leadership culture, and if they have such a view, the world knows what is going on!

Today's education is really a serious problem, especially for the future of our country's national culture.I often feel that the problems in China over the past few decades have basically occurred in education, and it is very serious.Even the rise and fall of successive dynasties in the past three thousand years are all related to education.In ancient times, we did not explicitly stipulate the goal of education, but now we stipulate the education of implementing the Three People's Principles.However, we closed our doors and reviewed it. The education of the Three People's Principles was not considered a success in schools.For what reason, silver is worth studying.In the past, although we did not have a clearly stipulated educational purpose, scholars should fundamentally improve their moral character, which is a recognized purpose.But in recent years,

Following the transformation of Western culture, especially now that the United States advertises the education policy of "education is life", everyone realizes that life is reality, not just material things.The goal of education has thus shifted, completely ignoring the cultivation of xinxing.How are you doing so far?There is a student who graduated from Normal University a few years ago and has obtained a master's degree.Visiting me one day, I asked him what did he think our educational purpose was?He said: "Teacher! The purpose of our education is to take exams!" This sentence was very painful, and we had to smile wryly at each other.Really!After graduating from elementary school, you are admitted to middle school, and you are admitted to middle school. What you learned in elementary school is useless and lost; What you have learned is useless, and of course you will lose it; you will lose your university when you are admitted to study abroad; when you come back from studying abroad, you will take the civil service examination;There is one exam every three years and one exam every two years.Really!Our education becomes an exam.In fact, passing the exam doesn't count.Some people in the Qing Dynasty commented on the exam: "Willing a generation of heroism, bureaucratic writing." Modern scientific stereotyped examination methods are even more terrifying. (We shake our heads and sigh as we listen.)

The day before yesterday, a well-known senior Chinese teacher from Jianzhong came to see me, and he also lamented that this year's computer education and computer exams were changed, and it became more and more wrong.Now the education of the third grade of senior high school cannot talk about teaching.Just tell the students what method to use to cope with this computer test.Like Chinese, in addition to teaching them the correct interpretation of a noun, they also need to tell them four or five incorrect answers.In addition, some textbooks had problems when they were compiled. When middle school teachers received such textbooks, they found problems and raised them to the Ministry of Education, but no one paid any attention.Now that it's time for battle, it's only in the newspaper that there is a problem.And when these places are in class, they only tell the students that there is a problem

Yes, just pay attention to how you deal with the exam in the future.This is education!How to do it?Now we talk about the purpose of Confucian education, which is writing, practice, loyalty, and trustworthiness.In the past, on the road to virtue, the achievement of students' knowledge and learning was still the second step.Now that you have been educated, at least the first step is to lay a good foundation of moral character.For thousands of years, why have our Chinese morals been so honest?It is the result of moral education.Therefore, writing, behavior, loyalty, and trustworthiness are not the four subjects, and they should be the center of his education when interpreted with modern concepts.Wen includes literature, and even the completion of all learning.In the narrow sense, it refers to behavior and morality; in the broad sense, it refers to the achievements of career.Loyalty and trustworthiness are the cultivation of the heart and the cultivation of personality.

bad times Speaking of this, I quoted Confucius' words, and sighed greatly at the changes in the atmosphere at that time!The Master said: "Sage, I can't see it!"Those who can see a gentleman can do it.The Master said: "Good man, I can't see it without seeing it!"It is possible to see those who are persistent.Death becomes existence, emptiness becomes prosperity, appointment becomes prosperity, it is difficult to have permanence! After reading these few sentences, we have a lot of thoughts.Living in the modern world, there are also the same sighs that Confucius expressed at that time.At the time of Confucius, it was an era of turmoil, and in an era of turmoil, all kinds of strange phenomena would appear.Therefore, Confucius' worry is that he is deeply afraid that the cultural lifeline of the country and the nation will be cut off.He said, the ancient sages have passed away, and I can no longer see them, but there will always be those who learn the way of sages!If I can see that if I follow the way taught by the sages, although I have not learned it completely, it is enough to be called a gentleman, then I will be satisfied.These are his infinitely sighing words, it can be seen that at that time, the people who were truly worthy of being called gentlemen were no longer visible.Immediately afterwards, he said that there were truly good people in the past, but they don't exist now, at least I haven't seen them yet.As long as you see a persevering person who "guards death and good ways"; the center of thought is established, no matter how the society changes, even if the sky falls, you will definitely follow your own path. Such a person with perseverance and perseverance , I can see it, that's fine.This means that there are no people who can sacrifice their lives for history and culture.The following is the opposite of the social phenomenon at that time: "Death becomes existence", death means nothing.He said that people in modern society are full of shells, they are empty at all, they have nothing, they can put on a big posture, and pretend to be quite learned.When the society is in chaos, this kind of phenomenon often happens that some people become arty when they have money, as if they are quite knowledgeable.Of course, those people are untouchable, and it's over as soon as he opens his mouth. "Emptyness becomes fullness", in social events, some people are very empty inside, but they are still complacent and think they are right.We can see from the society that anyone who is overly arrogant must have a heavy sense of inferiority in his subconscious.Forgive his arrogance. "According to the Thai", about is frugal.In the event of an accident, many people should have saved money, but they rarely did so. They all wanted to save face and show ostentation.It doesn't matter if there is no rice for the pot, let's put the pomp first.

With any one of these three types of people, there must be no perseverance to work hard on learning and morality.Because he is mentally unsound.This is a social disease, but also a personal disease.Not only was this the case with Confucius at that time, but it is also the case in our present age.Looking at the history of ancient and modern China and foreign countries, all times of chaos are like this.Therefore, in such a chaotic era, we must pay special attention and strengthen our self-cultivation. These are talking about Confucius' education and methods, and at the same time talking about his worries about the times.Next, let's talk about his attitude towards life.

The son fishes but not the key, and the yi does not shoot. Perhaps, these two sentences should be placed in the tenth chapter "Xiangdang" which specifically records Confucius' personal life.Why is it edited here?It has its own reasons.These two sentences illustrate Confucius' attitude towards being a man and doing things.He fishes just as he fishes, he doesn't use mechanical methods, and he doesn't use big nets to net. (The outline is the net.) In terms of modern production concepts, this attitude is outdated again!If you just use a fishing rod to go fishing, don't even set up a company.This is simply at odds with economic policy.But these words are not discussing the issue of production, but the principle of being a human being.That is to say, whether he is fishing or doing anything, he doesn't like to use cunning to trick people. "Yi does not shoot at the rest", when hunting, he draws the bow and shoots the arrow, but does not shoot at the resting bird, that is, he does not shoot at the bird returning to the nest, the bird that lives there.This also represents a kind of spirit of Chinese past culture, which is of course still preserved now.We can see it from the old style novels.Chinese people don't like to use hidden weapons in fighting, and the commonly used hidden weapons are so-called "darts".When it is necessary to use darts as a last resort, they must shout at the same time: "Look at the darts!" It means that they have greeted and notified first.Although this is a small gesture, it is also a national characteristic and a traditional morality of our nation. Speaking of these Chinese cultures now, from another perspective, they are all outdated ideas.But as far as the latest concept is concerned, it is not outdated.Modern biologists try their best to advocate love and love for animals. Animal protection associations and wildlife protection associations are organized all over the world to advocate hunting ban.We used to believe that caring for animals is a proper morality, as in the legend "Admonish the king not to hit three spring birds, and the son will look forward to the mother in the nest." The Chinese all know that in the past, children were taught by teachers, which became life education.In spring, when the chicks are just hatched, don't go hunting, otherwise the mother bird will be killed and the chicks will starve to death in the nest, which is very tragic.This kind of education may seem like a trivial matter, but when it expands, it becomes a kindness.Therefore, putting these two points of Confucius here means that the expansion of love is benevolence. Facts and Facts Then he played on the main points of Confucius' learning: Confucius said: If there is someone who does not know but does it, I have nothing to do.Learn a lot, choose the good one and follow it.The more you see, the better you know. The word "Gai" is empty, such as "Fu" in ancient Chinese, "Yi Ruo" in "Shang Shu" and so on.After the introduction of the vernacular, some people said that these characters were annoying and irrelevant.Actually very relevant.When we talk on weekdays, we often send out prefixes such as "呵...", "this...", "呣..." and so on.For literary research, these words are very useful for the momentum of writing.If used well, it can express the semantics more fully. There is a good modern example of the status of virtual characters in literature: after the success of the National Revolution, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty abdicated, and the article on the abdication of Empress Dowager Longyu—the mother of Emperor Xuantong—was also an important document in history.It is said that it was written by Zhang Zhuangyuan, Zhang Jian, in Nantong at that time.In the middle of the article, there was no sentence "that is, Yuan Shikai will organize a republican government with full powers".It was Yuan Shikai who instigated people on the left and right to try to add it.This article is what the Qing Dynasty, which lasted for more than 300 years, said to the people of the whole country when it finally stepped down and bowed.How to say it?Especially the last sentence in this last article, how should I put it?That is, how do you step down in the end, and how does this article end?This is really difficult.And the last sentence of it is "Isn't it Yiyi!" The four words are irrelevant and completely empty, but they are very important in terms of the momentum and ideology of the article.It is said that a certain Taishi added these four characters as the ending.One of the anecdotes in Beijing recorded by Ye Xia’an before the Republic of China was announced in 1911 said: “Zhang Jinpo (Xiluan) had already drafted a draft of the edict of abdication, but my colleagues thought it was too long, so I handed it over to me for revision. I thought it was too early. Hidden in pockets (I don’t dare to keep important documents at home, and put them in pockets. Once I received a remittance order of hundreds of thousands of money at night, and put the rest in my pockets, and dared not tell anyone.) until December 20 Around a few days ago, Fang planned to start writing, and Nanfang had already prepared a draft, which was telegraphed to Beijing. (This draft was said to have been drafted by Zhang Jizhi and Zhao Zhujun.) Then a certain gentleman revised and finalized the draft. The last sentence of this draft is "Isn't it Yi?" The four characters are said to be written by a certain Taishi, and I admire them very much. There is nothing wrong with Gaishe’s four characters." This is the record of those who participated in it, and it is reliable.Just as he said, these four meaningless and irrelevant virtual characters are very effective and important in ending the momentum of the article.In order to make everyone understand the role of this virtual character in the article, and this is also one of the important documents in history, the appendix is ​​here for everyone to appreciate and understand. "I entrust the Empress Dowager Longyu's decree: Because of the civil army's uprising, the provinces responded, the nine summers were boiling, and the people were dying. Yuan Shikai was specially ordered to discuss the overall situation with the representatives of the civil army to discuss the general situation. A referendum on the political system. Since two months, there is no sure way. The north and the south are separated, pointing at each other, merchants stop on the way, scholars are out in the wild, just because once the state system is not decided, the people's livelihood is uneasy for a day. Nowadays, the people of the whole country tend to be republican, and the southern and central provinces have advocated it, and the northern generals It is also advocated that in the future, the will of the people, the destiny can be known, and the honor of Yi Heren's surname is given to show the likes and dislikes of the people. Using the external trend, internal review of public opinion, the special leadership of the emperor to rule the whole country, and establish it as a republic and a constitution State system. Nearly comforts the hearts of the people who are tired of chaos and hopes for governance, and far cooperates with the ancient sages for the justice of the world. Yuan Shikai was elected as the prime minister by the Council of Ministers. Organize a republican government and negotiate with the military and civilians to unify the measures. In the overall period, the people will be safe, the sea will be safe, and the complete territory of the Han, Man, Mongolia, Hui and Tibet will still be one big Republic of China. Yu and the emperor can retreat and enjoy the years. I have long been honored by the people, and I have personally seen Zhizhi's success. Isn't it a joy! I admire this." It can be seen from this that we should pay attention to words sometimes, especially diplomatic words, and even writing a letter is related to formal diplomacy, and we must pay attention to every word.Although writing is a "small skill", but like carving stamps, after a lifetime of carving, not necessarily a few can become works of art, and writing is also so difficult.This is a word derived from the word "cover".The word "cover" can sometimes be used as "because" to talk about the result in advance, and the word "cover" is added first when talking about the reason. In this verse, Confucius said that some people are ignorant and do not understand everything, but pretend to be experts to do it. He said that he would never do such a thing.So everyone should learn from Confucius, go out to work and be a leader, if you don’t understand it, you don’t understand it.China talks about leadership, and a true leader is one who is good at employing people, not necessarily knowing much about himself.Like Han Gaozu, what did he know?His forte was his ability to frankly admit that he didn't know anything.What I am most afraid of is thinking that I know everything. This is the most serious mistake.As a leader, the best way is to say that you don't understand even if you understand it.Zhuge Liang knew everything at first, but he still asked others for advice in order to "brainstorm ideas".It's the smartest way to ask what you can do instead of what you can't.But people have a problem, and they will like to show it after they understand it.This kind of attitude is fine to be a scholar, but not to really do things. It is a big taboo, at least it will be very hard for yourself.The top is too capable, and the bottom is unavailable.Those who have talent at the lower level can't show it, because they scolded their subordinates for being stupid twice, and the third time their subordinates dared not speak out when they had good opinions.This is not bad, but the most annoying thing is "doing something without knowing it". If you don't know it, and pretend to be an expert, it is even more serious. You must not make this mistake. Not only that, Confucius also told us: "Learn a lot, choose the good one and follow it." The word "wen" includes reading a lot, listening a lot, and asking a lot.The so-called learning is to ask while learning, to ask others for advice, and to listen to their opinions.It doesn't necessarily sound right, you have to make a choice.For good opinions, we must adopt them.It is not enough to just listen, experience is also needed, so it is necessary to see more and see it with your own eyes.Those who study history, if they have not had a considerable experience of facts, it is useless to read history, at most they are nerds.For example, it is easy to talk about the theory of how to be a leader, but you must be a leader in power in a unit, or even a small unit, to understand it.So see you more, It is useful to experience more personally, and also to write it down carefully, "never forget the past, and guide the future." Only in this way will it be useful. Put these two sentences together: "Learn a lot, choose the good one and follow it, see a lot and know it, and knowledge is second." This is the second-class talent who seeks knowledge and learning.The first class has geniuses and quick responses, such as the famous story in history, why did Zhang Liang help Han Gaozu?At first, he wanted to come out to resist Qin Shihuang, but failed to assassinate him, and finally met Liu Bang.Someone asked Zhang Liang why he was willing to help Liu Bang?Zhang Liang said, no one else understands my opinions, only Liu Bang understands, so he is willing to help him.Liu Bang did have a genius for leadership. For example, Han Xin once did not send troops and sent a person to meet Liu Bang, demanding that Han Xin be made a false king—the king of Sanqi.When Liu Bang got angry, he slapped the table and was about to curse.Zhang Liang and Chen Ping kicked him under the table.Liu Bang had already cursed: "Damn..." But he kicked him lightly, and immediately changed his tone: "Damn! If you want to be named the real king, what kind of fake king should you be named?" So Han Xin was named as Qi king.Judging from this incident, Zhang Liang didn't need to speak, just kicked him lightly to understand.But like us, let alone a light kick, even if the ass is smashed, we still don't understand.There are many such things in history, and some people are indeed smart.That's why Confucius said that the first-class people are geniuses, and since they are not geniuses, they must make up for it with knowledge.If you are not a genius, and you are unwilling to learn, or you "do it without knowing it", then it is over.If you are not a genius, how do you get your knowledge?Listen more to others, read more, experience more, learn more from others, this is the "secondary knowledge". Speaking of this, the following turns to Confucius' educational attitude, which is also a description of his friendship as a human being. It is difficult to talk to each other, the boy sees, and the disciples are confused.Confucius said: Don't let it go forward, don't let it go back.Why?People clean themselves to advance, instead of being clean, they don't keep their past! Huxiang is a place name.Where is this small place, it will be difficult for future generations to verify, only such a place is known.That is to say, it is difficult for people in this place to speak, and there is no way to talk to them. "Difficult to say", this word is used very well.Does it mean that the people in this place have too strong a regional concept?Or are they all jerks?It's hard to say what that means.In short, the reputation of the people in this place at that time was not very good.But there was a young man from this place who came to see Confucius, and Confucius talked to him.The disciples of Confucius wondered, why did the teacher talk to people in this place?Everyone is baffled. Confucius' friendship When it comes to this, everyone should pay attention, especially when you go out in the future, you will have many opportunities to lead politically.When it comes to the national character of China, there is a book called Gu Tinglin's famous book "The Book of the World's Commandments, National Benefits and Diseases".As I said before, after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Gu Tinglin never surrendered.But he is smart, if he doesn't surrender, the Qing Dynasty will be jealous, but he has the ability, he doesn't surrender himself, and he teaches students to become officials in the Qing Dynasty, so the students can protect him from surrendering, but he is doing the work of instigating rebellion underground.He is also very rich. He went to a place to marry a wife, gave birth to a child and left.He married many wives and had many children. He had his reasons, because anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty would exterminate the clan. He did it for the sake of To leave a root.He traveled all over the world to write this book.He went to see every place, especially the important military places in the provinces.Therefore, it later became a must-read book for studying Chinese geography and local political thought in China.The second book is "Minutes of Reading History and Fangyu" written by Gu Zuyu. It is also the most important book for studying political geography and military geography, and it is still valuable to read now.These two books are collectively called "Er Gu Quan Shu".Those who pay attention to the affairs of the country and the world, especially those who study military affairs, must read it.In this book, there is a general comment on each province, and the local and national characteristics are clearly written, so you might as well find it for research.Speaking of this, I feel We do have differences in the character of the people in each place in China.Therefore, the ancient generals should have a general understanding of where their soldiers are suitable for charging, where they are suitable for logistics, where they are suitable for land warfare, and where they are suitable for water warfare.Therefore, the Hunan Army and the Huai Army of Zhongxing in the Qing Dynasty each had different advantages.The same goes for politics.But one thing to pay attention to is that although local folk customs are different from place to place, in case of foreign invasion, we must unite and drive out the foreign aggression first.Locality is like medicinal materials. A certain kind of medicine is produced in a certain place, but not produced in other places.Medicines like angelica are also cultivated and produced in Taiwan, but their efficacy is poor.The best angelica is Qingui produced in Ganshan and Shaanxi, followed by that produced in Sichuan, which is almost a little bit.Now the climate and soil quality of Alishan is the same as that of Ganshan and Shanxi, but the efficacy of the planted angelica is still problematic.Therefore, due to the relationship between geography, the plants produced in different places are different, and the personalities of the characters produced are also different.Because in ancient times, those who went out to be local chiefs should know the county annals of this county and the provincial annals of this province first. Of course, it would be better to read the "Minutes of Reading History and Fangyu" to understand more. Local concepts are often deeply rooted in people's hearts.People are often biased by regional concepts, which affects their evaluation of individuals.I often hear: "Oh! He is from a certain place!" It seems that all the people in a certain place are guilty of the worst crimes, even Confucius' students are like this.Confucius met with a young man from Hu Township, "People are confused", how serious are these three words?The students were all surprised and wondered how the teacher talked to the people in this place.After all, Confucius is different. He told the students that we must help those who are willing to make progress. We must not make people have no chance to make progress, and we must not make people regress. "What is the only thing?" Confucius said to the students, you are too much, why such a narrow mind and attitude?When Confucius scolded his students, we have to reflect on ourselves: Sometimes we think someone is bad, but when he really does something good, we still don’t want to think he is good. Human psychology often has this kind of problem. "A person cleans himself up to make progress, instead of being clean, he does not keep his past!" Confucius said that even if he is a bad person, he can reflect on himself, just like taking a bath, and make himself very clean in order to make progress.As long as it can be like this, isn't it good?If there is a little mistake yesterday, even if you have a good performance today, but you still don't take it seriously, then there is no one in the world who can be friends, and there is no one who can be used.So this paragraph is about the attitude of education, and it is also about the cultivation of self-measurement. Confucius said: How far is benevolence?I want benevolence, Siren is the best! This is equivalent to explaining the words of "Li Ren", talking about the use of benevolence.Benevolence and righteousness are not intangible, invisible, or lofty.As long as the concept arouses benevolence, to love others, there is a little love, which is the principle of benevolence, and you can achieve the way of benevolence, and don't seek it out. The following is a fact about Confucius as a scholar and a man: Eugenics of the same surname without marriage Chen Sibai asked: Does Mr. Zhao know the rituals?Confucius said: Know the ritual.Confucius retreated.He bowed to Wumaqi and advanced, saying: I heard that a gentleman is not a party, is a gentleman a party?The king took Wu as the same surname and called him Wu Mencius.The king knows the propriety, who doesn't know the propriety?Wuma expects to report.The Master said: "Qiu is also fortunate. If there is a fault, people will know it." Chen is Chen Guo, and Si Bai is the official name, that is, Si Kou.To make a nondescript analogy, it is like the current Minister of Justice and Administration.In fact, it is more powerful than the Minister of Justice and Administration and can enforce the law.The question he asked was about Lu Zhaogong.This is a diplomatic matter, we must pay attention to it.Many people who went to foreign countries talked with foreign intellectuals, and gradually talked about our political issues.There are many questions that are very difficult to answer, and Confucius also encountered this situation.The State of Lu is a state of etiquette and righteousness that emphasizes culture.Chen Guo's Sibai asked Lu Zhaogong whether he knew the etiquette or not.From the standpoint of the state, Confucius could only say: "Of course it is polite." Confucius said this and left.Chen Sibai bowed to Wumaqi, a student of Confucius—surnamed Wuma, surnamed Shi, Haoziqi, thirty years younger than Confucius. In terms of diplomatic courtesy, he moved closer to Wumaqi, and whispered, As far as I know, a truly great gentleman is not partial and does not have selfishness towards himself.Your teacher Confucius is a sage of a generation, a great gentleman, but he is not free from selfishness.I just asked him that Lu Zhaogong married a woman from the state of Wu as his wife, and named him Wu Mencius—in ancient times, people with the same surname were not married.Wu Guo and Lu Guo were after the Duke of Zhou, and according to the etiquette, intermarriage was not allowed.Did Lu Zhaogong do this out of courtesy?Your teacher said that he knows propriety, if Lu Zhaogong knows propriety, everyone knows propriety, who else is not ignorant of propriety?you old Teacher still has selfishness! Having said that, let us study why the Chinese nation has developed so well and become an outstanding nation in the world?This has a lot to do with our ancient system of not marrying people with the same surname.From the point of view of modern eugenics, this is a great system in ancient times.Marriage with the same surname, as long as three generations later, the race is over.There are often cousins ​​who get married and give birth to children who are very stupid and even become idiots. This is a matter of blood.It is even more impossible to talk about etiquette.Therefore, in our modern fashion, marriages with the same surname are usually outside the five clothes. Wu Maqi heard Chen Sibai criticize the teacher like this, and reported to Confucius when he came back.Confucius said, I am really very happy. As long as I make a little mistake, others will point it out.This passage makes us realize two things. First, when a person has a high status, unfortunately, even if he makes mistakes, no one will tell you.You have to be in a high position to experience it yourself.Take me personally. After teaching for so long, there are five or six generations of students.When they met each other, they shouted indiscriminately from the teacher, and all they heard were compliments.Sometimes when I go outside, some organizations even send cars, with staff officers and adjutants following behind to take care of me. In this case, I would rather slip away alone and move about freely.This is the most dangerous time in life, "buried people alive"!I often say that Chinese philosophy is great. Why did the emperor call it "the lonely family" and "the widowed man"?Being an emperor really became a widow. If I want to relax, I don’t have any Some people dare to laugh together, it's really boring.Therefore, when we study historical psychology, we know that the higher the status, the more empty the heart is, so empty that I want to make a complaint, and I have no one to say an exclamation word to, which is quite pitiful!Don't think that fame and wealth are good, but when you reach a high position, you are a "widow" and a "lonely family".Not only that, but when you get older, when everyone meets you and respectfully calls you old lady or old gentleman, it's over, you're a "lonely person".Speaking of this, I thought of an old gentleman who was a member of the Sichuan League back then. He had done many things.He told me a lot about the history of the revolution that year, and also told me two lines of his poem: "Go back and sit on the seat, and gradually become a grave." It's not easy to sit!So Confucius said that he was very happy, and when he made mistakes, someone pointed them out. What is the second understanding?Confucius was very clear about knowing the etiquette and not knowing the etiquette.But when someone asks about his country's monarch, he will never criticize his own monarch.So of course we have to say that Mr. Lu Zhao knows the etiquette, but we must not say that he doesn't know the etiquette.It is your freedom for you foreigners to say that he is wrong.And since you foreigners understand, why ask me again?You asked me, of course I answered this way.So this is also the wisdom of Confucius, and it is also a courtesy in diplomacy. Then it comes to the taste of Confucius' life, which is the play of the meaning of "playing in art": art of living If you are good at singing with others, you must make the opposite, and then reconcile it. Confucius was very fond of music.Music and poetry, in modern terms, are the fusion of art and literature.Intellectuals in the past paid great attention to the cultivation of art and literature.Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, the line has gradually narrowed, from Yuefu to poetry.If there is no realm of literary accomplishment in life, it will be very painful.Especially those who are engaged in social work and political work are quite lonely in spirit.People of later generations, without this kind of self-cultivation, mostly take the path of religion.But purely religion, that kind of restraint is also uncomfortable.Therefore, only the realms of literature, art and music are more suitable.But in the field of music, vocal music and wind instruments are not suitable for people in their later years. Only instruments played by hands, such as qin and zither, are suitable.因此，后来在中国演变而成的诗词，它有音乐的意境，而又不需要引吭高歌，可以低吟漫哦，浸沉于音乐的意境，陶醉于文学的天地。最近发现许多年纪大的朋友退休了，儿子也长大飞出去了，自己没事做，一天到晚无所适从，打牌又凑不起人。所以我常劝人还是走中国文化的旧路子，从事于文学与艺术的修养，会有安顿处。几千年来，垂暮的读书人，一天到晚忙不完，因为学养是永无止境的。像写毛笔字，这个毛笔字写下来，一辈子都毕不了业，一定要说谁写好了很难评断。而且有些人写好了，不一定能成为书法家，只能说他会写字，写得好，但对书法——写字的方法不一定懂。有些人的字写得并不好，可是拿起他的字一看，就知道学过书法的。诗词也是这个道理。所以几千年来的老人，写写毛笔字、作作诗、填填词，好像一辈子都忙不完。而且在他们的心理上，还有一个希望在支持他们这样做，他们还希望自己写的字、作的诗词永远流传下来。一个人尽管活到八十九十岁，但年龄终归有极限的，他们觉得自己写的字，作的诗词能流传下来，因而使自己的名声流传后世，是没有时间限制的，是永久性的。因此他们的人生，活得非常快乐，始终满怀着希望进取之心。以我自己来说，也差不多进到晚年的境界，可是我发现中年以上，四、五十岁的朋友们，有许多心情都很落寞，原因就是精神修养上有所缺乏。 孔子深懂这个道理，因此非常注重诗与乐的教化，但他不是一个音乐家，也不善于唱歌，他订了《乐经》，但失传了。现在这一节书是描写孔子听到别人歌唱得好，他一定要求对方再唱一次。当他学会了，“而后和之”，和之就是照他的歌，依他的音乐曲调，另外再作一首，这便是和。说到和，我们常常会在诗题上看到：“和某某先生诗”或“步某某先生韵，这类题目，“步”与“和”的差别：“和”就是照原来的曲调和内容再作一篇。（我们听今天的歌，调子都还可以，但内容却不行。由此就看到了我们文化衰落的一面，那就是文学的修养太差，没有深度；现在报上的文章，也是如此，不像古文寿命长。过去的文章，读过后，文章的句子还留在脑子里，还不喜欢把句子中的字轻易更动。因为古文中的句子多方面都可以通，可以作多方面的看法，值得玩味、咀嚼。现在的白话文就没有这种境界，所以现在的诗歌内容，也和白话文的情形一样。）而“步”又不同了，意思是前面有人在走，我们一步一步都跟前面的脚步走。就是只照他的声调，而内容并不一定要跟着原歌 的内容意思，这就叫步韵。 以上是说孔子对乐教的重视，接下去是说他的自我评论。 子曰：文，莫吾犹人也。躬行君子，则吾未之有得。 这是孔子的谦虚话，也是老实话。由这一句话，我们可以归纳出几个结论来：第一是孔子在文学以及各方面的成就，真是达到了顶峰，但他自己始终没有认为自己了不起。不但是学问方面，古今中外，任何一方面真有成就的人，站在顶峰的人，总觉得自己很平凡。这是必然的现象，并不是有意装成的。硬是真的到了顶峰的时候，自然就觉得很平凡。而且还特别小心，觉得自己懂得太有限，不敢以此为足。从这节书可以看出来，孔子那么其实、谦下，而且不是故意装样的。 第二点可以看出儒家所谓的学问，就是指作人做事的道理。并不是头脑聪明，文学好或知识渊博，这些只是学问的枝叶，不能算是学问的本身。学问的表达在于文学，文学是学问的花朵。这里孔子就讲到学问的花叶和根本：“文，莫吾犹人也。”他说如果谈文学的修养，“莫……”这里的“莫”字不是肯定词，翻译成现代白话，近乎“也许”的意思。就是说，如果谈文学，也许我和一般，知识分子差不多。至于讲我自己身体力行做到了君子这个标准没有，那么我自己反省，实在还没有很大的心得。我们从此看到孔子的谦和，这种作学问的态度，非常其实，没有丝毫矫揉造作的迹象。 凡圣之分 下面再引用孔子自己的话，说明作学问的道理： 子曰：若圣与仁，则吾岂敢。抑为之不厌，诲人不倦，则可谓云尔已矣！公西华曰：正唯弟子不能学也！ 中国文化，在三代以后，便建立了一个作人的最高标准，就是圣。和印度的佛、中国的仙、西方文化的神，差不多同一个观念。圣之次为贤，贤者也就是君子。再下来是仁者。过去老一辈的人写信给朋友，尊敬对方的人平时，往往称呼“某某吾兄仁者：”或“某某仁者：”对平辈、晚辈、长辈都可以用，这是很尊敬的称呼。所以孔子说，圣者的境界与仁者的境界，这种修养我怎么敢当？实在没有达到，那高得很，我还差得远。不过虽不是圣人，不是仁者，我一辈子朝这条路上走，总是 努力去作，而没有厌倦过。至于学问方面，我永远前进努力，没有满足或厌烦的时候；我教人家，同样没有感觉到厌倦的时候，只要有人肯来学，我总是教他的。只有这两点，我可以说是做到了。他的学生公西华听了说，老师！这正是我们做学生的，一辈子也无法学到的地方。 这节话在文字上是如此写，如果以逻辑的方法推论，孔子这样，就正是圣人与仁者在行为上的境界。“为之不厌，诲人不倦。”实在不容易做到。就是说自己求学，永远没有满足，没有厌倦，只求进步；不管今天，只有明天，今天成就不自以为是，再向前走；任何事业，都如此“为之不厌”。教人家，有人来请教，知无不言，言无不尽，不会说同一个问题有人问了三次，第四次还来问就觉得讨厌；不会有厌恶此人，乃至不愿再教而放弃他的心理。否则就不算有仁慈之心。不但是学问如此，就是做事、做领导人，都应该如此“为之不厌，诲人不倦”。就是这两点，的确我们一辈子都做不到。老实讲，我们有时候作人作得自己都讨厌起来。例如古人所说：“富嫌千口少，贫恨一身多”昨天和年轻学生一起吃饭的时候，看他吃面都好像很厌倦的样子，但又不是有什么心事。问他对活着有什么想法？他说觉得活着无所谓，死了也差不多。我说他心情太落寞。这和体能也有关系，因为他体能是太弱了一点。但在我个人与人接触的经验，常常发现有些人，他的心理觉得活着与不活着是一样。有些人甚至厌倦于活着，尤其到了“富嫌千口少，贫恨一身多”的地步。一个人穷了，觉得自己都是多余。因为一天忙到晚，只不过养活自己身上几十斤肉而已，结果觉得这几十斤肉都很麻烦，懒得去养活它。因此“为之不厌，诲人不倦”这两点表面看很容易，做起来很难，尤其当年纪大的时候更不易做到。而孔子讲这两句话的时候，年纪已经很大了，当时的人都已经称他圣人、仁者。但孔子一直到死的时候，始终还在救世救人的目标上努力去做，这就是圣人的表征。 孔子曾提到过好多种圣人，在这里我们看孔子，乃是圣之时者。所谓时者，不是说孔子时髦，时髦是后世才出现的名词。这个“时”是说孔子随时跟着时代走，不落伍，随时在进步，随时晓得变，所以说他是圣之时者。他一生的努力，都朝这个方向，因之他这个做法，叫做“明知其不可为而为之”。在当时他知道这个时代是挽救不了的，可是他并不因此放弃他应该尽的责任。这就是我们无论对自己的人生目标，或对自己的事业，必须反省的地方。普通人都把一时的成就看成事业。但了不起的人，进入了圣贤境界的人，所努力的则是千秋、永恒的事业。孔子所努力的就是千秋事业。 下面便是这一篇结论的开始。 祈祷是求救的信号 Zi Lu is sick, please pray.子曰：有诸？子路对曰：有之。诔曰“祷尔于上下神祗。”子曰：丘之祷久矣！ 有一次孔子生病，大概病得很严重，以现代情况来说，大概医生都束手无策了。于是学生们急了，尤其是性情急躁的子路更慌了，主张请一个画符的、念咒的来拜拜；或者请一个神父、牧师来祈祷；找一个和尚来念经。这就牵涉到宗教，向神只去求救。 “子曰：有诸？”一个问号。孔子说，子路！有这回事吗？is it possible?意思是说，人病重了，在菩萨面前，或上帝面前一跪，说菩萨啊！Oh, God!他给我长命吧！再活两年吧！我还有些帐没讨，再过两年就可以讨好帐，再慢慢去。这样可 以吗？小说上写的诸葛亮六出祁山，师老无功，知道自己快死了，拜北斗星。（这是小说上写的，历史上实际没有这回事，如果真有这回事，诸葛亮就不叫诸葛亮，要改名诸葛暗了。但道家有此说法：北斗，统称北极星。北极星和南极星，掌管人的生死。后来民间传说的南极仙翁，他的形像成为庆贺长寿的象征。而道家的说法，南极仙翁是管寿的、管生的；北斗星君，是管死的；所以欲求不死，要用道家的方法拜北斗。是另有一套的，包括画符、念咒、点灯等等。）结果还是死了。这是小 说写的，不去管它。但这一节告诉了我们，孔子对于鬼神之事，形而上的东西，并不是反对。前面说过“子不语：怪、力、乱、神。”鬼神有没有存在，他没有讨论。因为“中人以上可以语上也，中人以下不可以语上也。”谈到超现实世界，有没有另一世界存在，这是东西文化五千年来，到现在为止，哲学、宗教还没有解决的问题。我们不能说这些不科学，科学并不是万能，现在科学正要找这个问题的答案而还没有找到。不要以为科学解决了问题，事实上问题还没有解决。像爱因斯坦这样一位伟大的人，可惜死得太快了一点。他想把生命升华，变成为四度空间（Fｏｕｒ Ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌ Ｓｐａｃｅ或称四次空间，或四个因次空间）。那时人就不是现在这个样子，而可以有神通，可以不靠机器而在空中飞行。他有这个理想，没完成就死了。他到快要死的时候，感觉宇宙的生命后面还有一个东西。what?当然不是唯物思想的。他是搞物理的，科学家都是朝唯物方面的路子去探讨。结果他认为不是属于唯物方面的，而是另外的东西，可是不知道是什么。所以他没办法，只好去信上帝。因为这一个力量他没有研究出来，是个东西但不可知，还不如信上帝，精神先得到保障，先得到安慰。形而上是不是有个东西？生命是否在一个躯体里死了以后可以再生、再来？这都是人类没有解决的大问题。所以人类文化不要自吹了，站在哲学立场看人类文化是非常幼稚的，连自己的问题都没有解决。 人从儿童到少年，幻想最多。对一个茶杯可以看上几个小时；对一堆泥士、一块破瓦片会觉得很好玩，大感兴趣；堆城筑池，可以玩一整天。后来加上知识的教育，到了二十岁前后，又进入另一个阶段，作学问、作事业的理想基础，就在这个时候打的。看历史上的大政治家、英雄、文学家等等，一切成功的人，基础都在这时候奠定的。如果在这个时候还没有打好基础而后来能够成功的，不是绝对没有，但例子太少。三十岁到四十岁，并没有什么创见，只是将十几到二十几岁之间的理想付诸实施，化成事实。历史上成功的人物，几乎三十几岁就成功了，尤其是领导或统治方面的人物，更少例外。汉高祖年纪是大一点，但也只四十几岁，没有超过五十岁就成功了。他统一天下只用了五六年的时间。其他的人作学问也都是如此。当然年老才成功的，不是没有，但少得很。到了五十六十不过空留回忆。所以遇到老年人，要准备一番心情去光听他讲过去：“我当年如何如何”，今天讲了，明天见到还是这样讲，可以讲几千百次。但告诉他现在的事情，他会马上忘记。所以人的学问，一切的见解，都不超离年轻时的模型，尤其以科学为然。现在的科学家，超过三十五岁以后，就很少有科学上新的发现了。有新发现的都是年轻人。而学问思想到五六十岁成熟的时候，人就凋谢了。我前面也说过，人类古今中外的文化，都是二十几岁的文化。就是继往开来，永远是年轻的，永远是没有成熟的。 所以中西文化，宗教也好、哲学也好、科学也好，对最后的结论，都未曾获得。生命究竟从哪里来？生命的价值究竟在哪里？都没有结论。像前天和年轻同学谈到，我最近看了丁中江先生的北洋军阀史，把近代几十年来的事故，引用第一手资料记述。我对每一文献都没放过，但看了以后就有一个感想：“人究竟为了什么？”这又是还没有答案的哲学老问题。当然我们可以假定很多答案，但这些答案只是人为的、主观的，并不是哲学的正确答案。所以有无鬼神，我们不知道，这个问题暂 时保留。 但是我们看孔子的态度，他对这个问题是明白的。当他病了，药物无效的时候，子路说，求神吧！去祷告一下吧！孔子听了问子路，真有这回事吗？孔子这话说得很妙。他当然懂得，不过他是问子路“有这回事吗？”而不是说“你相信吗？”子路经孔子一问，表示学问很有根据，于是搬出考古学，他说，有啊！诔曰：“祷尔于上下神只。”这“诔”是中国文化中的祭文，历代帝王的诔文就是。子路说，古代的诔文说了，人应该去祷告天地、上下各种神只。孔子说，如果是这样，那我天 天都在祷告，而且祷告了很久，还照样生病。这节文字，作进一步研究，就可以看出来，孔子的意思，所谓祷告是一种诚敬的心情，所谓天人合一，出于诚与敬的精神，作学问修养，随时随地都应该诚敬。《大学》所说“十目所视，十手所指。”诚敬修养要做到我们中国文化所说的“不亏暗室”。孔子就是说自己天天做到这样，等于与鬼神相通，就是这个道理，这是第一点。 第二，普通的人，到了急难的时候，就去求神、拜佛、向上帝祷告。所谓：“垂老投僧，临时抱佛。”这就说人平日自以为很伟大，但一遇到大困难，或极度危险，就感觉到自己非常渺小无助，完全丧失自信心——“天呀！神呀！你要救我呀！”倘使这时仍能保持一分自信心，就需要高度的修养。这里我们说到历史上一个人，大家都知道的朱舜水，明亡以后，他流亡到日本去，本想向日本求救兵企图复国的。船航行太平洋中，遇到大台风，全船的人都喊救命，朱舜水端坐船中不动。据说当时船上的人都看到海上有两盏红灯，对着船来。古代的迷信，说这是海神来接的讯号，全船的人都将会死亡，所有的船员都跪下了。朱舜水就问：“真有这回事吗？有没有其他挽救的办法？”船员说除非是有道的人跪下来求，或者还有希望。朱舜水说，他们拿纸笔来，我烧一张符下去，大概就可以退掉。朱舜水是道地的儒家，哪里会画符搞道家的东西，这不奇怪吗？结果他在纸上写了一个“敬”字。烧了以后，台风停了，船也稳了，风气浪静就到了日本。你说朱舜水这一套有本事吧！简直比诸葛亮更厉害，能呼风唤雨，撒豆成兵，岂不应该带兵打仗，将明朝复国了？这件事绝对有，但若深入研究，那就成为另外一门学问了。现在的科学叫做精神学，又叫灵魂学。精神与灵魂的解析，人的精神力量与宇宙是否相通，这是另一个问题。 第三，中国民间的谚语：“平时不烧香，急时抱佛脚。”一般人都是这样，像许多人交朋友，平时不去探访，有患难，或要借钱的时候才去，所以孔子对子路说，算了吧！老弟，如果这样，我天天都在祷告中。换言之，鬼神的事，和生命的道理，都不是这样简单的。 要愁哪得工夫 子曰：奢则不孙，俭则固，与其不孙也，宁固。 孔子说，人生的修养，“奢则不孙”。这个奢侈不止是说穿得好，打扮漂亮，家庭布置好，物质享受的奢侈。是广义的奢侈，如喜欢吹牛，做事爱出风头，都属于奢侈。奢侈惯了，开放惯了的人，最容易犯不孙的毛病，一点都不守规矩，就是桀傲不驯。“俭则固”。这个俭也是广义的。不止是用钱的俭省，什么都比较保守、慎重、不马虎，脚步站得稳，根基比较稳定。以现代的话来说就是脚跟踏实一点。他说“与其不孙也，宁固。”作人与其开放得过分了，还不如保守一点好。保守一 点虽然成功机会不多，但绝不会大失败；而开放的人成功机会多，失败机会也同样多。以人生的境界来说，还是主张俭而固的好。同时以个人而言奢与俭，还是传统的两句话：“从俭入奢易，从奢入俭难。”就像现在夏天，气候炎热，当年在重庆的时候，大家用蒲扇，一个客厅中，许多人在一起，用横布做一个大风扇，有一个人在一边拉，搧起风来，大家坐在下面还说很舒服。现在的人说没有冷气就活不了。我说放心，一定死不了。所以物质文明发达了，有些人到落后地方要受不了，这就 是“从奢入俭难”。 曾国藩用人注重乡气。历史上许多人，像吕蒙正，当了宰相，生活仍然很清苦。如最近电视上轰动的包青天，他一生的生活，也是清俭到极点，他本身没有缺点被人攻击。那么多年，身为大臣，龙图阁直学士兼开封府尹，等于中央秘书长，兼台北市长。做了这么大的官，可是一生清俭。民间传说，更把他当做了神，讲儒家文化，包公成了一个标竿。如宋朝的赵清献，当时人称他铁面御史，对谁都不卖帐，做官清正，政简刑清，监牢里无犯人，也和包公一样。历史上有许多名臣都是俭， 乃至许多大臣，有的临到死了，连棺材都买不起。不但一生没有贪污一文钱，连自己薪水积蓄都没有，后代子孙都无力为他买棺材，要由老朋友来凑钱，这就是俭的风范。 Bright wind and bright moon Next is: 子曰：君子坦荡荡，小人长戚戚。 《学而》篇中说“人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？”一个人一生没有人了解，虽有学问而没有发展的机会，还是不怨天、不尤人，这种修养是很难。所以君子要做到“坦荡荡”，胸襟永远是光风霁月；像春风吹拂，清爽舒适；像秋月挥洒，皎洁光华。内心要保持这样的境界，无论得意的时候或艰困的时候，都是很乐观的。但不是盲目的乐观，而是自然的胸襟开朗，对人也没有仇怨。像包公、赵清献都做到这样的境界，这是“君子坦荡荡”。至于小人呢？“小人长戚戚”，小人心里是永远有事情的，慢慢就变成狭心症了——这是笑话，借用生理的病名，来形容心理上的病态，小人永远是蹩住的，不是觉得某人对自己不起，就是觉得这个社会不对，再不然是某件事对自己不利。我们都犯了这个毛病，有时候：“唉！这个社会没得搞的。”言外之意，我自己是了不起，而这个社会是混蛋。这也是“长戚戚”的一种心理病。心里忧愁、烦闷、痛苦。所以这两句，可以作座右铭，贴在桌旁，随时注意自励，养成坦荡荡的胸襟。 跟着就说孔子个人的君子风范： 子温而厉，威而不猛，恭而安。 这是弟子们记载孔子的学问修养，表达在外面的神态。第一是温和的。对任何人都亲切温和，但也很严肃，在温和中又使人不敢随便。第二是威而不猛。说到威，一般人的印象是摆起那种凶狠的架子，这样并不是威。真正的威是内心道德的修养，坦荡荡的修养到达了，就自然有威。尽管是煦和如春风，而在别人眼中，仍然是不可随便侵犯的。不猛是不凶暴。如舞台上的山大王，在锣鼓声中